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Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Mechanization or mechanisation ( BE) is providing human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale

Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious"

Most processes make the production of an otherwise rare material vastly cheaper, thus changing it into a commodity; i. A commodity is anything for which there is demand but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market e. the process makes it economically feasible for society to use the material on a large scales, in machinery, or a substantial amount of raw materials, in comparison to batch or craft processes. A craft is a Skill, especially involving practical arts. It may refer to a Trade or particular art Production of a specific material may involve more than one type of process. Most industrial processes result in both a desired product(s) and by-products, many of which are toxic, hazardous, or hard to deal with. A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a Manufacturing process a Chemical reaction or a biochemical pathway and is not the primary product Very, very few processes are self-contained.

Contents

General processes

These may be applied on their own, or as part of a larger process.

Physical reshaping

There are several processes for reshaping a material by cutting, folding, joining or polishing, developed on a large scale from workshop techniques. Liquefaction of gases includes a number of phases used to convert a Gas into a Liquid state Supercritical drying is a process to remove liquid in a precisely controlled way similar to Freeze drying. Freeze drying (also known as lyophilization or cryodesiccation) is a Dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material This article is about the pollution control device for other uses see Scrubber (disambiguation.

Moulding

The shaping of materials by forming their liquid form using a mould.

Purification

Many materials exist in an impure form, purification, refining or separation provides a usable product. Refining (also called affining) is the process of Purification of a substance.

Electrolysis

The availability of electricity and its effect on materials gave rise to several processes for plating or separating metals. Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating Minerals from Gangue by taking advantage of differences in their Hydrophobicity. Flotation process is a method of separation widely used in the wastewater treatment and mineral processing industries Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions such as in separating Chemical compounds by their Boiling point by heating Vacuum distillation is a method of Distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced to less than its Vapor pressure (usually Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two The Frasch process is a method to extract Sulfur from underground deposits

Iron and Steel

Early production of iron was from meteorites, or as a by-product of copper refining. Gilding is the art of applying a thin layer of gold simulated gold or other metal to a surface Electroplating is the process of using electrical current to reduce Cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a conductive object Anodizing, or anodising, is an electrolytic Passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural Oxide layer on the surface of metal Electrowinning, also called electroextraction, is the Electrodeposition of Metals from their Ores that have been put in solution or liquefied Electropolishing, also referred to as Electrochemical polishing is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece Isoelectric focusing (IEF, also known as electrofocusing, is a technique for separating different Molecules by their Electric charge differences An electrolytic process is the use of Electrolysis industrially to refine metals or compounds at a high purity and low cost Electrophoretic deposition ( EPD) is a term for a broad range of Industrial processes which includes electrocoating, cathodic electrodeposition Electrotyping is an application of the art of Electroplating to Typography, used for making duplicate plates for relief printing (letterpress Metallizing is the general name for the technique of coating Metal on the surface of non-metallic objects Plating describes surface-covering where a Metal is deposited on a conductive surface Spin coating is a procedure used to apply uniform Thin films to flat substrates In short an excess amount of a solution is placed on the substrate which is then rotated Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Heating iron ore and carbon in a crucible at 1000 K produces wrought iron. QtubIronPillarJPG|thumb|right| Iron pillar at Delhi India containing 98% wrought iron]] Wrought iron is commercially pure Iron. This process gained popularity during the Iron Age. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Temperatures of 1300 K were produced around the 8th century by blowing air through the heated mixture in a bloomery or blast furnace (12th century); producing a strong but brittle cast iron. A bloomery is a type of Furnace once widely used for Smelting Iron from its oxides. A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical Furnace used for Smelting to produce metals generally Iron. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. Furnaces were growing bigger, producing greater quantities; a factor contributing to the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the In 1740 the temperature and carbon content could be controlled sufficiently to consistently produce steel; very strong and very workable. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 The 19th century saw the development of electric arc furnaces that produced steel in very large quantities, and are more easily controlled. An electric arc furnace (EAF is a Furnace that heats charged material by means of an Electric arc.

Petroleum and organic compounds

The nature of an organic molecule means it can be transformed at the molecular level to create a range of products. A bloomery is a type of Furnace once widely used for Smelting Iron from its oxides. Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of Furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of Pig iron to produce steel. A bloomery is a type of Furnace once widely used for Smelting Iron from its oxides. Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of Furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of Pig iron to produce steel. A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical Furnace used for Smelting to produce metals generally Iron. Direct-reduced iron (DRI is produced from direct reduction of Iron ore (in the form of lumps pellets or fines by a reducing gas produced from Natural gas Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making Steel Alloy by slowly heating and cooling pure Iron and Carbon (typically The cementation process is an obsolete technique for making Steel by Carburization of Iron. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive Industrial process for the mass-production of Steel from molten Pig iron. Basic oxygen steelmaking ( BOS BOF Linz-Donawitz-Verfahren LD-converter) is a method of Steelmaking in which carbon-rich molten iron is made into Steel Basic oxygen steelmaking ( BOS BOF Linz-Donawitz-Verfahren LD-converter) is a method of Steelmaking in which carbon-rich molten iron is made into Steel An electric arc furnace (EAF is a Furnace that heats charged material by means of an Electric arc.

Others

Organized by product:

A list by process:

WikipediaNaming The Deville process was the first industrial process used to produce Alumina from Bauxite. The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining Bauxite to produce Alumina. The Hall-Héroult process is the major industrial process for the production of Aluminium. Wöhler process was used in the production of Aluminium. It involved the reduction of Anhydrous Aluminium chloride with Potassium, and produced Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate The Dow process is the electrolytic method of Bromine extraction from Brine, and was Herbert Henry Dow 's second revolutionary process for generating Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and A chloralkali process always implies the Electrolysis of common salt or Sodium chloride. The Weldon process is a process developed in 1870 by Walter Weldon for recovering Manganese dioxide for re-use in Chlorine manufacture Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable value-added materials Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant The nitrophosphate process (also known as the Odda process) was a method for the industrial production of Nitrogen Fertilizers invented by Erling Johnson Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Bacterial oxidation ( BIOX) is a biohydrometallurgical process developed for pre- Cyanidation treatment of Refractory Gold Ores Heavy water is water which contains a higher proportion than normal of the Isotope Deuterium, as deuterium oxide, D2O or ²H2O The Girdler sulfide (GS process, also known as the Geib-Spevack (GS process, is an industrial production method for making Heavy water ( deuterium oxide Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Steam reforming (SR hydrogen reforming or catalytic oxidation, is a method of producing Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons. The water gas shift reaction (WGS is a Chemical reaction in which Carbon monoxide reacts with Water to form Carbon dioxide and Hydrogen Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Bismuth (ˈbɪzməθ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Bi and Atomic number 83 The Betts electrolytic process is an industrial process for separating Lead and Bismuth. The Betterton-Kroll process is an industrial process for removing Bismuth from Lead. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and The Ostwald process is a chemical process for producing Nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald (patented 1902 Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Pulping is the process of converting Wood or lignocellulosic nonwood material to separated pulp fibers for papermaking The Kraft process (also known as Kraft pulping or sulfate process) describes a technology for conversion of wood into Wood pulp consisting of almost pure The Fourdrinier Machine is the basis for most modern papermaking and it has been used in some variation since its conception Vulcanization (or Vulcanisation refers to a specific curing process of Rubber involving high heat and the addition of Sulfur or other equivalent curatives Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants The Alberger process is a method of producing salt It involves mechanical evaporation and uses an open evaporating pan and steam energy The Grainer evaporation process is a method of producing Salt. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that The Bridgman-Stockbarger technique is a method of growing Single crystal Ingots or boules. The Czochralski process is a method of Crystal growth used to obtain Single crystals of Semiconductors (e Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen The patio process was a process used to extract Silver from ore The Parkes process is a Pyrometallurgical industrial process for removing Silver from Lead, during the production of bullion Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. The Leblanc process was the industrial process for the production of soda ash ( Sodium carbonate) used throughout the 19th century named after its inventor Nicolas The Solvay process, also referred to as the ammonia-soda process is the major industrial process for the production of Soda ash ( Sodium carbonate The Deacon process was a Secondary process used during the Manufacture of Alkalis (the initial end product was Sodium carbonate) by the Leblanc Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The lead chamber process was an industrial process used to produce relatively strong concentrations of Sulfuric acid in large quantities The contact process is the current method of producing Sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure ductile metallic Titanium. The Kroll process is a Pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic Titanium. Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure ductile metallic Titanium. The Kroll process is a Pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic Titanium. The crystal bar process (or iodide process) was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 The crystal bar process (or iodide process) was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 The Alberger process is a method of producing salt It involves mechanical evaporation and uses an open evaporating pan and steam energy The Grainer evaporation process is a method of producing Salt. Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable value-added materials A chloralkali process always implies the Electrolysis of common salt or Sodium chloride. The Weldon process is a process developed in 1870 by Walter Weldon for recovering Manganese dioxide for re-use in Chlorine manufacture The FFC Cambridge Process is an Electrochemical method in which solid metal compounds particularly Oxides are cathodically reduced to the respective metals The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining Bauxite to produce Alumina. The lead chamber process was an industrial process used to produce relatively strong concentrations of Sulfuric acid in large quantities The contact process is the current method of producing Sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes Bacterial oxidation ( BIOX) is a biohydrometallurgical process developed for pre- Cyanidation treatment of Refractory Gold Ores The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure ductile metallic Titanium. The Kroll process is a Pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic Titanium. The crystal bar process (or iodide process) was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 The crystal bar process (or iodide process) was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 The Pidgeon process is one of the methods of Magnesium metal production via a Silicothermic reduction The Dow process is the electrolytic method of Bromine extraction from Brine, and was Herbert Henry Dow 's second revolutionary process for generating The Girdler sulfide (GS process, also known as the Geib-Spevack (GS process, is an industrial production method for making Heavy water ( deuterium oxide The Ostwald process is a chemical process for producing Nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald (patented 1902 Steam reforming (SR hydrogen reforming or catalytic oxidation, is a method of producing Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons. The water gas shift reaction (WGS is a Chemical reaction in which Carbon monoxide reacts with Water to form Carbon dioxide and Hydrogen The nitrophosphate process (also known as the Odda process) was a method for the industrial production of Nitrogen Fertilizers invented by Erling Johnson Vacuum Metalising is a process whereby a thin coating of metal can be applied to another material textile / non-wovens / foil / paper to achieve a high standard of finish at a low cost (compared
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