Information science
Portal · History
General Aspects
Information architecture · Information retrieval Information society · Information access Information management · Philosophy of information Information seeking · Knowledge organization
Related fields & subfields
Information technology · Informatics Classification · Bibliometrics Preservation · Cultural studies Categorization · Data modeling Memory · Computer storage Intellectual property · Intellectual freedom Privacy · Censorship

Information science (also information studies) is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. In Academia, Pedagogy, Physical sciences, Earth sciences, Human sciences and Social sciences Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Information retrieval ( IR) is the science of searching for documents for Information within documents and for metadata about documents as well as that Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings ^[1] Information science studies the application and usage of knowledge in organizations, and the interaction between people, organizations and information systems. An organization (or organisation &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and The term information system (IS sometimes refers to a System of persons Data records and activities that process the data and Information in an organization It is often (mistakenly) considered a branch of computer science. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their It is actually a broad, interdisciplinary field, incorporating not only aspects of computer science, but also mathematics, library science, cognitive science, and the social sciences. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Library science is an Interdisciplinary Science incorporating the Humanities, Law and Applied science to study topics related to Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies

Information science focuses on understanding problems from the perspective of the stakeholders involved and then applying information and other technologies as needed. Problem solving forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions problem solving has been defined as higher-order Cognitive In other words, it tackles systemic problems first rather than individual pieces of technology within that system. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt In this respect, information science can be seen as a response to technological determinism, the belief that technology "develops by its own laws, that it realizes its own potential, limited only by the material resources available, and must therefore be regarded as an autonomous system controlling and ultimately permeating all other subsystems of society. Technological Determinism is a reductionist doctrine that a society's technology determines its cultural values social structure or history " ^[2] Within information science, attention has been given in recent years to human–computer interaction, groupware, the semantic web, value sensitive design, iterative design processes and to the ways people generate, use and find information. Human–computer interaction or HCI is the study of interaction between people ( users and Computers It is often regarded as the intersection of Collaborative software (also referred to as groupware or workgroup support systems) is software designed to help people involved in a common task achieve their The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which the Semantics of information and services on the web is defined making it possible for the Iterative design is a Design methodology based on a cyclic process of Prototyping, testing analyzing and refining a work in progress Today this field is called the Field of Information, and there are a growing number of Schools and Colleges of Information.

Information science should not be confused with information theory, the study of a particular mathematical concept of information, or with library science, a field related to libraries which uses some of the principles of information science. Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. Library science is an Interdisciplinary Science incorporating the Humanities, Law and Applied science to study topics related to A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution

Contents 1 Definitions of information science 2 History 2.1 Early beginnings 2.2 19th century 2.3 European documentation 2.4 Transition to modern information science 2.5 Important historical figures 3 Topics in information science 3.1 Bibliometrics 3.2 Data modeling 3.3 Document management 3.4 Groupware 3.5 Human-computer interaction 3.6 Information architecture 3.7 Information ethics 3.8 Information retrieval 3.9 Information society 3.10 Information systems 3.11 Intellectual property 3.12 Knowledge management 3.13 Knowledge engineering 3.14 Semantic web 3.15 Usability engineering 3.16 User-centered design 3.17 XML 4 Research 4.1 Research methods 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links 8.1 Links to University Programs

Definitions of information science

Some authors treat informatics as a synonym for information science, specially related to the concept developed by A. I. Mikhailov and other soviet authors in the mid sixties, indicate that informatics are a discipline related to the study of Scientific Information^[3]. Informatics is the science of Information, the practice of Information processing, and the engineering of Information systems. Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov, or A I Mikhailov ( December 6, 1905, Russian Empire - February 6, 1988, Moscow Because of the rapidly evolving, interdisciplinary nature of informatics, a precise meaning of the term "informatics" is presently difficult to pin down. In Academia, Pedagogy, Physical sciences, Earth sciences, Human sciences and Social sciences Regional differences and international terminology complicate the problem. Some people note that much of what is called "Informatics" today was once called "Information Science" at least in fields such as Medical Informatics. However when library scientists began also to use the phrase "Information Science" to refer to their work, the term informatics emerged in the United States as a response by computer scientists to distinguish their work from that of library science, and in Britain as a term for a science of information that studies natural, as well as artificial or engineered, information-processing systems. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

History

Early beginnings

Information science, in studying the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information has origins in the common stock of human knowledge. Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Information retrieval ( IR) is the science of searching for documents for Information within documents and for metadata about documents as well as that Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Information analysis has been carried out by scholars at least as early as the time of the Abyssinian Empire with the emergence of cultural depositories, what is today known as libraries and archives. The Solomonic dynasty is the traditional royal house of Ethiopia, claiming descent from King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, who is said ^[4] Institutionally, information science emerged in the 19th Century along with many other social science disciplines. As a science, however, it finds its institutional roots in the history of science, beginning with publication of the first issues of ‘‘Philosophical Transactions,’’ generally considered the first scientific journal, in 1665 by the Royal Society (London). Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, or Phil Trans

The institutionalization of science occurred throughout the 18th Century. In 1731, Benjamin Franklin established the Library Company of Philadelphia, the first “public” library, which quickly expanded beyond the realm of books and became a center of scientific experiment, and which hosted public exhibitions of scientific experiments. Year 1731 ( MDCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. The Library Company of Philadelphia ( LCP) is a Philadelphia Pennsylvania -based Non-profit organization. ^[5] Academie de Chirurgia (Paris) published ‘‘Memoires pour les Chirurgiens,’’ generally considered to be the first medical journal, in 1736. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1736 ( MDCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The American Philosophical Society, patterned on the Royal Society (London), was founded in Philadelphia in 1743. The American Philosophical Society is a discussion group founded in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin as an offshoot of his earlier club the Junto. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a As numerous other scientific journals and societies are founded, Alois Senefelder develops the concept of lithography for use in mass printing work in Germany in 1796. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

19th century

By the 19th Century the first signs of information science emerged as separate and distinct from other sciences and social sciences but in conjunction with communication and computation. Joseph Marie Charles nicknamed Jacquard ( 7 July 1752 &ndash 7 August 1834) was a Straw hat maker before becoming In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Joseph Marie Charles nicknamed Jacquard ( 7 July 1752 &ndash 7 August 1834) was a Straw hat maker before becoming It was the first use of "memory storage of patterns" system. ^[6] As chemistry journals emerged throughout the 1820s and 1830s,^[7] Charles Babbage developed his "difference engine," the first step towards the modern computer, in 1822 and his "analytical engine” by 1834. Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common By 1843 Richard Hoe developed the rotary press, and in 1844 Samuel Morse sent the first public telegraph message. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Richard March Hoe ( September 12, 1812 - June 7, 1886) was an American Inventor who designed an improved Printing Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Samuel Finley Breese Morse ( April 27, 1791 &ndash April 2, 1872) was an American painter of portraits and historic By 1848 William F. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Poole begins the ‘‘Index to Periodical Literature,’’ the first general periodical literature index in the US.

In 1854 George Boole published ‘‘An Investigation into Laws of Thought. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year George Boole (buːl ( November 2, 1815 &ndash December 8, 1864) was a British Mathematician and Philosopher. . . ,’’ which lays the foundations for Boolean algebra, which is later used in information retrieval. Boolean algebra (or Boolean logic) is a logical calculus of truth values, developed by George Boole in the late 1830s Information retrieval ( IR) is the science of searching for documents for Information within documents and for metadata about documents as well as that ^[8] In 1860 a congress is held at Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule to discuss the feasibility of establishing a systematic and rational nomenclature for chemistry. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The congress does not reach any conclusive results, but several key participants return home with Stanislao Cannizzaro's outline (1858), which ultimately convinces them of the validity of his scheme for calculating atomic weights. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common ^[9]

By 1865 the Smithsonian Institution began a catalog of current scientific papers, which became the ‘‘International Catalogue of Scientific Papers’’ in 1902. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[10] The following year the Royal Society began publication of its ‘‘Catalogue of Papers’’ in London. In 1866 Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and S. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common W. Soule produced the first practical typewriter. By 1872 Lord Kelvin devised an analogue computer to predict the tides, and by 1875 Frank Baldwin was granted the first US patent for a practical calculating machine that performs four arithmetic functions. Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common For the Coronation Street character see Frank "Frankie" Baldwin Frank Dwight Baldwin, (26 June 1842 &ndash 22 April 1923 ^[11] Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison invented the phonograph and telephone in 1876 and 1877 respectively, and the American Library Association was founded in Philadelphia. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The American Library Association ( ALA) is a group based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally In 1879 ‘‘Index Medicus’’ was first issued by the Library of the Surgeon General, U. Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common S. Army, with John Shaw Billings as librarian, and later the library issues ‘‘Index Catalogue,’’ which achieved an international reputation as the most complete catalog of medical literature. John Shaw Billings ( April 12 1838 – March 11 1913) was a Librarian and Surgeon best known as the modernizer of the ^[12]

European documentation

The discipline of European Documentation, which marks the earliest theoretical foundations of modern information science, emerged in the late part of the 19th Century together with several more scientific indexes whose purpose was to organize scholarly literature. Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (pronounced "ot-LAY" (born 23 August 1868 in Brussels, Belgium, died 10 December 1944 Most information science historians cite Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine as the fathers of information science with the founding of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) in 1895. Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (pronounced "ot-LAY" (born 23 August 1868 in Brussels, Belgium, died 10 December 1944 Henri La Fontaine, ( 22 April 1854 &ndash 14 May 1943) was a Belgian international Lawyer and president of the Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year ^[13] However, “information science” as a term is not popularly used in academia until after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[14]

Documentalists emphasized the utilitarian integration of technology and technique toward specific social goals. According to Ronald Day, “As an organized system of techniques and technologies, documentation was understood as a player in the historical development of global organization in modernity – indeed, a major player inasmuch as that organization was dependent on the organization and transmission of information. ”^[15] Otlet and Lafontaine (who won the Nobel Prize in 1913) not only envisioned later technical innovations but also projected a global vision for information and information technologies that speaks directly to postwar visions of a global “information society. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ” Otlet and Lafontaine established numerous organizations dedicated to standardization, bibliography, international associations, and consequently, international cooperation. These organizations were fundamental for ensuring international production in commerce, information, communication and modern economic development, and they later found their global form in such institutions as the League of Nations and the United Nations. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Otlet designed the Universal Decimal Classification, based on Melville Dewey’s decimal classification system. The Universal Decimal Classification is a system of Library classification developed by the Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri la Fontaine Melvil Dewey (1851 &ndash 1931 was an American Librarian, Educator, and the Inventor of the Dewey Decimal Classification system for Library ^[16]

Although he lived decades before computers and networks emerged, what he discussed prefigured what ultimately became the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. His vision of a great network of knowledge was centered on documents and included the notions of hyperlinks, search engines, remote access, and social networks. Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. In computing a hyperlink is a Reference or Navigation element in a Document to another Section of the same document or to another A social network is a Social structure made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency such as (Obviously these notions were described by different names. )

Otlet not only imagined that all the world's knowledge should be interlinked and made available remotely to anyone (what he called an International Network for Universal Documentation), he also proceeded to build a structured document collection that involved standardized paper sheets and cards filed in custom-designed cabinets according to an ever-expanding ontology, an indexing staff which culled information worldwide from as diverse sources as possible, and a commercial information retrieval service which answered written requests by copying relevant information from index cards. An ontology in both Computer science and Information science is a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between Users of this service were even warned if their query was likely to produce more than 50 results per search. ^[17] By 1937 documentation had formally been institutionalized, as evidenced by the founding of the American Documentation Institute (ADI), later called the American Society for Information Science and Technology. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The American Society for Information Science and Technology (also referred to as ASIST or ASIS&T) is an organization of information professionals Established

Transition to modern information science

With the 1950's came increasing awareness of the potential of automatic devices for literature searching and information storage and retrieval. As these concepts grew in magnitude and potential, so did the variety of information science interests. By the 1960s and 70s, there was a move from batch processing to online modes, from mainframe to mini and micro computers. Additionally, traditional boundaries among disciplines began to fade and many information science scholars joined with library programs. They further made themselves multidisciplinary by incorporating disciplines in the sciences, humanities and social sciences, as well as other professional programs, such as law and medicine in their curriculum. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the By the 1980's, large databases, such as Grateful Med at the National Library of Medicine, and user-oriented services such as Dialog and Compuserve, were for the first time accessible by individuals from their personal computers. The United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM) operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest Medical library. Dialog is an online information service formerly owned by Thomson Corporation. CompuServe, ( CompuServe Information Service, also known by its acronym CIS) was the first major commercial Online service in the United States The 1980s also saw the emergence of numerous Special Interest Groups to respond to the changes. By the end of the decade, Special Interest Groups were available involving non-print media, social sciences, energy and the environment, and community information systems. Today, information science largely examines technical bases, social consequences, and theoretical understanding of online databases, widespread use of databases in government, industry, and education, and the development of the Internet and World Wide Web. ^[18]

• See Chronology of Information Science and Technology

Important historical figures

Tim Berners-Lee John Shaw Billings George Boole Suzanne Briet Michael Buckland Vannevar Bush Melville Dewey Luciano Floridi

Henri La Fontaine Frederick Kilgour Gottfried Leibniz Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov Pierre Levy S. R. Ranganathan Seymour Lubetzky Wilhelm Ostwald Paul Otlet Jesse Shera

Topics in information science

Bibliometrics

Bibliometrics is a set of quantitative methods used to study or measure texts and information and is one of the largest research areas within information science. Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA (born 8 June 1955 is an English computer scientist who is credited John Shaw Billings ( April 12 1838 – March 11 1913) was a Librarian and Surgeon best known as the modernizer of the George Boole (buːl ( November 2, 1815 &ndash December 8, 1864) was a British Mathematician and Philosopher. Michael Keeble Buckland (born 1941 is an Emeritus Professor at the UC Berkeley School of Information and Co-Director of the Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative. Vannevar Bush ( March 11, 1890 &ndash June 30, 1974; pronounced "VAN-ee-var" ˈvæˌniː Melvil Dewey (1851 &ndash 1931 was an American Librarian, Educator, and the Inventor of the Dewey Decimal Classification system for Library Luciano Floridi (Laurea Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, MPhil Henri La Fontaine, ( 22 April 1854 &ndash 14 May 1943) was a Belgian international Lawyer and president of the Frederick Gridley Kilgour ( January 6 1914 &mdash July 31 2006) was an American Librarian and educator known as the founding Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov, or A I Mikhailov ( December 6, 1905, Russian Empire - February 6, 1988, Moscow Pierre Lévy (born 1956 in Tunis) is a Professor in the Department of Communications at the University of Ottawa. Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan ( August 9, 1892, Sirkali Tamil Nadu - September 27, 1972, Bangalore) was a Mathematician Seymour Lubetzky ( April 28, 1898 - April 5, 2003) was a major Cataloging theorist and a prominent librarian Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald ( Latvian: Vilhelms Ostvalds; September 2, 1853 &ndash April 4, 1932) was a Baltic Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (pronounced "ot-LAY" (born 23 August 1868 in Brussels, Belgium, died 10 December 1944 Jesse Hauk Shera (1903–1982 was an American Librarian and information scientist who pioneered the use of Information technology in Libraries Bibliometrics is a set of methods used to study or measure texts and information

Bibliometric methods include the journal Impact Factor, a relatively crude but useful method of estimating the impact of the research published within a journal, in comparison to other journals in the same field. The impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the Citations to science and social science journals. Bibliometrics is often used to evaluate or compare the impact of groups of researchers within a field. In addition it is also used to describe the development of fields, particularly new areas of research.

Data modeling

Data modeling is the process of creating a data model by applying a data model theory to create a data model instance. Data modeling in Computer science is the process of creating a Data model by applying formal data model descriptions using data modelling techniques A data model is an Abstract model that describes how data is represented and accessed A data model is an Abstract model that describes how data is represented and accessed A data model is an Abstract model that describes how data is represented and accessed A data model theory is a formal data model description. See database model for a list of current data model theories. A database model is a theory or specification describing how a Database is structured and used

When data modelling, we are structuring and organizing data. These data structures are then typically implemented in a database management system. A database management system ( DBMS) is Computer software designed for the purpose of managing Databases DBMSes may use any of a variety of Data models In addition to defining and organizing the data, data modeling will impose (implicitly or explicitly) constraints or limitations on the data placed within the structure.

Managing large quantities of structured and unstructured data is a primary function of information systems. Data models describe structured data for storage in data management systems such as relational databases. They typically do not describe unstructured data, such as word processing documents, email messages, pictures, digital audio, and video. Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving

Document management

Document management and engineering is a computer system (or set of computer programs) used to track and store electronic documents and/or images of paper documents. A document management system (DMS is a Computer system (or set of computer programs used to track and store Electronic documents and/or images of paper A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. An electronic document is any Electronic media Content (other than Computer programs or system Files that are intended to be used in either an A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary Document management systems have some overlap with Content Management Systems, Enterprise Content Management Systems, Digital Asset Management, Document imaging, Workflow systems and Records Management systems. A content management system ( CMS) is a computer application used to create edit manage and publish content in a consistently organized fashion Enterprise content management ( ECM) is a set of technologies used to capture store preserve and deliver content and documents and content related to organizational Digital Asset Management consists of tasks and decisions surrounding ingesting annotating cataloguing storage and retrieval of Digital assets such as Digital photographs Document Imaging is an Information technology category for systems capable of replicating documents commonly used in business A workflow is a depiction of a sequence of operations declared as work of a person work of a simple or complex mechanism work of a group of persons work of an organization of staff Records management, or RM is the practice of identifying classifying archiving preserving and destroying records

Groupware

Groupware is software designed to help people involved in a common task achieve their goals. Collaborative software (also referred to as groupware or workgroup support systems) is software designed to help people involved in a common task achieve their Collaborative software is the basis for computer supported cooperative work. The term computer supported cooperative work ( CSCW) was first coined by Irene Greif and Paul M

Such software systems as email, calendaring, text chat, wiki belong in this category. Synchronous conferencing is the formal term used in Science, in particular in Computer-mediated communication, collaboration and learning, to A wiki is a page or collection of Web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it to contribute or modify content using a simplified Markup language. It has been suggested that Metcalfe's law — the more people who use something, the more valuable it becomes — applies to such software. Metcalfe's law states that the value of a Telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of usersof the system ( n ²

The more general term social software applies to systems used outside the workplace, for example, online dating services and social networks like Friendster. Social software encompasses a range of software systems that allow users to interact and share data Online dating or Internet dating is a Dating system which allows individuals couples and groups to meet over the Internet usually with the objective of developing A social network is a Social structure made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency such as Friendster is an Internet Social network service. The Friendster site was founded in Mountain View California, United States by Jonathan Abrams in March 2002 and The study of computer-supported collaboration includes the study of this software and social phenomena associated with it. Computer-supported Collaboration (CSC research focuses on technology that affect groups organizations communities and societies e

Human-computer interaction

Human-computer interaction (HCI), alternatively man-machine interaction (MMI) or computer–human interaction (CHI), is the study of interaction between people (users) and computers. Human–computer interaction or HCI is the study of interaction between people ( users and Computers It is often regarded as the intersection of Users in a Computing context refers to one who uses a computer system A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. It is an interdisciplinary subject, relating computer science with many other fields of study and research. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their This is a list of topics in Human-computer interaction. General Accessibility and Computer accessibility Adaptive autonomy Interaction between users and computers occurs at the user interface (or simply interface), which includes both software and hardware, for example, general purpose computer peripherals and large-scale mechanical systems such as aircraft and power plants. The user interface (or Human Computer Interface) is the aggregate of means by which people&mdash the users '&mdash interact with the System The user interface (or Human Computer Interface) is the aggregate of means by which people&mdash the users '&mdash interact with the System Typical PC hardware A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop and the following parts Motherboard For an account of the words periphery and peripheral as they are used in biology sociology politics computer hardware and other fields see the

Information architecture

Information architecture is the practice of structuring information (knowledge or data) for a purpose. Information architecture ( IA) is the art of expressing a Model or Concept of Information used in activities that require explicit details Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's These are often structured according to their context in user interactions or larger databases. The term is most commonly applied to Web development, but also applies to disciplines outside of a strict Web context, such as programming and technical writing. Technical writing, a form of Technical communication, is a style of formal writing used in fields as diverse as Computer Hardware and Software Information architecture is considered an element of user experience design. User experience design is a subset of the field of Experience design which pertains to the creation of the architecture and interaction models which impact a user's perception

The term information architecture describes a specialized skill set which relates to the management of information and employment of informational tools. It has a significant degree of association with the library sciences. Library science is an Interdisciplinary Science incorporating the Humanities, Law and Applied science to study topics related to Many library schools now teach information architecture. A library school is an institution of higher learning specializing in the professional training of Librarians The first library school was established by

An alternate definition of information architecture exists within the context of information system design, in which information architecture refers to data modeling and the analysis and design of the information in the system, concentrating on entities and their interdependencies. Data modeling depends on abstraction; the relationships between the pieces of data is of more interest than the particulars of individual records, though cataloging possible values is a common technique. --> Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information The usability of human-facing systems, and standards compliance of internal ones, are paramount.

Information ethics

Information ethics is the field that investigates the ethical issues arising from the development and application of information technologies. Information ethics is the field that investigates the ethical issues arising from the development and application of information technologies It provides a critical framework for considering moral issues concerning informational privacy, moral agency (e. Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively g. whether artificial agents may be moral), new environmental issues (especially how agents should one behave in the infosphere), problems arising from the life-cycle (creation, collection, recording, distribution, processing, etc. Infosphere is a term used since the 1990s to speculate about the common Evolution of the Internet, Society and Culture. ) of information (especially ownership and copyright, digital divide). The term digital divide refers to the gap between those people with effective access to Digital and Information technology and those without Information Ethics is therefore strictly related to the fields of computer ethics (Floridi, 1999) and the philosophy of information. Computer ethics is a branch of practical Philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct Luciano Floridi (Laurea Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, MPhil The philosophy of information (PI is the area of research that studies conceptual issues arising at the intersection of Computer science, Information technology,

Dilemmas regarding the life of information are becoming increasingly important in a society that is defined as "the information society". An information society is a Society in which the creation distribution diffusion use integration and manipulation of Information is a significant economic Information transmission and literacy are essential concerns in establishing an ethical foundation that promotes fair, equitable, and responsible practices. Information ethics broadly examines issues related to, among other things, ownership, access, privacy, security, and community.

Information technology affects fundamental rights involving copyright protection, intellectual freedom, accountability, and security.

Professional codes offer a basis for making ethical decisions and applying ethical solutions to situations involving information provision and use which reflect an organization’s commitment to responsible information service. Evolving information formats and needs require continual reconsideration of ethical principles and how these codes are applied. Considerations regarding information ethics influence personal decisions, professional practice, and public policy.

Information retrieval

Information retrieval (IR), often studied in conjunction with information storage, is the science of searching for information in documents, searching for documents themselves, searching for metadata which describe documents, or searching within databases, whether relational stand-alone databases or hypertextually-networked databases such as the World Wide Web. Information retrieval ( IR) is the science of searching for documents for Information within documents and for metadata about documents as well as that Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Metadata ( meta data, or sometimes metainformation) is "data about data" of any sort in any media A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system A relational database is a Database that groups data using common attributes found in the data set The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. There is a common confusion, however, between data retrieval, document retrieval, information retrieval, and text retrieval, and each of these has its own bodies of literature, theory, praxis and technologies. Document retrieval is defined as the matching of some stated user query against a set of free-text records Document retrieval is defined as the matching of some stated user query against a set of free-text records IR is, like most nascent fields, interdisciplinary, based on computer science, mathematics, library science, information science, cognitive psychology, linguistics, statistics, physics. In Academia, Pedagogy, Physical sciences, Earth sciences, Human sciences and Social sciences Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Library science is an Interdisciplinary Science incorporating the Humanities, Law and Applied science to study topics related to Cognitive psychology is a branch of Psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving memory and language Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion.

Automated IR systems are used to reduce information overload. Information overload refers to excess amounts of information being provided making the processing and absorbing tasks very difficult for the individual because we cannot see the validity Many universities and public libraries use IR systems to provide access to books, journals, and other documents. A public library (also called circulating library) is a Library which is accessible by the Public and is generally funded from public sources (such IR systems are often related to object and query. Queries are formal statements of information needs that are put to an IR system by the user. An object is an entity which keeps or stores information in a database. User queries are matched to objects stored in the database. A document is, therefore, a data object. Often the documents themselves are not kept or stored directly in the IR system, but are instead represented in the system by document surrogates.

Information society

Information society is a society in which the creation, distribution, diffusion, use, and manipulation of information is a significant economic, political, and cultural activity. An information society is a Society in which the creation distribution diffusion use integration and manipulation of Information is a significant economic A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings The knowledge economy is its economic counterpart whereby wealth is created through the economic exploitation of understanding. The knowledge economy is a term that refers either to an economy of knowledge focused on the production and management of knowledge in the frame of economic constraints

Specific to this kind of society is the central position information technology has for production, economy, and society at large. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Information society is seen as the successor to industrial society. In Sociology, industrial society refers to a society with a modern societal structure Closely related concepts are the post-industrial society (Daniel Bell), post-fordism, post-modern society, knowledge society, Telematic Society, Information Revolution, and network society (Manuel Castells). A post-industrial society is a society in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy, a diffusion Daniel Bell (born 10 May 1919 in New York) is a sociologist and a professor emeritus at Harvard University. Post-Fordism is the name given to the dominant system of economic production, Consumption and associated socio-economic phenomena in most Industrialized Postmodernity (also spelled post-modernity or the pejorative postmodern condition) is generally used to describe the economic and/or cultural state or condition Broadly speaking the term Knowledge Society refers to any Society where knowledge is the primary production resource instead of capital and labour The term Network Society was coined by Jan van Dijk in his Dutch book De Netwerkmaatschappij (1991 ( The Network Society) (1999 2006 and by Manuel Manuel Castells (full Spanish name: Manuel Castells Oliván; born 1942 in Hellín, Albacete, Spain) is a sociologist associated

Information systems

Information systems is the discipline concerned with the development, use, application and influence of information technologies. The term information system (IS sometimes refers to a System of persons Data records and activities that process the data and Information in an organization An information system is a technologically implemented medium for recording, storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions, as well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions.

The technology used for implementing information systems by no means has to be computer technology. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A notebook in which one lists certain items of interest is, according to that definition, an information system. A notebook (also notepad, writing pad, drawing pad, legal pad, etc Likewise, there are computer applications that do not comply with this definition of information systems. Application software is a subclass of Computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform Embedded systems are an example. An embedded system is a special-purpose Computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with Real-time computing constraints A computer application that is integrated into clothing or even the human body does not generally deal with linguistic expressions. One could, however, try to generalize Langefors' definition so as to cover more recent developments.

Intellectual property

Intellectual property (IP) is a disputed umbrella term for various legal entitlements which attach to certain names, written and recorded media, and inventions. Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names An umbrella term is a word that provides a Superset or grouping of related concepts also called a Hypernym. Entitlement is a guarantee of access to benefits because of rights or by agreement through Law. The holders of these legal entitlements are generally entitled to exercise various exclusive rights in relation to the subject matter of the IP. In Anglo-Saxon law, an exclusive right is a de facto non-tangible Prerogative existing in law (that is the power or in a wider sense Right The term intellectual property links the idea that this subject matter is the product of the mind or the intellect together with the political and economical notion of property. MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual The close linking of these two ideas is a matter of some controversy. It is criticised as "a fad" by Mark Lemley of Stanford Law School and by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation as an "overgeneralization" and "at best a catch-all to lump together disparate laws". Stanford Law School is a graduate school at Stanford University located near Palo Alto California, United States, in Silicon Valley Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16 1953 often abbreviated " rms " is an American software freedom activist The Free Software Foundation ( FSF) is a Non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the Free software movement ^[19]

Intellectual property laws and enforcement vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. There are inter-governmental efforts to harmonise them through international treaties such as the 1994 World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), while other treaties may facilitate registration in more than one jurisdiction at a time. A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. TRIPS redirects here For the new microprocessor design see TRIPS architecture. Enforcement of copyright, disagreements over medical and software patents, and the dispute regarding the nature of "intellectual property" as a cohesive notion^[19] have so far prevented the emergence of a cohesive international system. Software patent does not have a universally accepted definition

Knowledge management

Knowledge management comprises a range of practices used by organisations to identify, create, represent, and distribute knowledge for reuse, awareness, and learning across the organisations. Knowledge Management (KM Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding

Knowledge Management programs are typically tied to organisational objectives and are intended to lead to the achievement of specific outcomes, such as shared intelligence, improved performance, competitive advantage, or higher levels of innovation.

Knowledge transfer (one aspect of Knowledge Management) has always existed in one form or another. Knowledge transfer in the fields of Organizational development and Organizational learning is the practical problem of transferring knowledge from one part of the Examples include on-the-job peer discussions, formal apprenticeship, corporate libraries, professional training, and mentoring programs. However, since the late twentieth century, additional technology has been applied to this task.

Knowledge engineering

Knowledge engineering (KE), often studied in conjunction with knowledge management, refers to the building, maintaining and development of knowledge-based systems. Knowledge engineering (KE has been defined by Feigenbaum and McCorduck (1983 as follows ""KE is an engineering discipline that involves integrating knowledge into According to the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing ( FOLDOC) a knowledge-based system is a program for extending and/or querying a Knowledge base. It has a great deal in common with software engineering, and is related to many computer science domains such as artificial intelligence, databases, data mining, expert systems, decision support systems and geographic information systems. Software engineering is the application of a systematic disciplined quantifiable approach to the development operation and maintenance of Software. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system Data mining is the process of Sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information An expert system is Software that attempts to reproduce the performance of one or more human Experts most commonly in a specific Problem domain, and is Decision support systems constitute a class of computer-based Information systems including knowledge-based systems that support Decision-making activities Knowledge engineering is also related to mathematical logic, as well as strongly involved in cognitive science and socio-cognitive engineering where the knowledge is produced by socio-cognitive aggregates (mainly humans) and is structured according to our understanding of how human reasoning and logic works. Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior Socio-cognitive or sociocognitive describes integrated cognitive and Social properties of Systems Processes functions

Semantic web

Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which web content can be expressed not only in natural language, but also in a form that can be understood, interpreted and used by software agents, thus permitting them to find, share and integrate information more easily. The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which the Semantics of information and services on the web is defined making it possible for the The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Web content is the textual Visual or Aural content that is encountered as part of the user experience on Websites It may include among other In the Philosophy of language, a natural language (or ordinary language) is a Language that is spoken or written in phonemic-alphabetic or phonemically-related In Computer science, a software agent is a piece of software that acts for a user or other program in a relationship of agency. Digital integration is the idea that data or Information on any given Electronic device can be read or manipulated by another device using a standard format ^[20] It derives from W3C director Tim Berners-Lee's vision of the Web as a universal medium for data, information, and knowledge exchange. Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA (born 8 June 1955 is an English computer scientist who is credited Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding

At its core, the Semantic Web comprises a philosophy,^[21] a set of design principles,^[22] collaborative working groups, and a variety of enabling technologies. Working Group can mean Working group, an interdisciplinary group of researchers or Working Group (dogs, kennel club designation for Some elements of the Semantic Web are expressed as prospective future possibilities that have yet to be implemented or realized. ^[23] Other elements of the Semantic Web are expressed in formal specifications. ^[24] Some of these include Resource Description Framework (RDF), a variety of data interchange formats (e. The Resource Description Framework (RDF is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C Specifications originally designed as a Metadata Data g RDF/XML, N3, Turtle, and notations such as RDF Schema (RDFS) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). The Resource Description Framework (RDF is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C Specifications originally designed as a Metadata Data Notation3, or N3 as it is more commonly known is a shorthand non- XML serialization of Resource Description Framework models designed with human-readability Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language is a serialisation format for RDF (Resource Description Framework graphs RDFS or RDF Schema is an extensible Knowledge representation language providing basic elements for the description of ontologies, otherwise called The Web Ontology Language ( OWL) is a family of Knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies, and is endorsed by the World Wide All of which are intended to formally describe concepts, terms, and relationships within a given problem domain. Description logics (DL are a family of Knowledge representation languages which can be used to represent the concept definitions of an application domain (known as terminological The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence

Usability engineering

Usability engineering is a subset of human factors that is specific to computer science and is concerned with the question of how to design software that is easy to use. Usability engineering is a field that is concerned generally with Human-computer interaction and specifically with making human-computer interfaces that have high usability See also The Human Factor (disambiguation. Human factors is a term that covers The science of understanding the properties Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their It is closely related to the field of human-computer interaction and industrial design. Human–computer interaction or HCI is the study of interaction between people ( users and Computers It is often regarded as the intersection of Industrial design is an Applied art whereby the Aesthetics and Usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and The term "usability engineering" (UE) (in contrast to other names of the discipline, like interaction design or user experience design) tends to describe a pragmatic approach to user interface design which emphasizes empirical methods and operational definitions of user requirements for tools. Interaction Design ( IxD) is the discipline of defining the behavior of products and systems that a user can interact with User experience design is a subset of the field of Experience design which pertains to the creation of the architecture and interaction models which impact a user's perception User interface design or user interface engineering is the design of Computers Appliances machines mobile communication devices, Software A central concept in Science and the Scientific method is that all Evidence must be empirical, or empirically based that is dependent on evidence The user requirements document (URD is a document used in Software engineering that specifies the requirements the user expects from software to be constructed in a software Extending as far as International Organisation for Standardisation-approved definitions usability is considered a context-dependent agreement of the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction with which specific users should be able to perform tasks. Advocates of this approach engage in task analysis, then prototype interface designs and conduct usability tests. Task analysis is the analysis of how a Task is accomplished including a detailed description of both manual and mental activities task and element durations task frequency Software prototyping, a possible activity during software development, is the creation of Prototypes i Usability testing is a technique used to evaluate a product by testing it on users On the basis of such tests, the technology is (ideally) re-designed or (occasionally) the operational targets for user performance are revised.

User-centered design

User-centered design is a design philosophy and a process in which the needs, wants, and limitations of the end user of an interface or document are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process. In broad terms user-centered design (UCD is a Design philosophy and a process in which the needs wants and limitations of the end user of an interface or Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines The user interface (or Human Computer Interface) is the aggregate of means by which people&mdash the users '&mdash interact with the System A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. User-centered design can be characterized as a multi-stage problem solving process that not only requires designers to analyze and foresee how users are likely to use an interface, but to test the validity of their assumptions with regards to user behaviour in real world tests with actual users. Such testing is necessary as it is often very difficult for the designers of an interface to understand intuitively what a first-time user of their design experiences, and what each user's learning curve may look like. The term learning curve refers to the graphical relation between the amount of Learning and the time it takes to learn

The chief difference from other interface design philosophies is that user-centered design tries to optimize the user interface around how people can, want, or need to work, rather than forcing the users to change how they work to accommodate the system or function.

XML

XML is a W3C-recommended general-purpose markup language that supports a wide variety of applications. Don't change "Extensible" A markup language is an Artificial language using a set of annotations to text that give instructions regarding the structure of text or how it is to be displayed XML languages or 'dialects' may be designed by anyone and may be processed by conforming software. XML is also designed to be reasonably human-legible, and to this end, terseness was not considered essential in its structure. XML is a simplified subset of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). The Standard Generalized Markup Language ( ISO 88791986 SGML) is an ISO Standard Metalanguage in which one can define Markup languages Its primary purpose is to facilitate the sharing of data across different information systems, particularly systems connected via the Internet^[25]. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Formally defined languages based on XML (such as RSS, MathML, GraphML, XHTML, Scalable Vector Graphics, MusicXML and thousands of other examples) allow diverse software to reliably understand information formatted and passed in these languages. RSS is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works – such as Blog entries news headlines audio and video – in a standardized Mathematical Markup Language ( MathML) is an application of XML for describing mathematical notations and capturing both its structure and content GraphML is an XML -based file format for graphs. Introduction to GraphML Here is what a simple undirected graph with 2 nodes and one edge between The Extensible Hypertext Markup Language, or XHTML, is a MusicXML is an open XML -based Music notation file format It was developed by Recordare LLC deriving several key concepts from existing academic formats (such

Research

Many universities have entire colleges, departments or schools or devoted to the study of information science, while numerous information science scholars can be found in disciplines such as communication, computer science, law, library science, and sociology. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Library science is an Interdisciplinary Science incorporating the Humanities, Law and Applied science to study topics related to Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Several institutions have formed an I-School Caucus (see List of I-Schools), but there are numerous others with comprehensive information foci. Schools of Information or iSchools are emergent academic programs committed to understanding the role of Information in human endeavors and nature

Research methods

Information science has similar research methods to computer science and social sciences:

Archival research

Facts or factual evidences from a variety of records are compiled. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies

Computational complexity and structure

Algorithmic and graphic methods are used to explore the complexity of information systems, retrieval and storage.

Content analysis

The contents of books and mass media are analyzed to study how people communicate and the messages people talk or write about. Content analysis (sometimes called textual analysis) is a Methodology in the Social sciences for studying the Content of Communication

Case study

A specific set of circumstances or a group (the 'case') is analyzed according to a specific goal of study. Generally, case studies are used to characterize a trend or development; they have weak generalizability.

Historical method

This involves a continuous and systematic search for the information and knowledge about past events related to the life of a person, a group, society, or the world. The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which Historians use Primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history

Interviews

The researcher obtains data by interviewing people. An interview is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the interviewee where Questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from If the interview is non-structured, the researcher leaves it to the interviewee (also referred to as the respondent or the informant) to guide the conversation.

Life history

This is the study of the personal life of a person. The term life history has been given many meanings in several scientific fields Through a series of interviews, the researcher can probe into the decisive moments in their life or the various influences on their life.

Longitudinal study

This is an extensive examination of a specific group over a long period of time. A longitudinal study is a Correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time - often many decades

Observation

Using data form the senses, one records information about social phenomenon or behavior. Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data Qualitative research relies heavily on observation, although it is in a highly disciplined form.

Participant observation

As the name implies, the researcher goes to the field (usually a community), lives with the people for some time, and participates in their activities in order to know and feel their culture. Participant observation is a set of Research strategies which aim to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious occupational

See also

• Portal:Library and information science
• Informatics
• Information technology – The use of computers and technology to manage information. Informatics is the science of Information, the practice of Information processing, and the engineering of Information systems. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support
• Enterprise Content Management – Strategies and technologies for managing content, documents and information
• International Federation for Information Processing – Global body for informatics. Enterprise content management ( ECM) is a set of technologies used to capture store preserve and deliver content and documents and content related to organizational The International Federation for Information Processing, usually known as IFIP, is an umbrella organization for national societies working in the field of Information technology
• Philosophy of Information
• Informative Modelling

References

Further reading

• Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. Idea Group Reference. ISBN 159140553X.  

External links

• Knowledge Map of Information Science
• Journal of Information Science
• American Society for Information Science and Technology
• What Has Information Science Contributed to the World?
• Digital Library of Information Science and Technology open access archive for the Information Sciences
• Current Information Science Research at U.S. Geological Survey
• Introduction to Information Science
• History of Information Science
• The Nitecki Trilogy
• Information science at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s: a memoir of student days
• Information Science at iSciences, L.L.C.

Links to University Programs

• School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley
• School of Information at the University of Michigan
• School of Information Studies at Syracuse University
• The Information School at The University of Washington
• Cornell Information Science
• Spatial Information Science and Engineering at University of Maine
• Management Information Science at Nagoya University of Commerce & Business
• Management Information Science at Chiba Institute of Technology
• Information Science at Academia Sinica Institute
• Information Science at University of Arkansas at Little Rock
• Information Science at University of Houston–Victoria
• Information Science at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
• Department of Information Studies, UCLA
• Information Science at University of Otago
• Information Science at Penn State University
• School of Information Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh
• Information Science at University of Southern California's
• Information Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, School of Information Studies
• Stanford University's Quantum Information Science Group
• Management Information Sciences at Franklin University, Columbus, OH

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