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In sociology, industrial society refers to a society with a modern societal structure. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Modernity is a term that refers to the Modern era. It is distinct from Modernism, and in different contexts refers to cultural and intellectual movements of the Such a structure developed in the west in the period of time following the industrial revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Pre-modern, or Pre-industrial society are also called agrarian societies. In a historical context Premodernity is the period in Western civilization that came after Ancient history and before Modernity, which is usually recognized to have Pre-industrial society refers to specific social attributes and forms of political and cultural organization that were prevalent before the advent of the Industrial Revolution An agrarian society is one that is based on Agriculture as its prime means for support and sustenance Industrial societies are generally mass societies. Mass society is a description associated with Society in the modern industrial era

Industrial society is characterized by the use of external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to increase the rate and scale of production. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. [1] The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine harvesters and petrolium based fertilizers, are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. The combine harvester, or simply combine, also known as a thresher is a machine that combines the Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant No longer needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved into these factories where mechanization is utilized to further increase efficiency. A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods Mechanization or mechanisation ( BE) is providing human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work As populations grow, and mechanization is further refined, often to the level of automation, many workers shift to expanding service industries. Mechanization or mechanisation ( BE) is providing human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work Automation ( Ancient Greek: = self dictated) roboticization or industrial automation or Numerical control is the use of Control systems

Industrial society makes urbanization desirable, in part so that workers can be closer to centers of production, and the service industry can provide labor to workers and those that benefit financially from them, in exchange for a piece of production profits with which they can buy goods. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing This leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a high rate of economic activity. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

These urban centers require the input of external energy sources in order to overcome the diminishing returns[2] of agricultural consolidation, due partially to the lack of nearby arable land, associated transportation and storage costs, and are otherwise unsustainable. In Economics, diminishing returns is also called diminishing marginal returns or the law of diminishing returns. In Geography, arable land (from Latin arare, to Plough) is an agricultural term meaning land that can be used for [3] This makes the reliable availability of the needed energy resources high priority in industrial government policies.

Some theoreticians -- namely Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens and Manuel Castells -- argue that we are located in the middle of a transformation or transition from industrial societies to post-modern societies. Dr Ulrich Beck (born May 15, 1944) is a German Sociologist who holds a professorship at Munich University and at the London Anthony Giddens Baron Giddens (born January 18, 1938) is a British sociologist who is renowned for his Theory of structuration Manuel Castells (full Spanish name: Manuel Castells Oliván; born 1942 in Hellín, Albacete, Spain) is a sociologist associated Postmodernity (also spelled post-modernity or the pejorative postmodern condition) is generally used to describe the economic and/or cultural state or condition The triggering technology for the change from an agricultural to an industrial organisation was steam power, allowing mass production and reducing the agricultural work necessary. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of Thus many industrial cities are built around rivers. Identified as catalyst or trigger for the transition to post-modern or informational society is global information technology. In Sociology, informational society refers to a post-modern type of society Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support

Bibliography

  1. ^ Chapter 1 (pdf). Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the
  2. ^ Arthur, Brian: "Positive Feedbacks in the Economy", Scientific American, 262(92-99): Feb. 1990.
  3. ^ McGranahan, Gordon (November 2003). "URBAN CENTERS: An Assessment of Sustainability". Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28: 243-274.  

See also

For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the
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