- For the song, see Indian Reservation (song)
Indian reservation is a land managed by a Native American tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs. The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15 (May 3 O Racial segregation in the United States is the Racial segregation of facilities services and opportunities such as housing education employment and transportation along The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets Racial steering refers to the practice in which Real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain Neighborhoods based on their race Blockbusting was a practice used by Real estate agents and developers in the United States to encourage white property owners to sell their homes by giving the impression that White flight is a term for the demographic trend in which working and Middle-class White people move away from Suburbs Black flight is a term recently applied to the movement of African Americans from predominately black or mixed inner city areas to Suburban areas and outlying Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class A sundown town is a Neologism invented in 2005 by James Loewen to refer to a community in the United States where non- whites — especially California Proposition 14 was an amendment to the constitution of the state of California promoted by segregationists who wanted to nullify the Rumford The Indian Appropriations Act is the name of several acts passed by the United States Congress. An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American Tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau Japanese American internment refers to the forcible relocation and Internment of approximately 110000 Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans to housing The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act, (43 Statutes-at-Large 153 was a United Separate But Equal is a 1991 American Television movie depicting the landmark Supreme Court Desegregation case A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure Land in Economics comprises all naturally occurring resources whose supply is inherently fixed (i Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use The United States Department of the Interior ( DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U Reservations were established when White Americans and American Indians signed treaties, which involved the transfer of land; land was also forcibly taken from the American Indians, who had lived in the Americas for thousands of years. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Because the land is federal territory and Native Americans have limited national sovereignty, laws on tribal lands vary from the surrounding area. The American legal system includes both State courts and federal courts. United States territory is any extent of Region under the Jurisdiction of the federal Government of the United States, including all Tribal sovereignty refers to the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves These laws can permit legal casinos on reservations, which attract tourists. Indian Gaming enterprises comprise Gambling businesses operated on Indian reservations or tribal land which have limited Sovereignty and therefore the ability Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel
There are about 310 Indian reservations in the United States, meaning not all of the country's 550-plus recognized tribes have a reservation — some tribes have more than one reservation, others have none. This is a list of Indian reservations and other tribal homelands in the United States. Federally recognized tribes are those Indian tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs for certain federal government In addition, because of past land sales and allotments, discussed below, some reservations are severely fragmented. Each piece of tribal, trust, and privately held land is a separate enclave. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use A trust company is a Corporation, especially a Commercial bank, organized to perform the Fiduciary functions of trusts and agencies This random mixing of private and public real estate can create significant administrative difficulties.
The collective geographical area of all reservations is 55. 7 million acres (225,410 km²), representing 2. 3% of the area of the United States (2,379,400,204 acres; 9,629,091 km²).
There are twelve Indian reservations that are larger than the state of Rhode Island (776,960 acres; 3,144 km²) and nine reservations larger than Delaware (1,316,480 acres; 5,327 km²). Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country with some states having none.
The tribal council, not the local or federal government, has jurisdiction over reservations. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. Some Indian reservations were laid out by the federal government, others were outlined by the states.
At the present time, a slight majority of Native Americans and Alaska Natives live somewhere other than the reservations, often in big western cities such as Phoenix, Arizona and Los Angeles, California. Alaska Natives are Indigenous peoples of the Americas native to the state of Alaska within the United States. Phoenix (ˈfiːˌnɪks O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdo, Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West
Contents |
History
Reservation beginnings
- See also: Indian removal
In 1851, the United States Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which authorized the creation of Native American reservations in modern day Oklahoma. Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to ethnically cleanse Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Indian Appropriations Act is the name of several acts passed by the United States Congress. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Relations between settlers and natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West.
Grant pursued a stated "Peace Policy" as a possible solution to the conflict. The policy included a reorganization of the Indian Service, with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation. The policy called for the replacement of government officials by religious men, nominated by churches, to oversee the Indian agencies on reservations in order to teach Christianity to the native tribes. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Quakers were especially active in this policy on reservations. The "civilization" policy was aimed at eventually preparing the tribes for citizenship.
In many cases, the lands granted to tribes were not ideal for, and in some cases resistant to agricultural cultivation, leaving many tribes who accepted the policy in a state bordering on starvation.
Reservation treaties sometimes included stipend agreements, in which the federal government would grant a certain amount of goods to a tribe annually. The implementation of the policy was erratic, however, and in many cases the stipend goods were not delivered.
Controversy
The policy was controversial from the start. Reservations were generally established by executive order. executive order in the United States is a Directive issued by the President, the head of the executive branch of the federal government In many cases, white settlers objected to the size of land parcels, which were subsequently reduced. A report submitted to Congress in 1868 found widespread corruption among the federal Indian agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes.
Many tribes ignored the relocation orders at first and were forced onto their new limited land parcels. In many cases, the policy required the continuing support of the United States Army in the West to restrict the movements of various tribes. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The pursuit of tribes in order to force them back onto reservations led to a number of Indian Wars. The most well known conflict was the Sioux War on the northern Great Plains, between 1876 and 1881, which included the Battle of Little Bighorn. The Sioux Wars were a series of conflicts between the United States and various subgroups of the Sioux people that occurred in the latter half of the 19th century The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass Other famous wars in this regard included the Nez Perce War. The Nez Perce War was a series of battles between the Nez Perce and the United States government.
By the late 1870s, the policy established by Grant was regarded as a failure, primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and the United States. By 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes began phasing out the policy, and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth
In 1887, Congress undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the Dawes Act, or General Allotment (Severalty) Act. The Dawes Act was enacted on February 8, 1887 and named after its sponsor U The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as-a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members. In some cases, for example the Umatilla Indian Reservation, after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land, the reservation area was reduced by giving the excess land to white settlers. Umatilla Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation in eastern Oregon in the United States, mostly located in Umatilla County, with a very small The individual allotment policy continued until 1934, when it was terminated by the Indian Reorganization Act. The Indian Reorganization Act, 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally the Indian New Deal, was a U
The Indian New Deal
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, also known as the Howard-Wheeler Act, was sometimes called the Indian New Deal. The Indian Reorganization Act, 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally the Indian New Deal, was a U The Indian Reorganization Act, 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally the Indian New Deal, was a U It laid out new rights for Native Americans, reversed some of the earlier privatization of their common holdings, and encouraged self-government and land management by tribes. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The act slowed the assignment of tribal lands to individual members, and reduced the assignment of 'extra' holdings to nonmembers.
For the following twenty years, the U. S. government invested in infrastructure, health care, and education on the reservations, and over two million acres (8,000 km²) of land were returned to various tribes. The Indian Reorganization Act also provided for termination and relocation of certain tribes. Indian termination policy was a policy that the United This eventually resulted in the legal dismantling of 61 tribal nations.
Life and culture
Many Native Americans who live on reservations deal with the federal government through two agencies: the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service. History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U Indian Health Service (IHS is an Operating Division (OPDIV within the U
Life qualities in some reservations are comparable to the quality of life in the developing world. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties Shannon County, South Dakota, home of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, is routinely described as one of the poorest counties in the nation. Shannon County is a County located in the US state of South Dakota. The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ( Oglala Oyanke in Lakota, also called Pine Ridge Agency) is an
Gambling
In 1979, the Seminole tribe in Florida opened a high-stakes bingo operation on its reservation in Florida. Indian Gaming enterprises comprise Gambling businesses operated on Indian reservations or tribal land which have limited Sovereignty and therefore the ability Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Bingo is a Game of chance in which randomly selected numbers are drawn and players match those numbers to those appearing on 5x5 matrices which are printed or electronically The state attempted to close the operation down but was stopped in the courts. In the 1980s, the case of California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians established the right of reservations to operate other forms of gambling operations. In 1988, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act which recognized the right of Indian tribes to establish gambling and gaming facilities on their reservations as long as the states in which they are located have some form of legalized gambling. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act ( et seq) is a 1988 United States federal law which establishes the Jurisdictional framework that presently governs Today, many Indian Casinos are used as tourist attractions to draw visitors and revenue to reservations. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel
See also
External links
- BIA full-size map of Indian Reservations in the continental United States
- BIA index to map of Indian Reservations in the continental United States
- FEMA: Federally recognized Indian reservations
- Tribal Leaders Directory
- Gambling on the reservation April 2004 Christian Science Monitor article with links to other Monitor articles on the topic. For the vast tract created by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in Canada and the United States see Indian Reserve (1763 In Canada This is a list of Indian reservations and other tribal homelands in the United States. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday
- Wheeler-Howard Act (Indian Reorganization Act) 1934
- Native American Technical Corrections Act of 2003
- Chapter 5: American Indian and Alaska Native Areas, U. S. Census Bureau, Geographic Areas Reference manual (PDF)
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic