| Vein: Inferior vena cava | |
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.svg/250px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg.png)  |
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| Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow. | |
| Latin | vena cava inferior |
| Gray's | subject #173 677 |
| Source | common iliac vein lumbar veins testicular vein renal vein suprarenal vein hepatic vein |
| Drains to | heart |
| Artery | abdominal aorta |
| MeSH | Vena+Cava,+Inferior |
The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the heart. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Introduction ( Superficial veins (cutaneous veins Deep veins Venæ comitantes In Human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the External iliac veins and Internal iliac veins and together in the Abdomen at the level The lumbar veins are veins running along the inside of the posterior Abdominal wall. The testicular vein (or spermatic vein) the male Gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding Testis to the Inferior vena cava The renal veins are Veins that drain the Kidney. They connect the kidney to the Inferior vena cava. The Suprarenal veins are two in number the right ends in the Inferior vena cava. In Human anatomy, the hepatic veins are the Blood vessels that drain de-oxygenated Blood from the Liver and blood cleaned by the liver (from the The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic The abdominal aorta is the largest Artery in the Abdominal cavity. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books In the Circulatory system, a vein is a Blood vessel that carries Blood back toward the Heart (as opposed to Artery, a blood vessel Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic
It is posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs alongside of the vertebral column on its right side (i. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species In Human anatomy, the vertebral column ( backbone or spine) is a column of 34 Vertebrae the Sacrum, Intervertebral e. it is a retroperitoneal structure). The retroperitoneum (adj retroperitoneal) is the anatomical space in the Abdominal cavity behind ( retro) the Peritoneum. It enters the right atrium at the lower right, back side of the heart. The right atrium (in older texts termed the "right auricle" is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles in the Human
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Drainage patterns
The IVC is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings blood into the right atrium of the heart. In Human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the External iliac veins and Internal iliac veins and together in the Abdomen at the level The right atrium (in older texts termed the "right auricle" is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles in the Human It also anastomoses with the azygos vein system (which runs on the right side of the vertebral column) and the venous plexuses next to the spinal cord. An anastomosis (plural anastomoses, from gr ἀναστόμωσις communicating opening) is a Network of streams that both branch out and reconnect The azygos vein is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic Vertebral column. A plexus is a network It has more specific meanings in multiple fields The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected
The caval opening is at T8. The caval opening is a hiatus in the diaphragm of humans through which passes the Inferior vena cava, the wall of which is adherent to the margins of the opening The specific levels of the branches are as follows:
| Vein | Level |
| inferior phrenic vein | T8 |
| hepatic vein | T8 |
| suprarenal veins | L1 |
| renal vein | L1 |
| gonadal vein | L2 |
| lumbar veins | L1-L5 |
| common iliac vein | L5 |
Because the IVC is not centrally located, there are some asymmetries in drainage patterns. The Inferior Phrenic Veins drain the diaphragm and follow the course of the Inferior phrenic arteries; the right ends in the Inferior vena cava; In Human anatomy, the hepatic veins are the Blood vessels that drain de-oxygenated Blood from the Liver and blood cleaned by the liver (from the The Suprarenal veins are two in number the right ends in the Inferior vena cava. The renal veins are Veins that drain the Kidney. They connect the kidney to the Inferior vena cava. In Medicine, gonadal vein refers to the Blood vessel that carrying Blood away from the Gonad (testis ovary toward the Heart. The lumbar veins are veins running along the inside of the posterior Abdominal wall. In Human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the External iliac veins and Internal iliac veins and together in the Abdomen at the level The gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the IVC on the right side, but into the renal vein on the left side, which in turn drains into the IVC. In Medicine, gonadal vein refers to the Blood vessel that carrying Blood away from the Gonad (testis ovary toward the Heart. The Suprarenal veins are two in number the right ends in the Inferior vena cava. The renal veins are Veins that drain the Kidney. They connect the kidney to the Inferior vena cava. By contrast, all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the IVC. The lumbar veins are veins running along the inside of the posterior Abdominal wall. In Human anatomy, the hepatic veins are the Blood vessels that drain de-oxygenated Blood from the Liver and blood cleaned by the liver (from the
Note that the vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava. The superior vena cava is a large yet short Vein that carries deoxygenated Blood from the upper half of the body to the Heart 's Right atrium
Pathologies associated with the IVC
Health problems attributed to the IVC are most often associated with it being compressed (ruptures are rare because it has a low intraluminal pressure). Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface Typical sources of external pressure are an enlarged aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm), the gravid uterus (aortocaval compression syndrome) and abdominal maligancies, such as colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer. Abdominal aortic aneurysm, also written as AAA and often pronounced 'triple-A' is a localized dilatation of the Abdominal aorta, that exceeds the normal diameter Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes Cancerous growths in the colon, Rectum and "Kidney Cancer" redirects here For Wilms' Tumor/Nephroblastoma see Wilms' tumor. Ovarian cancer is a cancerous growth arising from an Ovary. The cancer most commonly forms in the lining of the ovary (resulting in epithelial Since the inferior vena cava is primarily a right-sided structure, unconscious pregnant females should be turned on to their left side (the recovery position), to relieve pressure on it and facilitate venous return. The recovery position or more technically known as the lateral recumbent position is a First aid technique recommended for assisting people who are unconscious In rare cases, straining associated with defecation can lead to restricted blood flow through the IVC and result in syncope (fainting). Defecation is the final act of Digestion by which organisms eliminate solid semisolid or liquid Waste material ( Faeces) from the Digestive tract [1]
Occlusion of the IVC is rare, but considered life-threatening and is an emergency. It is associated with deep vein thrombosis, IVC filters, liver transplantation and instrumentation (e. In Medicine, deep vein thrombosis (also known as deep-vein thrombosis or deep venous thrombosis and usually abbreviated as DVT) is the formation An inferior vena cava filter, also IVC filter a type of vascular filter is a Medical device that is implanted into the Inferior vena cava to prevent Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased Liver with a healthy liver Allograft. g. catheter in the femoral vein). In Medicine a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity duct or vessel In the Human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral Artery in the Femoral sheath. [2]
Embryology
In the embryo, the IVC and right atrium are separated by the Eustachian valve, also known in Latin as the valvula venae cavae inferiore (valve of the inferior vena cava). An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular The valve of the inferior vena cava ( eustachian valve) serves to direct the Blood into the Right atrium. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In the adult, this structure typically has totally regressed or remains as a small endocardial fold. [3]
Additional images
 Diagram showing completion of development of the parietal veins. |
 Base and diaphragmatic surface of heart. |
 The arch of the aorta, and its branches. |
 Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, azygos vein and their tributaries. |
 The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind. |
 Transverse section of human embryo eight and a half to nine weeks old. |
 Liver and gallbladder |
See also
References
- ^ Brophy CM, Evans L, Sumpio BE. An inferior vena cava filter, also IVC filter a type of vascular filter is a Medical device that is implanted into the Inferior vena cava to prevent Inferior vena cava syndrome (IVCS is a result of obstruction of the Inferior vena cava. The recovery position or more technically known as the lateral recumbent position is a First aid technique recommended for assisting people who are unconscious The superior vena cava is a large yet short Vein that carries deoxygenated Blood from the upper half of the body to the Heart 's Right atrium Defecation syncope secondary to functional inferior vena caval obstruction during a Valsalva maneuver. Ann Vasc Surg. 1993 Jul;7(4):374-7. PMID 8268080.
- ^ Geehan DM, Inferior Vena Caval Thrombosis, emedicine. com, URL: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2718.htm, Accessed: August 3, 2005.
- ^ Yavuz T, Nazli C, Kinay O, Kutsal A. Giant eustachian valve with echocardiographic appearance of divided right atrium. Tex Heart Inst J. 2002;29(4):336-8. PMID 12484622 Full Text.
External links
- synd/1462 at Who Named It - "Eustachian valve"
- SUNY Labs 40:13-0101 - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Tributaries to the Inferior Vena Cava"
- SUNY Anatomy Image 8827
- Cross section at UV pembody/body12a
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