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Ingmar Bergman

Ingmar Bergman during production of Wild Strawberries (1957)
Born Ernst Ingmar Bergman
July 14, 1918(1918-07-14)
Flag of Sweden Uppsala, Sweden
Died July 30, 2007 (aged 89)
Flag of Sweden Fårö, Sweden
Years active 1944 - 2005
Spouse(s) Else Fisher (1943-1945)
Ellen Lundström (1945-1950)
Gun Grut (1951-1959)
Käbi Laretei (1959-1969)
Ingrid von Rosen (1971-1995)

Ernst Ingmar Bergman (pronounced [ˈɪŋmar ˈbærjman] (help·info)) (July 14, 1918 – July 30, 2007) was a nine-time Academy Award-nominated Swedish film, stage, and opera director. Wild Strawberries is a 1957 Film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, about an old man recalling his past Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Fårö ( Gutnish Faroy; literally "distant island" is a small Baltic Sea Island north of the province of Gotland, off "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The year 1944 in film involved some significant events Events July 20 - Since You Went Away is released The year 2005 in film involved some significant events Releases of sequels took place with movies like The Devil's Rejects, Cheaper Käbi Laretei (born July 14, 1922 in Tartu) is an Estonian born Swedish Concert pianist. Ingrid von Rosen (sometimes cited as Ingrid Bergman) ( January 17, 1930 - May 20, 1995) was married to Swedish film Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. A theatre director or stage director is a practitioner in the Theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a theatre production (a play, Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto He found bleakness and despair as well as comedy and hope in his explorations of the human condition. The human condition encompasses all of the Experience of being Human. He is recognized as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers of modern cinema. [1]

He directed 62 films, most of which he wrote, and directed over 170 plays. Some of his internationally known favorite actors were Liv Ullmann, Bibi Andersson, and Max von Sydow. Liv Johanne Ullmann (born December 16 1938 in Tokyo Japan is a Norwegian actress and was the beloved muse of Swedish Academy Award winning director Ingmar Birgitta "Bibi" Andersson (born 11 November 1935) is a Swedish actress. (born 10 April 1929 is a well-known Swedish actor known in particular for his collaboration with filmmaker Ingmar Bergman. Most of his films were set in the stark landscape of his native Sweden, and major themes were often bleak, dealing with death, illness, betrayal, and insanity.

Bergman was active for more than 60 years, but his career was seriously threatened in 1976 when he suspended a number of pending productions, closed his studios, and went into self-imposed exile in Germany for eight years following a botched criminal investigation for alleged income tax evasion.

Contents

Biography

Ingmar's father, Pastor Erik Bergman, pictured at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm
Ingmar's father, Pastor Erik Bergman, pictured at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm

Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, to Karin (maiden name Åkerblom) Bergman and Erik Bergman, a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden. Erik Bergman ( October 22, 1886 - April 26, 1970) was a Swedish parish minister of the Lutheran Church and Ingmar Hedvig Eleonora Church (Hedvig Eleonora kyrka is a church in central Stockholm, Sweden (in the east district of Östermalm) Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Erik Bergman ( October 22, 1886 - April 26, 1970) was a Swedish parish minister of the Lutheran Church and Ingmar Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The monarch is the Head of state of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden being a Constitutional monarchy with a Representative democracy based on a He grew up surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a conservative parish minister with extreme-right political sympathies and a strict family father. Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting the bed. "While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed, sang, or listened," Ingmar wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica,

"I devoted my interest to the church’s mysterious world of low arches, thick walls, the smell of eternity, the colored sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls. There was everything that one’s imagination could desire — angels, saints, dragons, prophets, devils, humans. "

Though he grew up in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman later stated that he lost his faith at age eight and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light. Winter Light is a 1962 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Bergman regulars Gunnar Björnstrand [2]

Bergman's interest in theatre and film began early:

"At the age of 9, he traded a set of tin soldiers for a battered magic lantern, a possession that altered the course of his life. Within a year, he had created, by playing with this toy, a private world in which he felt completely at home, he recalled. He fashioned his own scenery, marionettes, and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts. "[3]

In 1934, at the age of 16, Bergman was sent to spend the summer vacation with family friends in Germany. He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately [4] He later wrote in his autobiography Laterna Magica about the visit to Germany, how the German family had put a portrait of Adolf Hitler on the wall by his bed, and that "for many years, I was on Hitler's side, delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats". [5]

Bergman did two five-month stretches of mandatory military service.

In 1937 he entered Stockholm University College (later renamed to Stockholm University), to study art and literature. Stockholm University ( Stockholms universitet) is a state University in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm University ( Stockholms universitet) is a state University in Stockholm, Sweden. He spent most of his time involved in student theater and became a "genuine movie addict". [6] At the same time a romantic involvement led to a break with his father that lasted for years. Although he did not graduate, he wrote a number of plays, as well as an opera, and became an assistant director at a theater. In 1942, he was given the chance to direct one of his own scripts, Caspar's Death. The play was seen by members of Svensk Filmindustri who then offered Bergman a position working on scripts. AB Svensk Filmindustri or Svensk Filmindustri ( SF) is Sweden 's best-known company for Film production, distribution of Film (both

In 1943 he married Else Fisher.

From the early 1960s Bergman lived much of his life on the island of Fårö, Gotland, Sweden, where he made several of his films. Fårö ( Gutnish Faroy; literally "distant island" is a small Baltic Sea Island north of the province of Gotland, off is a county, province and municipality of Sweden and the largest Island in the Baltic Sea.

Tax evasion charges and exile

1976 was one of the most traumatic years in the life of Ingmar Bergman. On January 30, 1976, while rehearsing August Strindberg's Dance of Death at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, he was arrested by two plainclothes police officers and charged with income-tax evasion. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ( January 22, 1849  &ndash May 14, 1912) was a Swedish Writer, Playwright, and painter. The Dance of Death ( Dödsdansen) is a play in two parts written by August Strindberg in 1900 The Royal Dramatic Theatre or in Swedish Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern, colloquially known in Sweden as Dramaten, is Sweden's national The impact of the event on Bergman was devastating. He suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the humiliation and was hospitalized in a state of deep depression. Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression

The investigation was focused on an alleged 1970 transaction of SEK 500,000 between Bergman's Swedish company Cinematograf and its Swiss subsidiary Persona, an entity that was mainly used for the paying of salaries to foreign actors. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Bergman dissolved Persona in 1974 after having been notified by the Swedish Central Bank and subsequently reported the income. On March 23,1976, the special prosecutor Anders Nordenadler dropped the charges against Bergman, saying that the alleged "crime" had no legal basis, comparing the case to the bringing of "charges against a person who is stealing his own car". [7] Director General Gösta Ekman, chief of the Swedish Internal Revenue Service, defended the failed investigation, saying that the investigation was dealing with important legal material and that Bergman was treated just like any other suspect. He expressed regret that Bergman had left the country, hoping that Bergman was a "stronger" person now when the investigation had shown that he had not done anything wrong. [8]

Even though the charges were dropped, Bergman was for a while disconsolate, fearing he would never again return to directing. Despite pleas by the Swedish prime minister Olof Palme, high public figures, and leaders of the film industry, he vowed never to work again in Sweden. Sven Olof Joachim Palme ( ( 30 January 1927 – 28 February 1986) was a Swedish politician He closed down his studio on the barren Baltic island of Fårö, suspended two announced film projects, and went into self-imposed exile in Munich, Germany. Fårö ( Gutnish Faroy; literally "distant island" is a small Baltic Sea Island north of the province of Gotland, off Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Harry Schein, director of the Swedish Film Institute, estimated the immediate damage caused by Bergman's exile to SEK 10 million and hundreds of jobs lost. Harry Schein (13 October 1924 Wien - 11 February 2006 Djursholm) was an Austrian born Swedish writer and a major figure in Swedish culture The Swedish Film Institute (sv Svenska Filminstitutet) was founded in 1963 to support and develop the Swedish film industry. [9]

Return from exile

Although he continued to operate from Munich, by mid-1978, Ingmar Bergman seemed to have overcome some of his bitterness toward his motherland. In July of that year he was back in Sweden, celebrating his 60th birthday at Fårö and partly resumed his work as a director at Royal Dramatic Theater. To honor his return, the Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman Prize to be awarded annually for excellence in film making. The Swedish Film Institute (sv Svenska Filminstitutet) was founded in 1963 to support and develop the Swedish film industry. [10]

However, he remained in Munich until 1984. In one of the last major interviews with Bergman, done in 2005 at Fårö Island, Bergman said that despite being active during the exile, he had effectively lost eight years of his professional life. Fårö ( Gutnish Faroy; literally "distant island" is a small Baltic Sea Island north of the province of Gotland, off [11]

Bergman retired from film making in December 2003. He had hip surgery in October 2006 and was making a difficult recovery. He died peacefully in his sleep,[12] at his home on Fårö, on July 30, 2007, at the age of 89,[13] the same day that another renowned film director, Michelangelo Antonioni, also died. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Michelangelo Antonioni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( September 29 1912 &ndash July 30 2007) was an Italian Modernist He was buried August 18, 2007 on the island in a private ceremony. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A place in the Fårö churchyard was prepared for him under heavy secrecy. Although he was buried on the island of Fårö, his name and date of birth were inscribed under his wife's name on a tomb at Roslagsbro churchyard, Norrtälje Municipality, several years before his death, where it seems that he had at one point intended to be buried. Norrtälje Municipality ( Norrtälje kommun) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden.

Film work

Career

Bergman first began working in film in 1941 rewriting scripts, but his first major accomplishment was in 1944 when he wrote the screenplay for Torment/Frenzy (Hets), a film directed by Alf Sjöberg. Torment (Hets is a Swedish film from 1944 directed by Alf Sjöberg, with screenplay by director Ingmar Bergman. Alf Sjöberg ( 21 June 1903 &ndash 16 April 1980) was a Swedish Theatre and Film director. Along with writing the screenplay he was also given a position as assistant director to the film. In his second autobiography Images : My Life in Film, Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut. [14] The international success of this film led to Bergman's first opportunity to direct a year later. During the next ten years he wrote and directed more than a dozen films including The Devil's Wanton/Prison (Fängelse) in 1949 and The Naked Night/Sawdust and Tinsel (Gycklarnas afton) in 1953. Prison (original title Fängelse) is a 1949 Swedish film by Ingmar Bergman. Sawdust and Tinsel (original title Gycklarnas afton) is a 1953 Swedish film by Ingmar Bergman.

Bergman first achieved international success with Smiles of a Summer Night (Sommarnattens leende) (1955), which won for "Best poetic humor" and was nominated for the Golden Palm at Cannes the following year. Smiles of a Summer Night (Swedish Sommarnattens leende) is a 1955 film directed by Ingmar Bergman. This was followed two years later with two of Bergman's best-known films, The Seventh Seal (Det sjunde inseglet) and Wild Strawberries (Smultronstället). For the Biblical concept see Seven seals. For the Rakim album see The Seventh Seal (Rakim album. Wild Strawberries is a 1957 Film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, about an old man recalling his past The Seventh Seal won a special jury prize and was nominated for the Golden Palm at Cannes and Wild Strawberries won numerous awards for Bergman and its star, Victor Sjöström. (in the United States sometimes known as Victor Seastrom) ( September 20, 1879 &ndash January 3, 1960) was a Swedish Actor

Bergman continued to be productive for the next 20 years. In the early 60's he directed a trilogy that explored the theme of faith and doubt in God, Through a Glass Darkly (Såsom i en Spegel - 1961), Winter Light (Nattvardsgasterna - 1962), and The Silence (Tystnaden - 1963). Through a Glass Darkly ( Swedish: Såsom i en spegel (" As in a mirror " is a 1961 Swedish film written Winter Light is a 1962 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Bergman regulars Gunnar Björnstrand The Silence ( Tystnaden) is a 1963 film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Ingrid Thulin and Gunnel Lindblom In 1966 he directed Persona, a film that he himself considered one of his most important films. Persona is a movie by Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, released in 1966, and featuring Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann While the film won few awards many consider it his masterpiece and one of the best films ever produced. Bergman himself considers this film along with Cries and Whispers (Viskningar och rop - 1972) to be his two most important films. Cries and Whispers ( Viskningar och rop) is a 1973 Swedish film about two sisters who watch over their third sister on her deathbed torn between fearing Other notable films of the period include The Virgin Spring (Jungfrukällan - 1960), Hour of the Wolf (Vargtimmen - 1968), Shame (Skammen - 1968) and A Passion/The Passion of Anna (En Passion - 1969). The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan) is a 1960 Swedish film directed by Ingmar Bergman. Vargtimmen ( Hour of the Wolf) is a Swedish film from 1968. It is Ingmar Bergman 's only gothic Horror film. Shame (Skammen is a 1968 Black-and-white Film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, and starring Liv Ullmann and The Passion of Anna (original Swedish title En Passion) is a 1969 Drama film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. Bergman also produced extensively for Swedish TV at this time. Two works of note were Scenes from a Marriage (Scener ur ett äktenskap - 1973) and The Magic Flute (Trollflöjten - 1975). Scenes from a Marriage (Swedish Scener ur ett äktenskap) is a 1973 Swedish Film and Mini-series written

After his arrest in 1976 for tax evasion, Bergman swore he would never again make films in his native country. He shut down his film studio on the island of Faro and went into exile. He briefly considered the possibility of working in America and his next film, The Serpent's Egg (1977) was a German-American production and his first and only English language film. The Serpent's Egg is a 1977 English and German Film directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring David This was followed a year later with a British-Norwegian co-production of Autumn Sonata (Höstsonaten - 1978). Autumn Sonata ( Höstsonaten) is a 1978 Academy Award nominated Swedish language film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. The film starred Ingrid Bergman and was the one notable film of this period. (ˈbærjman in Swedish but usually ˈbɝgmən in English (August 29 1915 &ndash August 29 1982 was a Swedish three-time Academy Award -winning and two-time Emmy The one other film he directed was From the Life of the Marionettes (Aus dem Leben der Marionetten - 1980) a British-German co-production. Aus dem Leben der Marionetten ( From the Life of the Marionettes) is a 1980 Film directed by Ingmar Bergman.

In 1982, he temporarily returned to his homeland to direct Fanny and Alexander (Fanny och Alexander), a film that, unlike his previous productions, was aimed at a broader audience, but was also criticized within the profession for being shallow and commercial. Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander) is a 1982 Golden Globe and Academy Award -winning Swedish Film written and [15] Bergman stated that the film would be his last, and that afterwards he would focus on directing theatre. Since then, he wrote several film scripts and directed a number of television specials. As with previous work for TV some of these productions were later released in theatres. The last such work was Saraband (2003), a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage and directed by Bergman when he was 84 years old. For the Baroque dance and its corresponding musical form see Sarabande.

Repertory company

Bergman developed a personal "repertory company" of Swedish actors whom he repeatedly cast in his films, including Max von Sydow, Bibi Andersson, Harriet Andersson, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, and Gunnar Björnstrand, each of whom appeared in at least five Bergman features. (born 10 April 1929 is a well-known Swedish actor known in particular for his collaboration with filmmaker Ingmar Bergman. Birgitta "Bibi" Andersson (born 11 November 1935) is a Swedish actress. Harriet Andersson (born 14 January 1932 in Stockholm) is a Swedish actress best known for being one of Ingmar Bergman 's regular Erland Josephson (Swedish ˈæːɭand ˈʝuːsɛfsɔn (born June 15, 1923, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish Actor and Author Ingrid Thulin (ˈɪŋrɪd tɵˈliːn in Swedish ( 27 January 1926 &ndash 7 January 2004) was a Swedish actress Gunnar Björnstrand, ( 13 November 1909 - 26 May 1986) was a Swedish Character actor known for his frequent work with writer/director Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann, who appeared in nine of Bergman's films and one TV movie (Saraband), was the last to join this group (in the 1966 film Persona), and ultimately became most closely associated with Bergman, both artistically and personally. Liv Johanne Ullmann (born December 16 1938 in Tokyo Japan is a Norwegian actress and was the beloved muse of Swedish Academy Award winning director Ingmar Persona is a movie by Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, released in 1966, and featuring Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann They had a daughter together, Linn Ullmann (b. Linn Ullmann, originally Karin Beate Ullmann, (born 9 August 1966 in Oslo, Norway) is a Norwegian author and journalist 1966). Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar.

Ingmar Bergman with his long time cinematographer Sven Nykvist during the production of Through a Glass Darkly (1960)
Ingmar Bergman with his long time cinematographer Sven Nykvist during the production of Through a Glass Darkly (1960)
A great number of Bergman's interior scenes were filmed at the Filmstaden studios north of Stockholm.
A great number of Bergman's interior scenes were filmed at the Filmstaden studios north of Stockholm. Sven Vilhem Nykvist ( 3 December 1922 &ndash 20 September 2006) was a two-time Academy Award winning Swedish Through a Glass Darkly ( Swedish: Såsom i en spegel (" As in a mirror " is a 1961 Swedish film written Filmstaden was a film studio situated in Råsunda north of Solna, Sweden.

Bergman began working with Sven Nykvist, his cinematographer, in 1953. Sven Vilhem Nykvist ( 3 December 1922 &ndash 20 September 2006) was a two-time Academy Award winning Swedish Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The two of them developed and maintained a working relationship of sufficient rapport to allow Bergman not to worry about the composition of a shot until the day before it was filmed. On the morning of the shoot, he would briefly speak to Nykvist about the mood and composition he hoped for, and then leave Nykvist to work without interruption or comment until post-production discussion of the next day's work.

Financing

By Bergman's own account, he never had a problem with funding. He cited two reasons for this: one, that he did not live in the United States, which he viewed as obsessed with box-office earnings; and two, that his films tended to be low-budget affairs. (Cries and Whispers, for instance, was finished for about $450,000, while Scenes from a Marriage — a six-episode television feature — cost only $200,000. Cries and Whispers ( Viskningar och rop) is a 1973 Swedish film about two sisters who watch over their third sister on her deathbed torn between fearing Scenes from a Marriage (Swedish Scener ur ett äktenskap) is a 1973 Swedish Film and Mini-series written )

Technique

Bergman usually wrote his own screenplays, thinking about them for months or years before starting the actual process of writing, which he viewed as somewhat tedious. See also Pre-production Screenwriting A screenplay or script is a written plan authored by a Screenwriter, for a Film or Television His earlier films are carefully structured, and are either based on his plays or written in collaboration with other authors. A play, or stageplay, is a form of Literature written by a Playwright, almost always consisting of Dialogue between Fictional characters Bergman stated that in his later works, when on occasion his actors would want to do things differently from his own intentions, he would let them, noting that the results were often "disastrous" when he did not do so. As his career progressed, Bergman increasingly let his actors improvise their dialogue. Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of In his latest films, he wrote just the ideas informing the scene and allowed his actors to determine the exact dialogue.

When viewing daily rushes, Bergman stressed the importance of being critical but unemotional, claiming that he asked himself not if the work is great or terrible, but if it is sufficient or if it needs to be reshot. Dailies, in Filmmaking, is the term used to describe the raw unedited Footage shot during the making of a Motion picture.

Themes

Bergman's films usually deal with existential questions of mortality, loneliness, and faith. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in

While his themes could be cerebral, sexual desire found its way to the foreground of most of his movies, whether the setting was a medieval plague (The Seventh Seal), upper-class family life in early 20th century Uppsala (Fanny and Alexander) or contemporary alienation (The Silence). The Silence ( Tystnaden) is a 1963 film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Ingrid Thulin and Gunnel Lindblom His female characters were usually more in touch with their sexuality than their men were, and were not afraid to proclaim it, with the sometimes breathtaking overtness (e. g. , Cries and Whispers) that defined the work of "the conjurer," as Bergman called himself in a 1960 Time magazine cover story. Cries and Whispers ( Viskningar och rop) is a 1973 Swedish film about two sisters who watch over their third sister on her deathbed torn between fearing In an interview with Playboy magazine in 1964, he said: ". . . the manifestation of sex is very important, and particularly to me, for above all, I don't want to make merely intellectual films. I want audiences to feel, to sense my films. This to me is much more important than their understanding them. " Film, Bergman said, was his demanding mistress. Some of his major actresses became his actual mistresses as his real life doubled up on his movie-making one.

Love — twisted, thwarted, unexpressed, repulsed — was the leitmotif of many of his movies, beginning, perhaps, with Winter Light, where the pastor's barren faith is contrasted with his former mistress' struggle, tinged with spite as it is, to help him find spiritual justification through human love. Winter Light is a 1962 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Bergman regulars Gunnar Björnstrand

Bergman's views on his career

Ingmar Bergman and actress Ingrid Thulin during the production of The Silence (1963)
Ingmar Bergman and actress Ingrid Thulin during the production of The Silence (1963)

When asked about his movies, Bergman said he held Winter Light,[16] Persona, and Cries and Whispers in the highest regard, though in an interview in 2004, Bergman said that he was "depressed" by his own films and could not watch them anymore. Ingrid Thulin (ˈɪŋrɪd tɵˈliːn in Swedish ( 27 January 1926 &ndash 7 January 2004) was a Swedish actress The Silence ( Tystnaden) is a 1963 film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Ingrid Thulin and Gunnel Lindblom Winter Light is a 1962 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Bergman regulars Gunnar Björnstrand Persona is a movie by Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, released in 1966, and featuring Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann Cries and Whispers ( Viskningar och rop) is a 1973 Swedish film about two sisters who watch over their third sister on her deathbed torn between fearing "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " [17] In these films, he said, he managed to push the medium to its limit.

While he denounced the critical classification of three of his films (Through a Glass Darkly, Winter Light, and The Silence) as a predetermined trilogy, saying he had no intention of connecting them and could not see any common motifs in them[18] , this contradicts the introduction Bergman himself wrote in 1964 when he had the three scripts published in a single volume: "These three films deal with reduction. Through a Glass Darkly ( Swedish: Såsom i en spegel (" As in a mirror " is a 1961 Swedish film written Winter Light is a 1962 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Bergman regulars Gunnar Björnstrand The Silence ( Tystnaden) is a 1963 film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Ingrid Thulin and Gunnel Lindblom Through a Glass Darkly - conquered certainty. Winter Light - penetrated certainty. The Silence - God's silence - the negative imprint. Therefore, they constitute a trilogy". The Criterion Collection sees the films as a trilogy and has released all three on DVD individually and as a boxed set. The Criterion Collection is a Privately held company that distributes "authoritative" consumer versions of "important classic and contemporary films" DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is A box set (sometimes referred to as a boxed set) is a compilation of various musical recordings Films Television programs or other collection

Bergman had stated on numerous occasions (for example in the interview book Bergman on Bergman) that The Silence meant the end of an era when religious questions were a major concern in his films.

Influence

Many filmmakers worldwide have cited the work of Bergman as a major influence on their own work:

Theatrical work

Although Bergman was universally famous for his contribution to cinema, he was an active and productive stage director all his life. Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (Андре́й Арсе́ньевич Тарко́вский (April 4 1932 - December 29 1986 was a Soviet Film director, writer and opera director André Téchiné (born 13 March 1943 at Valence-d'Agen ( Tarn-et-Garonne) in France) is a French Lars von Trier (born Lars Trier, April 30, 1956) is a Danish Film director and Screenwriter. During his studies at Stockholm University he became active in its student theatre, where he early on made a name for himself. Stockholm University ( Stockholms universitet) is a state University in Stockholm, Sweden. His first work after graduation was as a trainee-director at a Stockholm theatre. At age 26 he became the youngest theater manager in Europe at the Helsingborg city theatre. He stayed at Helsingborg for 3 years and then became the director at Gothenburg city theater from 1946 to 1949.

He was the director of the Malmö city theater in 1953 and remained for seven years. Many of his star actors were people with whom he began working on stage, and a number of people in the "Bergman troupe" of his 1960s films came from Malmö's city theatre (Max von Sydow, for example). (born 10 April 1929 is a well-known Swedish actor known in particular for his collaboration with filmmaker Ingmar Bergman. He was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm — from 1960 to 1966 and manager from 1963 to 1966. The Royal Dramatic Theatre or in Swedish Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern, colloquially known in Sweden as Dramaten, is Sweden's national

After he left Sweden because of the tax evasion incident he was the director of the Residenz Theatre of Munich, Germany (1977-84). The Residence Theatre (Residenztheater or New Residence Theatre ( Neues Residenztheater) of the Residence in Munich was built from 1950 Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. He remained active in theatre throughout the whole 90's and made his final production on stage with Ibsen's The Wild Duck at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2002. "Ibsen" redirects here For other people named Ibsen see Ibsen (disambiguation. The Royal Dramatic Theatre or in Swedish Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern, colloquially known in Sweden as Dramaten, is Sweden's national

A complete list of Bergman's work in theater can be found under "Stage Productions and Radio Theatre Credits" in the Ingmar Bergman filmography-article. The following are the films and plays of Ingmar Bergman. Director Crisis (1946 ( Kris) It

Family life

Bergman was married five times:

The first four marriages ended in divorce, while the last ended when his wife died of stomach cancer. Stomach or gastric cancer can develop in any part of the Stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs particularly the Esophagus and

He was also the father of writer Linn Ullmann, with actress Liv Ullmann. Linn Ullmann, originally Karin Beate Ullmann, (born 9 August 1966 in Oslo, Norway) is a Norwegian author and journalist Liv Johanne Ullmann (born December 16 1938 in Tokyo Japan is a Norwegian actress and was the beloved muse of Swedish Academy Award winning director Ingmar In all, Bergman had nine children that he has acknowledged to be his own. He was married to all but one of the mothers of his children. His last wife was Ingrid von Rosen; their daughter Maria was born twelve years before the marriage.

In addition to his marriages, Bergman also had major relationships with Harriet Andersson 1952-55, Bibi Andersson 1955-59 and Liv Ullmann 1965-70. Harriet Andersson (born 14 January 1932 in Stockholm) is a Swedish actress best known for being one of Ingmar Bergman 's regular Birgitta "Bibi" Andersson (born 11 November 1935) is a Swedish actress. Liv Johanne Ullmann (born December 16 1938 in Tokyo Japan is a Norwegian actress and was the beloved muse of Swedish Academy Award winning director Ingmar

Work

Main article: Ingmar Bergman filmography

Awards

Academy Awards

In 1971, Bergman received The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony. The following are the films and plays of Ingmar Bergman. Director Crisis (1946 ( Kris) It Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. The Irving G Thalberg Memorial Award is awarded periodically at the Academy Awards ceremonies to "Creative producers whose bodies of work reflect a consistently high "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Three of his films have won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film: The Virgin Spring in 1961; Through a Glass Darkly in 1962; and Fanny and Alexander in 1984. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is one of the Academy Awards of Merit, popularly known as the Oscars handed out annually by the U The Virgin Spring ( Jungfrukällan) is a 1960 Swedish film directed by Ingmar Bergman. Through a Glass Darkly ( Swedish: Såsom i en spegel (" As in a mirror " is a 1961 Swedish film written Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander) is a 1982 Golden Globe and Academy Award -winning Swedish Film written and

BAFTA Awards

Cesar Awards

Cannes Film Festival

Golden Globe Awards

Awards
Preceded by
Henri-Georges Clouzot
for The Mystery of Picasso		 Prix du Jury
1957
for The Seventh Seal		 Succeeded by
Jacques Tati
for Mon Oncle
Preceded by
Robert Bresson
for A Man Escaped		 Prix de la mise en scène
1958
for Brink of Life		 Succeeded by
François Truffaut
for The 400 Blows
Preceded by
Sidney Lumet
for 12 Angry Men		 Golden Bear
1958
for Wild Strawberries		 Succeeded by
Claude Chabrol
for Les Cousins
Preceded by
Alfred Hitchcock		 Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
1971		 Succeeded by
Lawrence Weingarten
Preceded by
Orson Welles		 Career Golden Lion
1971		 Succeeded by
Charles Chaplin, Anatali Golovnia, Billy Wilder
Preceded by
Stanley Kubrick
for A Clockwork Orange'		 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director
1972
for Cries and Whispers		 Succeeded by
François Truffaut
for Day for Night
Preceded by
Peter Bogdanovitch
for The Last Picture Show		 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay
1972
for Cries and Whispers		 Succeeded by
George Lucas, Gloria Katz, Willard Huyck
for American Graffiti
Preceded by
George Lucas, Gloria Katz, Willard Huyck
for American Graffiti		 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay
1974
for Scenes from a Marriage		 Succeeded by
François Truffaut, Suzanne Schiffman, Jean Gruault
for The Story of Adele H.
Preceded by
Sydney Pollack
for Tootsie		 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director
1983
for Fanny and Alexander		 Succeeded by
David Lean
for A Passage to India

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ingmar Bergman, Famed Director, Dies at 89", New York Times, July 30, 2007. Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander) is a 1982 Golden Globe and Academy Award -winning Swedish Film written and Henri-Georges Clouzot ( November 20, 1907 - January 12, 1977) was a French Film director, Screenwriter and The Mystery of Picasso ( Le mystère Picasso) is a 1956 French Documentary film about the painter Pablo Picasso. The Jury Prize (Prix du Jury is an award presented at the Cannes Film Festival. For the Biblical concept see Seven seals. For the Rakim album see The Seventh Seal (Rakim album. Jacques Tati (October 9 &ndashNovember 5) was a noted French comedic Filmmaker. Mon Oncle ("My Uncle" is a comedic film by French filmmaker Jacques Tati. Robert Bresson (ʁɔbɛʁ bʁɛˈsɔ̃ in French ( September 25, 1901 &ndash December 18, 1999) was a French Film director A Man Escaped or The Wind Bloweth Where It Listeth (original title Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut) is a The Best Director Award (Prix de la mise en scène is an award presented at the Cannes Film Festival. Brink of Life, already known as So Close to Life in UK, (original title Nära livet) is a 1958 Swedish film by Ingmar François Roland Truffaut ( February 6 1932 – October 21 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking The 400 Blows ( Les Quatre Cents Coups) is a 1959 French film directed by François Truffaut. Sidney Lumet (born June 25 1924) is an Academy Award -receiving American Film director, with over 50 Films to his name The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin Wild Strawberries is a 1957 Film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, about an old man recalling his past Claude Chabrol (klod ʃaˈbʁɔl in French (born 24 June 1930 Paris) is a French film director and has become well-known since his first film Les Cousins is a 1959 French New Wave Drama film directed by Claude Chabrol. Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 The Irving G Thalberg Memorial Award is awarded periodically at the Academy Awards ceremonies to "Creative producers whose bodies of work reflect a consistently high Lawrence Weingarten ( December 30 1897 - February 5 1975) was an American Film producer. George Orson Welles (May 6 1915 – October 10 1985 was an Academy Award -winning director, writer actor and producer for film stage radio and television The Leone d’Oro ('Golden Lion' is the highest prize given to a film at the Biennale Venice Film Festival. Billy Wilder ( June 22, 1906 – March 27, 2002) was an Austrian born Jewish - American Journalist A Clockwork Orange is a 1971 Satirical Science fiction Film adaptation of a 1962 novel of the same name, by Anthony The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director is one of the awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle to honour the finest achievements in filmmaking Cries and Whispers ( Viskningar och rop) is a 1973 Swedish film about two sisters who watch over their third sister on her deathbed torn between fearing François Roland Truffaut ( February 6 1932 – October 21 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking La Nuit américaine is a 1974 French Film directed by François Truffaut. Peter Bogdanovich ( Serbian Cyrillic: Петар Богдановић Latin: Petar Bogdanović (born July 30, 1939, is an American The Last Picture Show is a 1971 film directed by Peter Bogdanovich, adapted from a 1966 novel by Larry McMurtry. The New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay is one the annual film awards given by the New York Film Critics Circle. Cries and Whispers ( Viskningar och rop) is a 1973 Swedish film about two sisters who watch over their third sister on her deathbed torn between fearing George Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer, Screenwriter Gloria Katz (born ca 1945 is an American screenwriter and producer best known for her association with George Lucas. Willard Huyck (born September 8, 1945) is an American screenwriter director and producer best known for his association with George Lucas. American Graffiti is a period Coming of age film directed by George Lucas, and written by Lucas Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck George Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer, Screenwriter Gloria Katz (born ca 1945 is an American screenwriter and producer best known for her association with George Lucas. Willard Huyck (born September 8, 1945) is an American screenwriter director and producer best known for his association with George Lucas. American Graffiti is a period Coming of age film directed by George Lucas, and written by Lucas Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck Scenes from a Marriage (Swedish Scener ur ett äktenskap) is a 1973 Swedish Film and Mini-series written François Roland Truffaut ( February 6 1932 – October 21 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking Suzanne Schiffman ( February 6, 1932 &ndash June 6, 2001) was a Screenwriter and director for numerous motion pictures The Story of Adele H (also L'Histoire d'Adèle H) is a 1975 English / French Film which tells the story Sydney Irwin Pollack ( July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American Film director, producer and Actor. Tootsie is a 1982 Comedy film that tells the story of a talented but volatile Actor whose reputation for being difficult forces him to go to Fanny and Alexander ( Fanny och Alexander) is a 1982 Golden Globe and Academy Award -winning Swedish Film written and Sir David Lean KBE ( 25 March, 1908 &ndash 16 April, 1991) was an English Film director and producer A Passage to India is a 1984 adventure - Drama film directed by David Lean, based on the novel of the same name by Swedish cinema is one of the most widely-known national cinemas in the world and during the 20th century was the most prominent of Scandinavia. This is a list of Motion picture and television directors. A Jim Abrahams Abiola Abrams Film directors frequently choose to work with the same Actor or Actress across several projects Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-07-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently  "Ingmar Bergman, the 'poet with the camera' who is considered one of the greatest directors in motion picture history, died today on the small island of Faro where he lived on the Baltic coast of Sweden, Astrid Soderbergh Widding, president of The Ingmar Bergman Foundation, said. Bergman was 89. " 
  2. ^ The Films of Ingmar Bergman, by Jesse Kalin, 2003, p. 193
  3. ^ "Ingmar Bergman, Master Filmmaker, Dies at 89" by Mervyn Rothstein, New York Times, July 31, 2007
  4. ^ Ingmar Bergman: His Life and Films, by Jerry Vermilye, 2001, p. 6; see also his autobiography, Laterna Magica.
  5. ^ Ingmar Bergman, The Magic Lantern (transl. from Swedish: Laterna Magica), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. ISBN 9780226043821
  6. ^ Ingmar Bergman: His Life and Films, by Jerry Vermilye, 2001, p. 6
  7. ^ Åtal mot Bergman läggs ned (video) Sveriges Television, Rapport, March 23, 1976.
  8. ^ Generaldirektör om Bergmans flykt (video) Sveriges Television, Rapport, April 22, 1976.
  9. ^ Harry Schein om Bergmans flyk (video) Sveriges Television, Rapport, April 22, 1976.
  10. ^ Ephraim Katz, The Film Encyclopedia, New York: HarperCollins, 5th ed. , 1998.
  11. ^ Ingmar Bergman: Samtal på Fårö, Sveriges Radio, March 28, 2005
  12. ^ Bergman buried in quiet ceremony (2007-08-18). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica.
  13. ^ Film Great Ingmar Bergman Dies at 89 (2007-07-30). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off
  14. ^ Ingmar Bergman, Images : my life in film (translated from the Swedish by Marianne Ruuth), London: Bloomsbury, 1994. ISBN 0-7475-1670-7
  15. ^ See e. g. "Filmkonstnären med stort F" Dagens Nyheter, August 2, 2007.
  16. ^ Winter Light (2005).
  17. ^ Bergman 'depressed' by own films (2004-04-10). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  18. ^ stated in Marie Nyreröd's interview series (the first part named Bergman och filmen) aired on Sveriges Television Easter 2004. Sveriges Television AB ( SVT,) is a national Television broadcaster based in Sweden, funded by an obligatory fee payable by all Television -owners
  19. ^ "Ingmar Bergman, Master Filmmaker, 1918-2007", Blast Magazine, August 1, 2007. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman  
  20. ^ Robert Altman (I) - Biography. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  21. ^ Ingmar Bergman. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  22. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: Lars von Trier Celebrity Profile. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  23. ^ "With words or pictures, Ingmar Bergman got you thinking", Los Angeles Times, August 1, 2007. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman  
  24. ^ In Memoriam: Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni - India News Blog. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  25. ^ Harlan, Jan (2007). A Talk with Kubrick.
  26. ^ O'Hehir, Andrew (December 7, 2006). Beyond the Multiplex.
  27. ^ Ingmar Bergman. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  28. ^ Ingmar Bergman. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  29. ^ Ingmar Bergman. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  30. ^ Ingmar Bergman. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  31. ^ Ingmar Bergman. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  32. ^ Le Cain, Maximillian. Andrei Tarkovsky.
  33. ^ Ingmar Bergman. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  34. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: Lars von Trier Celebrity Profile. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  35. ^ Ingmar Bergman. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.

Bibliography

All of Bergman's original screenplays for films directed by himself, from Through a Glass Darkly onwards — and the screenplays he has penned since the 1980s for other directors — have been published in Swedish and most of them translated into English and other languages. Some of his screenplays have also come to use in stage theatre, often without the knowledge or license of the author (e. g. Scenes from a Marriage, Smiles of a Summer Night, After the Rehearsal). Scenes from a Marriage (Swedish Scener ur ett äktenskap) is a 1973 Swedish Film and Mini-series written Smiles of a Summer Night (Swedish Sommarnattens leende) is a 1955 film directed by Ingmar Bergman. After the Rehearsal ( Efter repetitionen in the original Swedish) is a made-for-TV play written and directed by Ingmar Bergman in 1984

In 1968, when the Swedish film magazine Chaplin published an "anti-Bergman issue" to clear the air from the slightly suffocating presence of the genius director, who was collecting Oscars and Palmes d'Or by the handful, Bergman secretly contributed one of the more acerbic pieces, signed by "the French film critic Ernest Riffe". The word soon began to spread that he was the author himself, and though he half-heartedly denied this, in Bergman on Bergman he admits to the truth of the allegation.

External links

Overviews

Interviews

Other articles

Bibliographies

Obituaries



Persondata
NAME Bergman, Ingmar
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bergman, Ernst Ingmar
SHORT DESCRIPTION Stage and film director
DATE OF BIRTH July 14, 1918(1918-07-14)
PLACE OF BIRTH Uppsala, Sweden
DATE OF DEATH July 30, 2007
PLACE OF DEATH Fårö, Sweden
Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Fårö ( Gutnish Faroy; literally "distant island" is a small Baltic Sea Island north of the province of Gotland, off "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.
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