49 cadmium ← indium → tin Ga ↑ In ↓ Tl Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	indium, In, 49
Chemical series	poor metals
Group, Period, Block	13, 5, p
Appearance	silvery lustrous gray
Standard atomic weight	114.818(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	7. Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 31  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	7. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 02  g·cm−3
Melting point	429. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 75 K (156. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 60 °C, 313. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 88 °F)
Boiling point	2345 K (2072 °C, 3762 °F)
Heat of fusion	3. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 281  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	231. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 8  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 26. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 74  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 1196 1325 1485 1690 1962 2340
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	tetragonal
Oxidation states	3 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 78 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  558. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 3  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1820. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 7  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  2704  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	155  pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	156  pm
Covalent radius	144  pm
Van der Waals radius	193 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 83. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 7 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 81. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 8  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 32. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 1  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 1215 m/s
Young's modulus	11  GPa
Mohs hardness	1. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 2
Brinell hardness	8. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece 83  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-74-6
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of indium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 113In 4. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Indium ( In)Standard atomic mass 114818(3 u Table Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 3% 113In is stable with 64 neutrons 115In 95. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 7% 4. 41×1014y Beta- 0. A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 495 115Sn
References

Indium (pronounced /ˈɪndiəm/) is a chemical element with chemical symbol In and atomic number 49. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton This rare, soft, malleable and easily fusible poor metal is chemically similar to aluminium or gallium but more closely resembles zinc (zinc ores are also the primary source of this metal). WikipediaNaming Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Its current primary application is to form transparent electrodes from indium tin oxide in liquid crystal displays. Uses ITO is mainly used to make transparent conductive coatings for Liquid crystal displays Flat panel displays Plasma displays touch panels It is widely used in thin-films to form lubricated layers (during World War II it was widely used to coat bearings in high-performance aircraft). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including It's also used for making particularly low melting point alloys, and is a component in some lead-free solders.

Contents 1 Notable characteristics 2 Applications 3 History 4 Occurrence and consumption 5 Precautions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Notable characteristics

Indium is a very soft, silvery-white, relatively rare true metal with a bright luster. White is a Color, the perception which is evoked by Light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive Cone cells in the Human eye The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. As a pure metal indium emits a high-pitched "cry", when it is bent. A tin cry is the characteristic sound heard when a bar of Tin is bent Both gallium and indium are able to wet glass. Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Wetting is the contact between a liquid and a solid surface resulting from intermolecular interactions when the two are brought together Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many

One unusual property of indium is that its most common isotope is slightly radioactive; it very slowly decays by beta emission to tin. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 This radioactivity is not considered hazardous, mainly because its half-life is 4. 41×10¹⁴ years, four orders of magnitude larger than the age of the universe and nearly 50,000 times longer than that of natural thorium. Thorium (ˈθɔːriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Th and Atomic number 90 Unlike its period 5 neighbor cadmium, indium is not a notorious cumulative poison. A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at ftudruinsubstance is lost

Applications

The first large-scale application for indium was as a coating for bearings in high-performance aircraft engines during World War II. A bearing is a device to permit constrained relative motion between two parts typically rotation or linear movement World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Afterwards, production gradually increased as new uses were found in fusible alloys, solders, and electronics. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has A solder is a fusible metal Alloy with a melting point or melting range of 90 to 450 ° C (200 to 840 ° F) used in a process called Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical In the 1950s, tiny beads of it were used for the emitters and collectors of PNP alloy junction transistors. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The alloy-junction transistor, or alloy transistor, was an early type of Bipolar junction transistor, developed at General Electric and RCA in In the middle and late 1980s, the development of indium phosphide semiconductors and indium tin oxide thin films for liquid crystal displays (LCD) aroused much interest. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that Uses ITO is mainly used to make transparent conductive coatings for Liquid crystal displays Flat panel displays Plasma displays touch panels By 1992, the thin-film application had become the largest end use. Other uses:

• For manufacture of low-melting-temperature alloys. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has An alloy consisting of 24% indium and 76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of
• Some indium compounds such as indium antimonide, indium phosphide, and indium nitride are semiconductors with useful properties. Indium antimonide ( is a Narrow gap Semiconductor material from the III - V group used in Infrared detectors including Thermal Indium phosphide ( is a binary Semiconductor composed of Indium and Phosphorus. Indium nitride ( is a small bandgap semiconductor material which has potential application in Solar cells and high speed electronics A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that
• Component required for synthesis of the semiconductor Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), which is used for the manufacture of thin film solar cells. Copper indium gallium selenide ( CIGS) is a new Semiconductor material composed of Copper, Indium, Gallium, and Selenium Thin films are thin material layers ranging from fractions of a Nanometre to several Micrometres in thickness A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts Solar energy into Electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
• Used in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and Laser Diodes (LDs) based on compound semiconductors such as InGaN, InGaP that are fabricated by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) technology. A Compound Semiconductor is a Semiconductor Compound composed of elements from two or more different groups of the Periodic table. Indium gallium nitride ( InGaN, x1-x is a Semiconductor material made of a mix of Gallium nitride (GaN and Indium nitride Indium gallium phosphide ( InGaP) is a Semiconductor composed of Indium, Gallium and Phosphorus. Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE is a Chemical vapour deposition method of epitaxial growth of materials especially Compound semiconductors from
• The ultrapure metalorganics of indium, specifically high purity trimethylindium (TMI) is used as a precursor in III-V compound semiconductors, while it is also used as the semiconductor dopant in II-VI compound semiconductors. Metalorganics, (abbr MO) also known as Organometallics, metallo-organics', or organo-inorganics, are used extensively in Trimethylindium (abbr TMI In(CH33 (CAS # 3385-78-2 is the preferred Metalorganic source of Indium for Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy A Compound Semiconductor is a Semiconductor Compound composed of elements from two or more different groups of the Periodic table. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that A dopant, also called doping agent and dope, is an impurity element added to a crystal or semiconductor lattice in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical A Compound Semiconductor is a Semiconductor Compound composed of elements from two or more different groups of the Periodic table. ^[1]
• Can also be plated onto metals and evaporated onto glass which forms a mirror which is as good as those made with silver but has higher corrosion resistance. A mirror is an object with a surface that has good Specular reflection; that is it is smooth enough to form an Image. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings
• Indium oxide (In₂O₃) is used as a transparent conductive glass substrate in the making of electroluminescent panels. Indium(III oxide ( In2[[Oxygen O3]] is a Chemical compound, an Amphoteric Oxide of Indium. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing In Science and engineering, a conductor is a material which contains movable Electric charges. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Electroluminescence (EL is an Optical phenomenon and Electrical phenomenon in which a material emits light in response to an Electric current passed through
• Used as a light filter in low pressure sodium vapor lamps. A sodium vapor lamp is a Gas discharge lamp which uses Sodium in an excited state to produce Light
• Indium's freezing point of 429. 7485 K (156. 5985 °C) is a defining fixed point on the international temperature scale ITS-90. The International Temperature Scale of 1990 ( ITS-90) is an equipment calibration standard for making measurements on the Kelvin and
• Indium's high neutron capture cross section for thermal neutrons makes it suitable for use in control rods for nuclear reactors, typically in an alloy containing 80% silver, 15% indium, and 5% cadmium. A control rod is a rod made of Chemical elements capable of absorbing many Neutrons without fissioning themselves
• In nuclear engineering, the (n,n') reactions of ¹¹³In and ¹¹⁵In are used to determine magnitudes of neutron fluxes.
• ¹¹¹In emits gamma radiation and is used in scintigraphy, a technique of medical imaging. Medical imaging refers to the techniques and processes used to create Images of the human body (or parts thereof for clinical purposes ( Medical procedures seeking to Scintigraphy has many applications, including early phase drug development, and monitoring the activity of white blood cells. A blood test is taken from the patient, white cells removed and labelled with the radioactive ¹¹¹In, then re-injected back into the patient. A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a Blood sample that is usually extracted from a Vein in the arm using a needle, or via Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Gamma imaging will reveal any areas of high white cell activity such as an abscess. An abscess (abscessus is a collection of Pus (dead Neutrophils) that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue on the basis of an infectious process
• Very small amounts used in aluminium alloy sacrificial anodes (for salt water applications) to prevent passivation of the aluminium. Passivation is the process of making a material "passive" in relation to another material prior to using the materials together
• In the form of a wire it is used as a vacuum seal in cryogenics applications.
• Used as a calibration material for thermogravimetric analysis devices.

History

Indium (named after the indigo line in its atomic spectrum) was discovered by the German Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter in 1863 while they were testing zinc ores with a spectrograph in search of thallium. Indigo is the Color on the Electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in Wavelength, placing it between Blue and violet The atomic emission spectrum of an element is the set of frequencies of the Electromagnetic waves emitted by Atoms of that element Ferdinand Reich ( 19 February, 1799 &ndash 27 April, 1882) was a German Chemist who co-discovered Indium in 1863 with Hieronymus Theodor Richter (1824 - 1898 was a German chemist who co-discovered Indium in 1863 with Ferdinand Reich. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 A spectrometer is an Optical instrument used to measure properties of Light over a specific portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum, typically used Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 Richter went on to isolate the metal in 1867. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Occurrence and consumption

Indium ranks 61st in abundance in the Earth's crust at approximately 0. 25 ppm ^[2], which means it is more than three times as abundant as silver, which occurs at 0. 075 ppm ^[3]. Up until 1924, there was only about a gram of isolated indium on the planet. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Indium is produced mainly from residues generated during zinc ore processing but is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Canada is a leading producer of indium. The Teck Cominco refinery in Trail, BC, is the largest single source, with production of 32,500 kg in 2005, 41,800 kg in 2004 and 36,100 kg in 2003. Teck Cominco Limited () is a Canadian Mining company It was formed from the amalgamation of Teck and Cominco in 2001 Trail is a city in the West Kootenay region of the Interior of British Columbia, Canada.

The amount of indium consumed is largely a function of worldwide LCD production. Worldwide production is currently 476 tonnes per year from mining and a further 650 tonnes per year from recycling ^[4]. Demand has risen rapidly in recent years with the popularity of LCD computer monitors and televisions, which now account for 50% of indium consumption ^[5]. Increased manufacturing efficiency and recycling (especially in Japan) maintain a balance between demand and supply. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Demand increased as the metal is used in LCDs and televisions, and supply decreased when a number of Chinese mining concerns stopped extracting indium from their zinc tailings. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 In 2002, the price was US$94 per kilogram. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The recent changes in demand and supply have resulted in high and fluctuating prices of indium, which from 2005 to 2007 ranged from US$700/kg to US$1,000/kg ^[6]. Demand for indium is likely to continue to increase with large-scale manufacture of CIGS-based thin film solar technology starting by several companies in 2008, including Nanosolar and Miasole. Copper indium gallium selenide ( CIGS) is a new Semiconductor material composed of Copper, Indium, Gallium, and Selenium Nanosolar is a developer of Solar power technology Based in San Jose, CA Nanosolar has developed and commercialized an extremely low-cost printable Solar Miasolé is a Solar energy company developing Photovoltaic cells based on copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS semiconductor

Based on content of indium in zinc ore stocks, there is a world-wide reserve base of approximately 6,000 tonnes of economically-viable indium ^[7]. This figure has led to estimates suggesting that, at current consumption rates, there is only 13 years' supply of indium left ^[8]. However, such estimates are often regarded as alarmist and scaremongering ^[9]. Alarmism is the production of needless warnings The following lists some areas where warnings have been called alarmist Fear mongering (or scaremongering) is the use of Fear to leverage the opinions and actions of others towards some end The Indium Corporation, the largest processor of indium, claims that, on the basis of increasing recovery yields during extraction, recovery from a wider range of base metals (including tin, copper and other polymetallic deposits) and new mining investments, the long-term supply of indium is sustainable, reliable and sufficient to meet increasing future demands ^[10]. This conclusion also seems reasonable in light of the fact that silver, a less abundant element, is currently mined at approximately 18,300 tonnes per annum ^[11], which is 40 times greater than current indium mining rates.

Precautions

Pure indium in metal form is considered non-toxic by most sources. In the welding and semiconductor industries, where indium exposure is relatively high, there have been no reports of any toxic side-effects. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that

This may not be the case with indium compounds: there is some unconfirmed evidence that suggests that indium has a low level of toxicity. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism For example, indium trichloride anhydrous (InCl₃) is quite toxic, while indium phosphide (InP) is both toxic and a suspected carcinogen. Indium(III chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula In[[Chlorine Cl3]] Indium phosphide ( is a binary Semiconductor composed of Indium and Phosphorus. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation

See also

• Indium compounds

References

1. ^ Journal of Crystal Growth doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.09.006
2. ^ The Element Indium. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. It's Elemental. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.
3. ^ The Element Silver. It's Elemental. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.
4. ^ Indium and Gallium Supply Sustainability September 2007 Update (pdf). 22nd EU PV Conference, Milan, Italy. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.
5. ^ Indium Price Supported by LCD Demand and New Uses for the Metal (pdf). Geology. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.
6. ^ Indium (Mineral Commodities Summary 2007) (pdf). USGS Minerals Information. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.
7. ^ Indium (Mineral Commodities Summary 2007) (pdf). USGS Minerals Information. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.
8. ^ "How Long Will it Last?" (May 26, 2007). Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Scientist 194 (2605): 38–39. ISSN 0262-4079. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
9. ^ "Find More Ore" (June 16, 2007). Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Scientist 194 (2608): 26. ISSN 0262-4079. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
10. ^ Indium and Gallium Supply Sustainability September 2007 Update (pdf). 22nd EU PV Conference, Milan, Italy. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.
11. ^ Top World Silver Producers (pdf). World Silver Survey 2007.

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Indium

External links

• WebElements.com – Indium
• The Indium Corporation
• Reducing Agents > Indium low valent

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