Indian National Army
Active	August 1942- September 1945
Country	India
Allegiance	Azad Hind
Branch	Infantry
Role	Guerrilla Infantry, Special Operations. This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance
Size	43,000 (approx)
Motto	Ittefaq, Itmad aur Qurbani (Unity, Faith and Sacrifice) (Hindustani)
March	Quick - Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja
Engagements	Battle of Ngakyedauk, Battle of Imphal, Battle of Kohima, Burma Campaign, Battle of Pokoku, Battle of Central Burma. Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja was the regimental quick march of the Indian National Army. The Battle of the Admin Box (sometimes referred to as the Battle of Ngakyedauk or the Battle of Sinzweya) took place on the Southern Front of the Burma Campaign The Battle of Imphal took place in the region around the city of Imphal, the capital of the state of Manipur in North-East India from March until July The Battle of Kohima (the " Stalingrad of the East" was the turning point of the Japanese U Go offensive into India in 1944 in World War II The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United The Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations were a series of battles fought between the British Indian Army and the Imperial Japanese Army and allied The concurrent Battle of Meiktila and Battle of Mandalay were decisive battles near the end of the Burma Campaign.
Commanders
Ceremonial chief	Subhash Chandra Bose
Notable commanders	Major General M.Z Kiani Major General S.N. Khan Colonel P.K. Sahgal Colonel S.H. Malik
Insignia
Identification symbol	The ensign of the springing Tiger

The Indian National Army (INA) or Azad Hind Fauj (Hindi: आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज) was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists in 1942 in South east Asia during World War II. Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Major General Mohammad Zaman Kiani an officer of the Indian National Army who went on to be appointed the Chief of General Staff. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Major General Shahnawaz Khan of village Matore, Kahuta, Rawalpindi District, (now in Pakistan) was an Indian freedom fighter politician and Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal was an officer of the Indian National Army who as the commander of the 2nd Division led the 2nd Infantry regiment at Popa against Messervy Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Colonel Shaukat Hayat Malik was an officer of the Indian National Army notable for having led a unit of the Bahadur Group in the capture of Moirang during The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

The aim of the army was to overthrow the British Raj in colonial India, with Japanese assistance. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Initially composed of Indian prisoners of war captured by Japan in her Malayan campaign and at Singapore, it later drew large numbers of volunteers from Indian expatriate population in Malaya and Burma. See Indian Army for the post-independence (and post- partition) army of the Republic of India. The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8 1941 to January 31 The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold A non-resident Indian (NRI is an Indian citizen who has migrated to another country a person of Indian origin who is born outside India or a person of British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia.

Initially formed in 1942 immediately after the fall of Singapore under Mohan Singh, the first INA collapsed in December that year before it was revived under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose in 1943 and proclaimed the army of Bose's Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (The Provisional Government of Free India). The First Indian National Army (or the First INA is the term often used to denote the Indian National Army as it existed between February and December 1942 Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mohan Singh directs to this page regarding an Indian politician Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore This second INA fought along with the Imperial Japanese Army against the British and commonwealth forces in the campaigns in Burma, Imphal and Kohima, and later, against the successful Burma Campaign of the allies. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Battle of Imphal took place in the region around the city of Imphal, the capital of the state of Manipur in North-East India from March until July The Battle of Kohima (the " Stalingrad of the East" was the turning point of the Japanese U Go offensive into India in 1944 in World War II The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United The end of the war saw a large number of the troops repatriated to India where some faced trial for treason and became a galvanising point of the Indian Independence movement. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant

After Indian independence, the ex-INA members, with some exceptions, were refused service in the Indian Army. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based However, a number of notable members later became involved in public life in India and in South East Asia. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions

The legacy of the INA is controversial given its associations with Imperial Japan, the course of Japanese occupations in Burma, Indonesia and other parts of South east Asia, her alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, as well as Japanese war crimes and alleged complicity of the troops of the INA in these. The Japanese occupation of Burma refers to the period between 1942 and 1945 during World War II, when Burma was a part of the Empire of Japan. Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. Also, its relative insignificance in military terms, its obvious propaganda value to the Japanese, as well as war time British Intelligence propaganda of cowardice and stories that associated INA soldiers in mistreatment of captured allied troops, to a large extent mires the history of the army. Jiffs was a Pejorative term used by the British Intelligence, and later the 14th Army, to denote soldiers of the Indian National Army after the However, after the war, the trials of captured INA officers in India provoked massive public outcries in support of their efforts to fight the Raj, eventually triggering mutinies in the British Indian forces. The INA trials or the Red Fort Trials refer to the Courts martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army between November 1945 and May 1946 These events in the twilight of the Raj are accepted to have played a crucial role in its hasty end. ,^[1][2][3][4]

Contents 1 Background 2 The First INA 3 The Second INA 3.1 Troop strength 3.2 Order of Battle 3.3 Command structure 4 The INA in operation 4.1 1944 4.2 1945 5 End of the INA 5.1 Repatriation to India 5.2 The Red Fort trial 6 Post 1947 7 Impact 8 Relations 9 Controversies 9.1 Motivations 9.2 Axis Collaboration 9.3 Allegations of torture 9.4 Indian independence 9.5 INA and independent India 10 Commemorations 10.1 Memorials 10.2 Postage and philately 11 Works on the INA 11.1 Literary works 11.2 Visual Media 11.3 Cinema 12 See also 13 Appendix 13.1 Notes and references 13.2 Further reading 13.3 External links

Background

Within the Indian independence movement, the origins of the concept of an armed force fighting its way into India to overthrow the Raj goes back to the First World War, when the Ghadar Party in February 1915 planned to initiate rebellion in the British Indian Army from the Punjab through Bengal to Hong Kong with German assistance. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Ghadar Party was an organization founded by Indians of the United States and Canada in June 1913 with the aim to liberate India from The 1915 Singapore Mutiny, also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny, or Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Jugantar or Yugantar (যুগান্তর Jugantor) (English meaning New Era or more literally Transition of an Epoch) was one of the two ^[5][6] This plan failed after the information was leaked to British Intelligence, but only after the Singapore Garrison had rebelled. Further German assistance in the form of arms, ammunitions and trained cadres (both European and Indian) came too late to make a difference. ^[5] During the Second World War, this plan found revival, with a number of different leaders, units and movements formed over the duration of the war. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including These included "liberation armies" formed in and with the help of Italy, Germany as well as in South-east Asia. Local movements also formed within India which guerrilla tactics significantly hindered the British war effort by sabotage, civil unrest and propaganda. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Civil disorder, also known as civil unrest, is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people The south-east Asian theatre saw the concept of the Indian National Army initiated by the Indian Independence League, which came to be acted out in two phases: the formation and subsequent disbandment of the Indian National Army under Capt. Mohan Singh, and the formation of the Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind under Subhash Chandra Bose and the reformation of the INA as its army. Mohan Singh directs to this page regarding an Indian politician Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 The concept of INA as the Azad Hind Fauj that lives in Indian Public Memory, and indeed as it is analysed by historians, as a fighting force is essentially the INA as the army of the Azad Hind Government under Netaji Subhash Bose. Both these phases saw extensive support from the Japanese Government, militarily as well as politically.

See also: Hindu German Conspiracy, 1915 Singapore Mutiny, and Ghadar Party

The First INA

Main article: First INA

Japan, as well as South East Asia was a major refuge for Indian nationalists living in exile before the start of World War II who formed strong proponents of militant nationalism and also influenced Japanese policy significantly. The 1915 Singapore Mutiny, also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny, or The Ghadar Party was an organization founded by Indians of the United States and Canada in June 1913 with the aim to liberate India from The First Indian National Army (or the First INA is the term often used to denote the Indian National Army as it existed between February and December 1942 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[5][7] Although Japanese intentions and policies with regards to India were far from concrete at the start of the war,^[8] Japan had sent intelligence missions, notably under Major I Fujiwara, into South Asia even before the start of the World War II to garner support from the Malayan Sultans, overseas Chinese, the Burmese resistance and the Indian movement. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British was a Military intelligence operation established by the Imperial Japanese Army in the early stages of the Pacific War. Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country was an officer in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and later a Lieutenant general in the Japan Ground Self Defence Force. These missions were successful establishing contacts with Indian nationalists in exile in Thailand and Malaya, supporting the establishment and organisation of the Indian Independence League. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century The Indian Independence League (also known as IIL) was a political organisation operated from the 1920s to the 1940s to organize those living outside of India into ^[9][10]

At the outbreak of World War II in South East Asia, 70,000 Indian troops were stationed in Malaya. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was the name given to the campaigns of the Pacific War in India, Thailand, British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century After the start of the war, Japan's spectacular Malayan Campaign had brought under her control considerable of Indian Prisoners of War, notably nearly 55,000 after the Fall of Singapore. The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8 1941 to January 31 The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold The conditions of service within the British Indian Army as well as the conditions in Malaya had fed dissension among these troops. From these troops, the First Indian National Army was formed under Mohan Singh and received considerable Japanese aid and support. The First Indian National Army (or the First INA is the term often used to denote the Indian National Army as it existed between February and December 1942 Mohan Singh directs to this page regarding an Indian politician It was formally proclaimed in September 1942 and declared the subordinate military wing of the Indian Independence League in June that year. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Indian Independence League (also known as IIL) was a political organisation operated from the 1920s to the 1940s to organize those living outside of India into The unit was dissolved in December 1942 and Mohan Singh was arrested and exiled to Pulau Ubin after apprehensions of Japanese motives with regards to the INA led to disagreements, distrust and subsequently open hostility between Mohan Singh and INA leadership on one hand, and the leagues leadership, most notable Rash Behari Bose and the Japanese military command on the other. Pulau Ubin is a small Island (1019 km² situated in the north east of Singapore, to the west of Pulau Tekong. ^[11] A large number of the initial volunteers chose to revert to Prisoner of War Status and large number of these were subsequently sent to work in the Death Railway or in New Guinea. The Burma Railway, also known also as the Death Railway, the Thailand-Burma Railway and similar names is a 415 km (258 mile railway between New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known From the end of December 1942 to February Rash Behari Bose struggled to hold the INA together.

The Second INA

In a series of meetings between the INA leaders and the Japanese in 1943, it was decided to cede the leadership of the IIL and the INA to Subhash Chandra Bose, since a number of the officers and troops who had returned to PoW camps, or had not volunteered in the first place, made it known that they would be willing to join the INA only on the condition that it was led by Bose. Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 ^[12] Bose had, at the start of the war in Europe, escaped from house arrest to make his way to Germany, reaching Berlin on 2 April 1941. Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In Germany he convinced Hitler, in a series of conferences, to support the cause of Indian Independence,^[13] forming the Free India Legion and the Azad Hind Radio By early 1943, Bose had turned his attention to Southeast Asia. The Legion Freies Indien, or the Indische Legion, variously known as the Tiger Legion, the Free India Legion (in English the Azad Hind Legion Azad Hind Radio was a propaganda radio service that was started in leadership of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in Germany in 1942 to encourage Indians With its large overseas Indian population, it was recognised that the region was fertile ground for establishing an anti-colonial force to fight the Raj. In January 1943, the Japanese invited Bose to lead the Indian nationalist movement in East Asia. He accepted and left Germany on 8 February. After a three-month journey by submarine, and a short stop in Singapore, he reached Tokyo on 11 May 1943, where he made a number of radio broadcasts to the Indian communities, exhorting them to join in the fight for India’s Independence. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

On 15 February 1943, the Army itself was put under the command of Lt. Col. M. Z. Kiani. The former ranks and badges were revived. A policy forming body was formed with the Director of the Military Bureau, Lt. Col Bhonsle, in charge and clearly placed under the authority of the IIL. Under Bhonsle served Lt. Col. Shah Nawaz Khan as Chief of General Staff, Major P.K. Sahgal as Military Secretary, Major Habib Ur Rahman as commandant of the Officers' Training School and Lt. Shah Nawaz Khan may refer to Shah Nawaz Khan (Chief Justice, Pakistani judge Shah Nawaz Khan (general, Indian army officer and politician Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal was an officer of the Indian National Army who as the commander of the 2nd Division led the 2nd Infantry regiment at Popa against Messervy Colonel Habib ur Rahman was an officer of the Indian National Army and the commandant of its Officers training school in Singapore. Col. A. C. Chatterji (later Major A. D. Jahangir) as head of enlightenment and culture.

On 4 July 1943, two days after reaching Singapore, Subhash Chandra Bose assumed the leadership of the IIL and the INA in a ceremony at Cathay Building. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bose's influence was notable. His appeal not only re-invigorated the fledgling INA, which previously consisted mainly of POWs, his appeals also touched a chord with the Indian expatriates in South Asia as local civilians- ranging from barristers to plantation workers – had no military experience joined the INA, doubled its troop strength. ^[14]

An Officers’ Training School for INA officers, led by Habib Ur Rahman, and the Azad School for the civilian volunteers were set up to provide training to the recruits. Colonel Habib ur Rahman was an officer of the Indian National Army and the commandant of its Officers training school in Singapore. A youth wing of the INA, composed of 45 Young Indians personally chosen by Bose and affectionately known as the Tokyo Boys, were also sent to Japan’s Imperial Military Academy to train as fighter pilots. The Tokyo Cadets or the Tokyo Boys as they were called was the name given to the group of thirty five youth recruits of the Indian National Army who were sent to Also, possibly the first time in Asia, and even the only time outside the USSR, a women's regiment, the Rani of Jhansi regiment was raised as a combat force. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army.

Troop strength

Although there are slight variations in estimates, the INA is considered to have comprised about 40,000 troops when it was disbanded. The following is an estimate attributed to Lt. Colonel G. D. Anderson of British intelligence:

There were 45,000 Indian troops from Malaya captured and assembled in Singapore when the Japanese captured it. Of these, about 5,000 refused to join the First INA. The First Indian National Army (or the First INA is the term often used to denote the Indian National Army as it existed between February and December 1942 The INA at this time had 40,000 recruits. The Japanese were prepared to arm 16,000. When the "first INA" collapsed, about 4,000 withdrew. The Second INA, commanded by Subhash Chandra Bose, started with 12,000 troops. Further recruitment of ex-Indian army personnel added about 8,000-10,000. About 18,000 Indian civilians enlisted during this time. In 1945, at the end of the INA, it consisted of about 40,000 soldiers. ^[15]

Order of Battle

The exact organisation of the INA and its troop strength is not known, as Fay notes, since its records were destroyed by the withdrawing Azad Hind Government before Rangoon fell. This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United ^[16]

Fay's account of the INA gives the following account.

• The 1st Division was under Mohammed Zaman Kiyani. Major General Mohammad Zaman Kiani an officer of the Indian National Army who went on to be appointed the Chief of General Staff. It drew a large number of ex-Indian army PoWs who had joined Mohan Singh's first INA. In addition, it also drew PoWs who had not joined in 1942. The 1st division consisted of
  • The 2nd Guerrilla regiment, or the Gandhi Brigade under Col. Gandhi Brigade The Gandhi Brigade is a Youth voice project that was started in Silver Spring Maryland. Inayat Kiani, consisting of two infantry battalions.
  • The 3rd Guerrilla regiment, or the Azad Brigade under Col. The Azad Brigade or the 3rd Guerrilla regiment of the Indian National Army formed a part of the First INA and later formed a part of the 1st Division after Gulzara Singh, consisting of three battalions. ^[17]
  • The 4th Guerrilla regiment, or the Nehru Brigade. The 4th Guerrila regiment, or the Nehru Brigade of the Indian National Army formed a part of the First INA and later formed a part of the 1st Division This unit was later under the command of Lt. Col G S Dhillon. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon ( 18 March 1914 - 6 February 2006) popularly known as Col
  • The 1st Guerrilla regiment, or the Subhas Brigade under Col. The Subhas Brigade, or the 1st Guerilla Regiment was a unit of the Indian National Army (INA. Shah Nawaz Khan, consisting of three infantry battalions. This unit was the first and the major commitment of the INA to the U Go Offensive. The U Go offensive, or Operation C (ウ号作戦 was the Japanese offensive in March 1944 launched against Empire forces in the North-East Indian

The 1st Division was lightly armed. Each battalion was composed of five Companies of infantry. The individual companies were armed with six antitank rifles, six Bren guns and six Vickers machine guns. An anti-tank rifle is a Rifle designed to penetrate the armour of vehicles particularly Tanks The usefulness of rifles for this purpose ran from the introduction The Bren (from '''Br'''no, the Czechoslovak city of design and '''En'''field, the location of the British Royal Small Arms Factory The Vickers machine gun or Vickers gun is a name primarily used to refer to the water-cooled. Some NCOs carried hand grenades, while men going forward on duty were issued British stocks of hand grenades by senior officer of the Bahadur groups attached to each unit. Mortars were available, but Fay points out these were not available at battalion level. ^[18]

• The 2nd Division under Aziz Ahmed. ^[19] The 2nd division was formed to a large extent after the Imphal offensive had started, and drew a large remnant of the Hindustan Field Force of the First INA. The U Go offensive, or Operation C (ウ号作戦 was the Japanese offensive in March 1944 launched against Empire forces in the North-East Indian The Hindustan Field Force was the first operational regiment of the Indian National Army that was formed in September 1942 under the first INA The First Indian National Army (or the First INA is the term often used to denote the Indian National Army as it existed between February and December 1942 The 2nd Division consisted of.
  • The 1st Infantry Regiment, later to be merged with the 5th Guerrilla regiment to form the 2nd Infantry Regiment. The 1st Infantry drew a large number of civilian volunteers from Burma and Malaya, and came to ve equipped with the lions share of the heavy armament that the INA possessed. ^[20]
  • The 5th Guerilla regiment, later to be renamed the 2nd Infantry Regiment under Col Prem Sahgal. This unit drew a large number of the remnants of the Hindustan Field Force. The Hindustan Field Force was the first operational regiment of the Indian National Army that was formed in September 1942 under the first INA
• An additional 3rd Division of the INA was composed chiefly of local volunteers in Malaya and Singapore. This unit disbanded before Japan Surrendered. There was also a motor transport division, but this did not have a significant capability or resources.

• The Rani of Jhansi Regiment, under Lakshmi Sahgal, composed of female volunteers from Malaya and Burma. The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army. Lakshmi Sahgal (or Sehgal) nèe Swaminathan also known as Captain Lakshmi.

Command structure

The INA in operation

Main articles: Battles and Operations of the INA, Ha Go offensive, and U Go Offensive

See also: India in World War II, Battle of Imphal, Battle of Kohima, Battle of Pokoku, and Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay

As the Japanese offensive opened, the INA sent its first forces into battle. The Battles and Operations involving the Indian National Army during World War II were all fought in the South-East Asian theatre. The Battle of the Admin Box (sometimes referred to as the Battle of Ngakyedauk or the Battle of Sinzweya) took place on the Southern Front of the Burma Campaign The U Go offensive, or Operation C (ウ号作戦 was the Japanese offensive in March 1944 launched against Empire forces in the North-East Indian The Provinces of India (which included most of modern-day India and parts of Pakistan and Bangladesh) being imperial colonies of Great Britain The Battle of Imphal took place in the region around the city of Imphal, the capital of the state of Manipur in North-East India from March until July The Battle of Kohima (the " Stalingrad of the East" was the turning point of the Japanese U Go offensive into India in 1944 in World War II The Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations were a series of battles fought between the British Indian Army and the Imperial Japanese Army and allied The concurrent Battle of Meiktila and Battle of Mandalay were decisive battles near the end of the Burma Campaign. The INA's own strategy was to avoid set-piece battles for which it lacked arms, armament as well as man-power. ^[21] Initially, it sought to obtain arms as well as increase its ranks from British Indian soldiers expected to defect to patriotic cause. Once the Japanese forces were able to break the British defences at Imphal, the INA would cross the hills of North-East India into the Gangetic plain, where it was to work as a guerrilla army and expected to live off the land, garner support, supplies, and ranks from amongst the local populace to ultimately touch off a revolution. North-East India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and Sikkim. The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India,

Prem Kumar Sahgal, an officer of the INA once Military secretary to Subhas Bose and later tried in the first Red Fort trials, explained that although the war itself hung in balance and nobody was sure if the Japanese would win, initiating a popular revolution with grass-root support within India would ensure that even if Japan lost the war ultimately, Britain would not be in a position to re-assert its colonial authority, which was ultimately the aim of the INA and Azad Hind. Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore

1944

The plans decided between Bose and Kawabe envisaged the INA was to be assigned an independent sector of its own in the U Go offensive and no INA unit was to operate less than a battalion strength. The U Go offensive, or Operation C (ウ号作戦 was the Japanese offensive in March 1944 launched against Empire forces in the North-East Indian For operational purposes, the Subhas Brigade was assigned under the command of the Japanese general Head Quarters in Burma. The Subhas Brigade, or the 1st Guerilla Regiment was a unit of the Indian National Army (INA. Advance parties of the Bahadur Group also went forward with the advanced Japanese units early during the offensive. The Bahadur Group, or the Special Services Group as it was initially formed was a Special Forces unit within the Indian National Army that was tasked with As Japan opened its offensive towards India, the INA's first division, consisting of four Guerrilla regiments, was divided between the diversionary Ha Go offensive in Arakan 1944, with one battalion reaching as far as Mowdok in Chittagong. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chittagong ( Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram) is Bangladesh 's main Seaport and its second-largest city A Bahadur group unit, led by Shaukat Malik, took the border enclave of Moirang in early April. Colonel Shaukat Hayat Malik was an officer of the Indian National Army notable for having led a unit of the Bahadur Group in the capture of Moirang during WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Moirang is a city and a Municipal council in Bishnupur District in the Indian The main body of the first division was however committed to the U Go Offensive directed towards Manipur, initially successfully protecting the Japanese flanks against Chin and Kashin guerrillas as the Mutaguchi's three divisions crossed the Chindwin river and the Naga Hills, and later directed towards the main offensive through Tamu in the direction of Imphal and Kohima. The U Go offensive, or Operation C (ウ号作戦 was the Japanese offensive in March 1944 launched against Empire forces in the North-East Indian Manipur (mnipur in Meitei Mayek) is a state in northeastern India, making its capital in the city of The Chindwin River ( Chindwin Myit) is a river in Burma (Myanmar and the largest Tributary of the Ayeyarwady River. Naga hills, reaching a height of around 3825 meters lie on the border of India and Myanmar. Tamu is a Town in Sagaing Division in northwest Burma near the border with the eastern Indian Province of Manipur. However, by the time Khan's forces left Tamu, the offensive had been held, and the troops were redirected to Kohima. By the time Khan's forces reached Ukhrul in the vicinity of Kohima, Japanese forces had began their slow withdrawal Kohima. The first division suffered the same fate as did Mutaguchi's Army when the siege of Imphal was broken. With little or no supplies and supply lines deluged by the Monsoon, harassed by Allied air-dominance and local Burmese irregulars, the INA began withdrawing when the 15th Army and Burma Area Army began withdrawing, and suffer the same terrible fate as wounded, starved and diseased men succumbed during the hasty withdrawal into Burma. The was a Field army of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The INA lost a substantial amount of men and materiel in the retreat, and a number of units were disbanded or used to feed the newly formed units of the second division.

1945

As the allied Burma campaign began the following year, however, the INA remained committed to the defence of Burma, and was a part of the Japanese defensive deployments . The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United The second division, tasked with the defence of Irrawaddy and the adjoining areas around Nangyu, was instrumental in opposing Messervy's 7th Indian Division when it attempted to cross the river at Pagan and Nyangyu during Irrawaddy operations. The Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations were a series of battles fought between the British Indian Army and the Imperial Japanese Army and allied Later, during the Battles of Meiktila and Mandalay, the 2nd division was instrumental in denying the British 17th Division the area around Mount Popa that would have exposed the Flank of Kimura's forces attempting to retake Meiktila and Nyangyu. The concurrent Battle of Meiktila and Battle of Mandalay were decisive battles near the end of the Burma Campaign. Mount Popa ( pòʊpá tàʊn or Popa Hill is a Volcano 1518 metres (4981 feet above sea level believed to be extinct, and located in central Ultimately however, the division was obliterated. As the Japanese situation became precarious, Azad Hind withdrew from Rangoon with Ba Maw's government and the Japanese forces for Singapore along with the remnants of the first division and the Rani of Jhansi Regiment. This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. Dr Ba Maw ( 8 February 1893 &ndash 29 May 1977) was a Burmese political leader The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army. Nearly 6000 troops amongst the surviving units of the Army remained in Rangoon under A.D Loganathan surrendered as Rangoon fell, and helped keep order till the allied forces entered the city. Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. Major General AD Loganthan ( 12 April 1888 - 9 March 1949) was an officer of the Indian National Army and a minister in the

The only Indian territory that the Azad Hind govt controlled were the Indian territories that fell during the Imphal offensive, and the islands of Andaman and Nicobar. This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore However, the latter two were bases for the Japanese Navy, and the navy never really fully relinquished control. Enraged with the lack of administrative control, the Azad Hind Governor, Lt. Col Loganathan later relinquished his authority to return to the Government's head quarters in Rangoon. The Japanese forces is said to have carried out torture on thousands of local inhabitants during the occupation, and some historians inexplicably apportion the blame to Subhas Bose's provisional government. ^[22]

End of the INA

As the Japanese withdrawal from Burma progressed, the other remnants began a long march over land and on foot towards Singapore, along with Subhas Chandra Bose. The withdrawing forces suffered casualties regularly in clashes with Aung San's Burmese resistance, as well as Chinese guerrillas who harassed the Japanese troops. General Aung San (Bogyoke Aung San ( bòʊdʒoʊʔ àʊn sʰán February 13 1915 – July 19 1947) was a Burmese revolutionary At the time of Japan's surrender in September 1945, Bose left for Manchuria to attempt to contact the advancing Soviet troops, and was reported to have died in an air crash near Taiwan. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Repatriation to India

Even before the end of the war in South Asia, the INA prisoners who were falling into allied hands were being evaluated by forward intelligence units for potential trials. The number of prisoners necessitated this selective policy which envisaged trials of those with the strongest commitment to Bose' ideologies, while those with less strong views and other extenuating circumstance may be dealt with more leniently, with the punishment proportional to their commitment or war crimes. For this purpose, the field intelligence units designated the captured troops as Blacks with strongest commitment to Azad Hind, Greys with varying commitment but also with enticing circumstances that led them to join the INA, and Whites, ie, those who pressured into joining the INA under the circumstances but with no commitment to Azad Hind, INA, or Bose. The prisoners were transferred through transit camps in Bengal to Delhi and Punjab. The whites were released slowly over a period of time after the end of the war. From amongst the rest, the selection for those to face trial started.

The Red Fort trial

Main article: INA trials

See also: INA Defence Committee

At the conclusion of the war, the government of British India brought some of the captured INA soldiers to trial on treason charges. The INA trials or the Red Fort Trials refer to the Courts martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army between November 1945 and May 1946 The INA Defence Committee, later the INA Defence and Relief Committee, was a committee established by the Indian National Congress in 1945 to defend The prisoners would potentially face the death penalty, life imprisonment or a fine as punishment if found guilty. It was initially believed by Auckinleck that no less than twenty death penalties were likely to be confirmed. Between November 1945 and May 1946,approximately ten courts-martial were held. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first of these, and the most celebrated one, was the joint court-martial of Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon and Major General Shah Nawaz Khan held in a public trial at Red Fort. Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal was an officer of the Indian National Army who as the commander of the 2nd Division led the 2nd Infantry regiment at Popa against Messervy Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon ( 18 March 1914 - 6 February 2006) popularly known as Col Major General Shahnawaz Khan of village Matore, Kahuta, Rawalpindi District, (now in Pakistan) was an Indian freedom fighter politician and This article is about the Red Fort in Delhi India The Agra Fort is also known as the "Red Fort" The then Advocate General of India, Sir Naushirwan P Engineer was appointed the counsel for Prosecution. nearly. The defendants in the first trial were charged with Waging against the King-Emperor (the charge of treason did not exist in the Indian Army Act,1911) as well as torture, murder and abettment to murder. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries The three defendants were defended by the INA Defence Committee formed by the Congress and include legal luminaries of India of the time including Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Kailashnath Katju and others. The INA Defence Committee, later the INA Defence and Relief Committee, was a committee established by the Indian National Congress in 1945 to defend Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Bhulabhai Desai ( October 13 1877 - May 6 1946) was an Indian freedom fighter and acclaimed Lawyer. Dr Kailash Nath Katju (1887-1968 was a prominent Politician of India. The trials covered arguments based on Military Law, Constitutional Law, International Law, and Politics and much of the initial defence was based on the argument that they should be treated as prisoners of war as they were not paid mercenaries but bona fide soldiers of a legal government, the Provisional Government of Free India, or the Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind, "however misinformed or otherwise they had been in their notion of patriotic duty towards their country" and as such they recognized the free Indian state as their sovereign and not the British sovereign. Military law is a distinct legal system to which members of Armed forces are subject Constitutional law is the study of foundational or basic Laws of nation states and other political organizations International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore ^[23] Those charged later only faced trial for torture and murder or abettment of murder.

These trials attracted much publicity, and public sympathy for the defendants who were perceived as patriots in India. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League both made the release of the three defendants an important political issue during the agitation for independence of 1945-6. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British Beyond the concurrent campaigns of noncooperation and nonviolent protest, this spread to include mutinies and wavering support within the British Indian Army. This movement marked the last major campaign in which the forces of the Congress and the Muslim League aligned together; the Congress tricolor and the green flag of the League were flown together at protests. In spite of this aggressive and widespread opposition, the court martial was carried out, and all three defendants were sentenced to deportation for life. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject This sentence, however, was never carried out, as the immense public pressure of the demonstrations and riots forced Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, to release all three defendants. Field Marshal Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck, GCB, GCIE, CSI, DSO, OBE (21 June 1884 &ndash 23 March 1981 nicknamed The British Commander-in-Chief in India (or Commander-in-Chief of India) was the chief military commander for the British administration Within three months, 11000 soldiers of the INA were released after cashiering and forfeiture of pay and allowance. Cashiering (sometimes referred to a degradation ceremony, although that term may ^[1][24] On the recommendation of Lord Mountbatten, and agreed by Nehru, as a precondition for Independence the INA soldiers were not reinducted into the Indian Army. Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising

Post 1947

Within India, the INA continued to have a strong hold over the public psyche and the sentiments of the armed forces till as late as 1947. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Some have said that Shah Nawaz Khan was instrumental in organising INA troops to train Congress volunteers on Nehru's request in late 1946 and early 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party After 1947,some accounts suggest that the INA-veterans were involved in training civilian resistance forces against the Nizam's Razakars prior to the execution of Operation Polo and annexation of Hyderabad. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nizam ( Urdu: نظام‌) a shortened version of Nizam-ul-Mulk ( Urdu: نظام‌الملک) meaning Administrator of the Realm, was The 1948 Invasion of Hyderabad also termed as “Hyderabad Police Action” and code-named “Operation Polo” by the Indian military was the Indian armed forces action that ended the rule ^[25] There are also mentions of some INA veterans leading Pakistani irregulars during the First Kashmir war. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir from ^[26]

INA-veterans were not allowed to join the Indian Army after India's independence in August 1947. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. However, a few ex-INA members, notably the most prominent members or those closely associated with Subhas Bose or with the INA trials later have seen prominent public life or held important positions in independent India. Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 The INA trials or the Red Fort Trials refer to the Courts martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army between November 1945 and May 1946 India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Shah Nawaz Khan served as a Minister of State for Rail in the First Indian cabinet. Major General Shahnawaz Khan of village Matore, Kahuta, Rawalpindi District, (now in Pakistan) was an Indian freedom fighter politician and Indian Railways (भारतीय रेल Bhāratīya Rail) abbreviated as IR (hi भारे is a Department of the Government of India under the Ministry Lakshmi Sahgal, Minister for Women's affairs in the Azad Hind govt,is a well known and widely respected public figure in India. Lakshmi Sahgal (or Sehgal) nèe Swaminathan also known as Captain Lakshmi. This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore In 1971, she joined the CPIM and was later elected the leader of the All India Democratic Women's Association. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. The Communist Party of India (Marxist (abbreviated CPI(M or CPM) is a Political party in India. The All India Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA (in Hindi: अखिल भारतीय जनवादी महिला समिति is the women's wing of In 2002, she was also nominated by the Communist bloc's for the post of President of India, when she lost to the candidature of Abdul Kalam. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The President of India or Rashtrapati ( Hindi: राष्ट्रपति a Sanskrit Neologism, lit Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (அவுல் பகீர் ஜைனுலாப்தீன் அப்துல் கலாம் born October 15 1931 Tamil Nadu Abid Hasan, Subhas Bose's sole Indian companion in the U-Boat from Germany to South-east Asia, joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1948 and served as the Indian Ambassador to a number of countries including Egypt and Denmark. Abid Hasan Safrani, born Zain-al-Abdin Hasan, was an officer of the Indian National Army and later after 1947, an Indian Diplomat. The Indian Foreign Service ( IFS) is the foreign service of India. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Mohan Singh served for two terms in the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament as a member of the Indian National Congress. Mohan Singh directs to this page regarding an Indian politician The Rajya Sabha (meaning the "Council of States" is the Upper house of the Parliament of India. The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is the federal and supreme Legislative body of India. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Ram Singh Thakur, composer of a number of songs including the INAs regimental march Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja, later composed the tune for the Indian National Anthem. Captain Ram Singh Thakur ( 15 August, 1914 - 15 April, 2002) was an Indian freedom fighter musician and the composer of the music of the current Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja was the regimental quick march of the Indian National Army. Jana Gana Mana (জন গণ মন Jôno Gôno Mono) is the National anthem of India.

Amongst the very few ex-INA members who joined the Indian Armed Forces after 1947 was R S Benegal, a member of the Tokyo Boys who was allowed to join the Indian Air Force in 1952 and later rose to be an Air Commodore. Organization and command structure The headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces is in New Delhi, the capital city. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Air Commodre Ramesh Sakharam Benegal was an ex-officer of the Indian Air Force and a recipient of Maha Vir Chakra, India's second highest gallantry Award The Tokyo Cadets or the Tokyo Boys as they were called was the name given to the group of thirty five youth recruits of the Indian National Army who were sent to The Indian Air Force (Devanāgarī भारतीय वायु सेना IAST Bhartiya Vāyu Senā is the air arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Air Commodore ( Air Cdre in the RAF, AIRCDRE in the RNZAF and RAAF, A/C in the former RCAF) is a rank in Benegal saw action in both the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak war, earning a Maha Vir Chakra, India's second highest award for valour. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of Skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. The Maha Vira Chakra (MVC is the second highest military decoration in India and is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy whether

A few members, including Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon and Lakshmi Sahgal were later awarded civilian honours of Padma Vibhushan by the Indian Government in the 1990s. Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon ( 18 March 1914 - 6 February 2006) popularly known as Col Lakshmi Sahgal (or Sehgal) nèe Swaminathan also known as Captain Lakshmi. The Padma Vibhushan is India 's second highest civilian honour Subhas Bose himself was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna in 1992 but this was later withdrawn over the controversy over the circumstances of his death. Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 Bharat Ratna (translates to Jewel of India or Gem of India in English) is India 's highest Civilian award, awarded for the Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The alleged death of Subhas Chandra Bose, the supreme commander of Azad Hind Fauz and Free India Legion in a plane crash in Taiwan on

Outside India, the Malaysian Indian Congress was founded in 1946 by, amongst others, notable members of the INA and of which John Thivy was the founding president. The Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC or Kongres India Se-Malaysia Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Aloysius Thivy was a prominent Malayan Indian nationalist and the founding president of the Malayan Indian Congress. Janaky Athi Nahappan, Second in Command of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment was also a founding member of the MIC, and later was to become a noted welfare activist and a distinguished senator in the Dewan Negara of the Malaysian Parliament. Puan Sri Janaki Athi Nahappan, also known as Janaky Devar is a freedom fighter and founder member of the Malaysian Indian Congress, who were one of the earliest women Second in Command is a 2006 Action film directed by Simon Fellows, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme. The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army. The Dewan Negara (literally "National Hall" or Senate is the Upper house of the Parliament of Malaysia. The Parliament of Malaysia (Parlimen Malaysia is the national Legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. Rasammah Bhupalan, also of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, later became a noted welfare-activist and a widely respected champion for Women's Rights in Malayasia. Rasammah Bhupalan, also known as Rasammah Naomi Navarednam or Mrs F The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and

Impact

The INA's impact on the war and on British India after the war has been analysed in detail. The INA's role in military terms is considered to be relatively insignificant, given its small numerical strength, lack of heavy weapons (it utilised captured British and Dutch arms initially), relative dependence on Japanese logistics and planning as well as its lack of independent planning. Shah Nawaz claims in his personal memoirs that the INA was a very potent and motivated force. Fay however, reinforces the argument that the INA was relatively less significant in military terms. Its special services group played a significant part in halting the First Arakan Offensive while still under Mohan Singh's command. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United The propaganda threat of the INA, coupled with the lack of concrete intelligence on the unit early after the fall of Singapore made it a potent threat to Allied war plans in South East Asia. It threatened to destroy the Sepoy's loyalty in the British Indian Army and in fact was significant and successful enough during the First Arakan Offensive for the British intelligence to begin the Jiffs campaign as well as engage in campaign to improve morale and preserve the loyalty of the sepoy to consolidate and prepare for defense of Manipur. A sepoy (ˈsipɔɪ (from Persian سپاهی Sipâhi meaning "soldier" was a native of India, a soldier allied to a European power usually the See Indian Army for the post-independence (and post- partition) army of the Republic of India. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United Jiffs was a Pejorative term used by the British Intelligence, and later the 14th Army, to denote soldiers of the Indian National Army after the These measures included imposing newsban on Bose and the INA that was not lifted till four days after the all of Rangoon two years later.

Later, during the Japanese U-GO offensive towards Manipur in 1944, it played a crucial and successful role in the diversionary attacks in Arakan as well as in the Manipur Basin itself where it fought with Mutaguchi's 15th Army. ^[2] It qualified itself well in the Battles in Arakan, Manipur, Imphal, and later during the withdrawal through Manipur and Burma. The commanders like L. S. Mishra, Raturi, Mansukhlal, M. Z. Kiyani, and others attracted the attention of the Japanese as well as the British forces. Later, during the Burma Campaign, it did play a notable role in the Battles of Irrawaddy and Meiktilla especially in the latter, supporting the Japanese offensive and tying down British troops. The Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations were a series of battles fought between the British Indian Army and the Imperial Japanese Army and allied The concurrent Battle of Meiktila and Battle of Mandalay were decisive battles near the end of the Burma Campaign. Fay also notes the published accounts of several veterans, including that of William Slim that portrays INA-troops as incapable fighters and untrustworthy, and points out the inconsistencies and conflicts between the different accounts to conclude that intelligence propaganda as well as institutional bias may have played a significant part in the portrayed opinions. Field Marshal William Joseph "Bill" Slim 1st Viscount Slim, KG, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, GBE, KStJ

It is however noted that the INA did indeed suffer a number of notable incidences of desertion. Fay notes the significant ones amongst these were not during the offensives into Manipur and the subsequent retreat through Burma, when incidences of desertion did occur but at a far smaller numbers than the fourteenth army told its troops. The significant desertions, Fay notes, occurred around the Battles at Irrawaddy and later around Popa. During the fall of Rangoon, 6000 INA troops manned the city to maintain order before allied troops entered the city. Nevertheless, Fay argues, the INA was not significant enough to militarily beat the British Indian Army, and was moreover aware of this and formulated its own strategy of avoiding set-piece battles, garnering local and popular support within India and instigating revolt within the British Indian army to overthrow the Raj. Moreover, the Forward Bloc underground within India had been crushed well before the offensives opened in the Burma-Manipur theatre, depriving the army of any organised internal support. The All India Forward Bloc is a leftwing nationalist Political party in India. ^[2]

It was, however, the INA trials that attracted more attention in India than the war time activities of the unit, and coupled to the decisions to hold the first trial in public, these became a rallying point for the independence movement from Autumn 1945,^{[1][2][3][27]} so much so that the release of INA prisoners and suspension of the trials came to be the dominant political campaign in precedence over the campaign for Freedom. ^[1] Newspaper reports around November 1945 reported executions of INA troops,^[28] which deteriorated already volatile situations. Opposition to the trial of the officers for treason became a major public and political campaign, and the very opening of the first trial saw violence and series of riots in a scale later described as sensational. ^[1] It also saw a campaign that defied communal barriers.

Increasingly violent confrontations broke out between the police and the mass rallies being held all over India, culminating in public riotings in support of the INA men. ^{[29][30][3][31]} The Raj also observed with increasing disquiet and unease the spread of pro-INA sympathies within the troops of the British Indian forces. ^[30] In February 1946, while the trials were still going on, a general strike ratings of the Royal Indian Navy rapidly deteriorated into a mutiny, incorporating ships and shore establishments of the RIN throughout India, from Karachi to Bombay and from Vizag to Calcutta. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Visakhapatnam ( Telugu: విశాఖపట్టణం (also Visakhapattanamu, shortened and anglicized Visakha/Vizag or Vizagapatnam is a coastal port Amongst the rallying cries of the ratings the central one was the INA trials and slogans invoking Subhas Bose. Significantly, the mutiny received massive militant public support. At some places, NCOs in the British Indian Army started ignoring orders from British superiors. See Indian Army for the post-independence (and post- partition) army of the Republic of India. In Madras and Pune, the British garrisons had to face revolts within the ranks of the British Indian Army. Pune (ˈpuːneɪ Marathi: पुणे Hindi: पूना formerly Poona, is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra Another Army mutiny took place at Jabalpur during the last week of February 1946, soon after the Navy mutiny at Bombay. This was suppressed by force, including the use of the bayonet by British troops. It lasted about two weeks. After the mutiny, about 45 persons were tried by court martial. 41 were sentenced to varying terms of imprisonment or dismissal. In addition, a large number were discharged on administrative grounds. Fay records Auckinleck as having sent a "Personal and Secret" letter to all senior British officers as having explained the remissions of the sentences in the First trial as^[32]

“

. Field Marshal Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck, GCB, GCIE, CSI, DSO, OBE (21 June 1884 &ndash 23 March 1981 nicknamed . . practically all are sure that any attempt to enforce the sentence would have led to chaos in the country at large, and probably to mutiny and dissension in the Army, culminating in its dissolution

”

Later historians have pointed out that the INA trials and its after effects brought the decisive shift in British policy. The viceroy's journal describes the autumn and Winter 1945-45 as "The Edge of a Volcano". ^[2] Intelligence reports at the time noted widespread public interest and sympathy that turned into what has been described as "Patriotic Fury" that was beyond the communal barriers in India at the time. Particularly disturbing was overt and public support for the INA by the soldiers of the Indian army. ^[33] In addition, the use of Indian troops for the restoration of Dutch and French rule in Vietnam and Indonesia also fed growing resentment within the forces. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. ^[34] The Raj had every reason to fear a revival of the Quit Indian movement, especially given the Congress rhetoric preceding the elections. The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a Civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in ^[33] and rapidly realised that the Indian army, unlike in 1942, could not be used to suppress such a movement owing largely to nationalistic and political consciousness in the forces which was ascribed to the INA. ^[2]

The political effects of the INA trials was enormous and were felt around India as late as 1948, much to the chagrin of the then Indian government. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[35][36] Clement Atlee, the then British Prime Minister, reflecting on the factors that guided the British decision to relinquish the Raj in India, is said to have cited the effects of the INA and Bose's activities on the British Indian Army and the Bombay Mutiny as the most important. Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 ^[37]

After the war ended, the story of the INA and the Free India Legion was seen as so inflammatory that, fearing mass revolts and uprisings—not just in India, but across its empire—the British Government forbad the BBC from broadcasting their story. ^[38]

Relations

See also: Jiffs and India in World War II

The army's relationship to the Japanese was an uncomfortable one. Jiffs was a Pejorative term used by the British Intelligence, and later the 14th Army, to denote soldiers of the Indian National Army after the The Provinces of India (which included most of modern-day India and parts of Pakistan and Bangladesh) being imperial colonies of Great Britain Bose wished to establish his political independence from the regime that sponsored him (he had, in fact, led protests against the Japanese expansion into Manchuria, and supported Chiang Kai-shek during the 1930s), but his complete dependence on them for arms and resources made this difficult. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash On the Japanese side, members of the high command had been personally impressed by Bose, and were thus willing to grant him some latitude; more importantly, the Japanese were interested in maintaining the support of a man who had been able to mobilize large numbers of Indian expatriates--including, most importantly, 40,000 of the 45,000 Indians captured by the Japanese at Singapore. The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold

The INA's interactions with the British Indian Army occurred over two distinct phases. See Indian Army for the post-independence (and post- partition) army of the Republic of India. The first of these was December 1942-March 1943, during the First Arakan offensive at a time that the morale of the sepoy was low and the knowledge about the INA was minimal. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United The INAs Special services agents led a successful operation during this time in encouraging the Indian troops to defect to the INA, while those who returned to India beaten in the field took back horrific if unbelievable stories of Japanese troops using their parachutes not only to drop from the skies, but to go back up again. The threat of the INA at this time was significant and successful enough for the British intelligence to begin the Jiffs campaign as well as engage in campaign to improve morale and preserve the loyalty of the sepoy. Jiffs was a Pejorative term used by the British Intelligence, and later the 14th Army, to denote soldiers of the Indian National Army after the General newsban on reporting the INA allowed the British Indian Army to consolidate and prepare for defense of Manipur, which it successfully did. By the end of March 1945, the sepoy of the British Indian Army was reinvigorated and perceived the men of the INA little more than savage turncoats and cowards. Bayly and Harper mentions that a number of times, the sepoys in the field units shot captured or wounded INA men, relieving their British officers of the complex task of formulating a formal plan for captured men. After Singapore was retaken, Mountbatten ordered the INA's war memorial to its fallen soldiers to be blown up.

However, the INA's most significant interaction with the British Indian Army occurred not in the battle field, but after the end of the war. The lifting of the newsban after the fall of Rangoon led to the INA story breaking in India which, within a matter of months if not weeks, had captured the public imagination within India. This nationalistic euphoria swept through the armed forces as well, generally destabilising the Sepoys loyalty to both the Raj and his regiments. Fay notes that even before Japan surrendered preparations were underway for the trial of selected among the INA men. The predominant feeling in the Indian officer corps at this time was a resentment was that so few were being tried. This changed dramatically over the following months as the further information on the INA began emerging in the Press and its true extent, as well as the stories of its campaigns came to be known. The general feeling within the British Indian army at this time is described by some is that of guilt for having fought for the British and against the INA. The revolts and mutinies within the armed forces in early 1946, during the trial and in a situation of volatile nationalist public mood, are held to be a significant factor in precipitating the end of the Raj.

Although the British Indian Army remained the largest volunteer force during the World War II and saw action from the theatres of North-Africa to Europe and New Guinea to Manipur, in India today, the stories of the INA form a much more prominent aspect of both appreciation as well as analysis of her role in World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Controversies

Main article: Controversies surrounding the Indian National Army

The integral associations of the INA's history with that of the war in South East Asia especially the Japanese occupation of South East Asian countries, the renunciations of the oath to the King, as well as war-time propaganda and later allegations of torture by INA soldiers have inspired a number of controversies. The Indian National Army ( INA) or Azad Hind Fauj ( Hindi: आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was the name given to the campaigns of the Pacific War in India, Thailand, The following locations represent the maximum extent of Japanese control of lands in the Pacific during the peak of its empire in World War II. Jiffs was a Pejorative term used by the British Intelligence, and later the 14th Army, to denote soldiers of the Indian National Army after the Principal among these is the Intelligence propaganda^[39][40][41]during the war implied alleged torture at a massive scale of Indian and Allied Prisoners of War by the INA troops in collaboration with the Japanese. See Indian Army for the post-independence (and post- partition) army of the Republic of India. ^[39]

A very opposing view that has emerged after the war, especially within India, are also based on the motivations of the troops who formed the INA, where a predominant view was held, and still holds, the INA as patriots and revolutionaries. Outside India it is not widely known and the accounts and views on the INA, especially among the allied servicemen who served in Burma, are diametrically opposite. ^[42] However, almost no account of the Indian independence movement ignores the INA. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant

Other controversies have risen on the contributions of the INA to India's independence, the treatment of INA troops in Independent India, as well as the conditions of expatriate Indians who joined the INA.

Motivations

Different historians have cited other reasons for the INA's recruits volunteering to serve with the Japanese enemy. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. These included both the high ideal of patriotism, the inevitable desire not to be interned in the POW Camp, as well as ambition. Some cite the destruction and devaluation of the Raj's prestige and authority in the Malayan debacle and the humiliating surrender at Singapore that first shook the Sepoy's loyalty to the Raj and more importantly to the notion of supremacy of the Sahib. In addition, a number of authors have cited the disparity in the service conditions (including scopes of progression in the army) and treatment of White and Indian troops within the army as another reason for ill-feelings within the Indian troops. Further reason cited by Both Fay and Lebra and other authors indicate monetary and situational scopes, as well as the resentment at the abandonment of the Indian troops at Singapore by their White comrades and the officers. Controversy exists as to what was actually said by Hunt in the first of the three speeches at Farrer Park. Fay writes in 1993 that a number of the troops gathered at the park remembers Hunt as having told the troops that they now belonged to the Japanese army and should obey their orders while Hunt only remembers having said that they were all Prisoners of War of the Japanese^[43] Nevertheless, Fay also points out that the fact that they were all POWs was already self-evident, and the fact that they were addressed separately implies some significance. Peter Ward Fay (born 1924 died 18 January 2004) was a noted historian and authority on India and China. A number of INA veterans present have said that this also fed a feeling of devaluation (handed over like cattle, as Shah Nawaz Khan later put it),^[44] abandonment and of dishonour on part of the British high command that they perceived to have served loyalty. Major General Shahnawaz Khan of village Matore, Kahuta, Rawalpindi District, (now in Pakistan) was an Indian freedom fighter politician and ^[44] In the days and years to come, a number of INA men cited this act of abandonment a major reason to join the first INA. ^[44] Others, especially ICOs and VCOs have said that they initially joined the first INA to prevent any possible ill-treatment of their subordinate Indian soldiers. However, all authors agree that Subhas Chandra Bose's charismatic leadership and persona was probably also amongst the most significant factors that drew the recruits of the second INA and was key in transforming it into a cohesive fighting force.

Axis Collaboration

During the war, the associations of the INA with the Japanese, and circulating stories of it being a small force of turn coats, of participations in outrages by Japanese forces and other stories meant that a number of Congress Leaders viewed what it knew about the INA as a traitor army. In addition, a number of Congress Leaders, including Gandhi, announced the Japanese as unwelcome. Other political forces, including the communist party and its members viewed the INA as fascist-collaborators, and was instrumental in helping the security forces track down INA agents landed by submarine or Parachute.

The army intelligence, when it became aware of the establishment and existence of the INA, was also faced with the possibilities of the sepoys of the Eastern Army (as the 14th army was called then) deserting. It was also during this time that the intelligence started coming in possession of accounts of torture and ill-treatment meted out to Allied troops and PoWs by the Japanese forces in Burma. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose During the war, the existence of the INA was alluded to by the commanders to frontline Indian troops. These also included references that the army was an auxiliary force to the Japanese forces, as well as that they were collaborators and traitors. ^[45] After the war, Allied PoWs, as well as Indian PoWs who did not join the INA describe bitter memories of labour camps and ill-treatment in the hands of Japanese forces. In addition, the war time intelligence work and propaganda had described the INA, incorrectly, as a small force of deserters from among a large majority of Indian PoWs who remained loyal to the Raj and refused to join. In addition, the propaganda work also associated the INA with Japanese atrocities on allied PoWs and local populace. ^[45]

Allegations of torture

The INA is not widely known or described outside India, beyond those who fought in South-east Asia. The predominant opinion within this group, especially in the accounts of the war in the popular accounts of British and Australian servicemen of the war in Burma, is of a contemptuous auxiliary force that was a totally ineffective fighting force and composed of cowards and brutes who sought opportunities to desert^[46][47] Allegations of torture by the INA had been made. Fay, however, notes that these allegations were not borne out by the number of men charged with torture at the Red Fort trials, nor by the charges against them. In the first INA trials, Fay notes the three men were charged with Murder and abettment to murder of troops of the INA itself who had attempted to desert, and argues that this had been in an open process based on the INA's own laws, drawn from the Indian Army Act,1911, noting the court found the three men not guilty. However, Fay also describes the some of later ones of the ten or so trials, including those of Burhan-ud-Din and others, where the allegations by Fay's account are justified. Prince Burhan-ud-Din (1915 - 1996 (برھان الدین of Chitral, Pakistan was a veteran of the Indian National Army, he died of a blunderbuss wound Nevertheless, Fay argues that these made up a few instances and by no means match up to the large scale torture alleged and concludes these to be war-time intelligence manouevres.

Some have also made allegations of complicity in the Selarang Barracks Incident at Singapore in 1942, where INA guards are alleged to have shot four Australian PoWs who had attempted to escape from Changi Prison. The Selarang Barracks Incident also known as the Barrack Square Incident Singapore Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Changi Prison ( (Malay Penjara Changi is a Prison located in Changi in the eastern part of Singapore. ^[48]

Indian independence

It has been argued by a number of Historians, contemporary and modern, that the preparations for withdrawal from India had begun already, and the INA or the movements arising out of it achieved nothing. Others have however argued that although the will to relinquish the Raj may have existed already, but the events of the Red Fort trials, the Bombay mutiny and destabilisation within the armed forces were a principal reason for the hasty end to the Raj even in the face of dismal political scene. The INA trials or the Red Fort Trials refer to the Courts martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army between November 1945 and May 1946 The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, Within India, the story of the Army was seen at the time, and still seen, both as fascinating story as well as a turning-point in the movement for Independence. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant ^[49] After the ban on the INA was lifted on the 10th of May, it was seen as the first "national" force not decreed by caste and religion. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos ^[50][51][52] As Sumit Sarkar puts it, its biggest impact was on the patriotic imagination of an army fighting for the country's liberation, led by a Bengalee- the least "Martial" of India's "races" in traditional British stereotype. Sumit Sarkar was until recently Professor of History at Delhi University, India where he began teaching in 1976 ^[2] When the accounts of the Red Fort trials and of the tales of the INA started being reported, both in the national press as well as the vernacular press, much public agitations and support emerged for the troops and quickly became a major driving force in the closing days of the Independence Movement. The INA's war cries of "Chalo Delhi" (on to Delhi) and most of all "Jai Hind" became the cries of the Freedom movement, and of protesters demanding their release. Jai Hind ( Devanagari: जय िंहद is a salutation most commonly used in India in speeches and communications pertaining to or referring to Patriotism ^[53] Jai Hind has since been adopted as India's National slogan, an official salutation in the Indian Armed Forces, as well as the closing salutation of the Prime Minister's Independence day address at Red Fort. A slogan is a memorable Motto or Phrase used in a Political, commercial, Religious and other context as a repetitive expression of Organization and command structure The headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces is in New Delhi, the capital city. The Prime Minister of India is head of the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive This article is about the Red Fort in Delhi India The Agra Fort is also known as the "Red Fort" It is also an extremely popular patriotic greeting.

INA and independent India

A further controversy exists, especially within India, with regards to the attitude and treatment towards the INA by the Post 1947 Governments of India as well as the omission of the events of September 1945-46 from the historical records of the Freedom movement. ^[54][55]

Nehru, in 1948, refused to readmit the men of the INA to the Indian Army after independence. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based He cited the break in the service of the ex-INA men, as well as the effects on the Indian Army of taking ex-INA troops into their ranks. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based ^[56] However, it has been noted that as late as 1948, considerable pro-INA sentiments existed in the army as well as public psyche, attracting strong dissatisfactions from members of Nehru's cabinet, Defence Minister Sardar Baldev Singh is on record as having commented on the need to strengthen the morale of the Indian army^[36]

“

which in recent months has been somewhat tried for internal discipline and perverse lauding of the "Indian National Army" and its role in the war against the Allies in Asia. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Ministry of Defence (MoD is a Government of India ministry charged with the responsibility of internal and external security of the Republic of India Baldev Singh was an Indian Sikh political leader he was an Indian independence movement leader and first Defence Minister of India

”

Also, although Nehru promised pensions, the men of the INA were however not eligible for the Freedom Fighters Pension till 1972. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A number of people, notably ex-members of the INA and sympathetic groups have accused the Nehru, Mountbatten, and subsequently successive Congress governments, of largely ignoring and not-recognising the role of the INA, as well as the events surrounding it between 1945-46, in the History of the Independence movement. Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, These have been compounded by a number of conspiracy-theories and news reports in the past on agreements between the Indian political leadership to hand over its leader Subhas Chandra Bose as a War Criminal if he was found to be alive. Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied ^[57][58][59] Other historians have suggested a systemic bias of the. Later historians have, however, argued that given the political aim and nature of the entire Azad Hind movement especially the Indian National Army, Nehru's decisions may have been to prevent politicisation of the army and assert civilian authority over the military. ^[60]

Further criticisms have been made in recent years for the general hardships and apathy surrounding the conditions of ex-INA troops^[61] including, for example, the circumstances surrounding the death and funeral of Ram Singh Thakur, the composer of India's National Anthem. Captain Ram Singh Thakur ( 15 August, 1914 - 15 April, 2002) was an Indian freedom fighter musician and the composer of the music of the current Jana Gana Mana (জন গণ মন Jôno Gôno Mono) is the National anthem of India. ^[62][55]

Also, criticisms have been made for not recognising as freedom-fighters for India the expatriate Indians, notably Burmese Indians, who joined the INA and were not repatriated to India at the end of the war. ^[59] Most are not recognised as Indian citizens, and not recognised as citizens in their adopted countries, effectively being stateless people. Indian citizenship and nationality law: The Constitution of India provides for a single citizenship for the entire country

Commemorations

Memorials

• The INA War Memorial at Singapore to commemorate the "Unknown Warrior" of the INA. Singapore Started on 8 July 1945 the memorial was situated at the Esplanade Park. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Esplanade Park ( Chinese: 海滨公园 is a historic Park located in the Esplanade within the Downtown Core of the Central Area It was destroyed on Mountbatten's orders when allied troops reoccupied the city. Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, The words inscribed upon the War Memorial were the motto of the INA: Ittefaq (Unity), Etmad (Faith) and Kurbani (Sacrifice).

• The Former Indian National Army Monument (Chinese: 印度国民军纪念碑), was established in 1995 by the National Heritage Board of Singapore at the site where the old memorial stood with financial donations from the Indian community in Singapore. The Former Indian National Army Monument ( Chinese: 印度国民军纪念碑 is a historical site and a War memorial at the Esplanade Park located Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The site is now officially one of the Historical sites in Singapore. ^[63]

• The Indian National Army Memorial at Moirang, Manipur commemorates the place where the flag of Azad Hind was raised by Col. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Moirang is a city and a Municipal council in Bishnupur District in the Indian Manipur (mnipur in Meitei Mayek) is a state in northeastern India, making its capital in the city of This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore Shaukat Hayat Malik. Moirang was the first Indian Territory captured by the INA. The memorial suffered damage in an insurgent attack in 2004 when the Statue of the Springing Tiger on the entrance was blown up. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

• Swatantrata Sainani Smarak (Memorial to the soldiers of the Independence Army) is an Indian National Army (INA) memorial at the Salimgarh Fort, at Delhi, adjacent to the Red Fort, on the banks of the Yamuna. Salimgarh Fort was built by Islam Shah Suri (also known as Salim Shah son and successor of Sher Shah Suri in 1546 Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population This article is about the Red Fort in Delhi India The Agra Fort is also known as the "Red Fort" For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना The site has been neglected for a number of years now and fallen into disrepair. ^[64] Its exhibits include the Indian National Army uniform worn by Colonel Prem Sahgal, riding boots and coat buttons of Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, photographs of Subhash Chandra Bose. In addition, a separate gallery also holds material and photographs from excavations carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India inside the fort in 1995. The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency in the Department of Culture that is responsible for archaeological studies and the preservation of Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995

Postage and philately

• Jai Hind, the INA's battle cry, became Independent India's first commemorative post mark on 15 August 1947. Jai Hind ( Devanagari: जय िंहद is a salutation most commonly used in India in speeches and communications pertaining to or referring to Patriotism For other uses see Battle cry (disambiguation A battle cry is a yell or chant taken up in Battle, usually by members of the same The Jai Hind Post Mark was the first commemorative Postmark of Independent India and was issued on the day of independence 15 August, 1947. A postal marking is any kind of annotation applied to a letter by a postal service Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

• The first postage stamp issued by Independent India shows the Indian Flag with the letters Jai Hind in the top right hand corner. For the states with their own stamps See See also Stamps and postal history of Indian states For current information on India Post See See also "Indian flag" redirects here For flags used by Native American peoples see the tribes' respective articles, for example the Navajo Nation. Jai Hind ( Devanagari: जय िंहद is a salutation most commonly used in India in speeches and communications pertaining to or referring to Patriotism ^[65]

These were a pat of the Jai Hind series of stamps issued on 15 August 1947. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[66]

• Commemorative postage stamps were issued by the Indian government in 1968 and 1993 respectively to commemorate the 25th and the 50th anniversaries of the establishment of Azad Hind at Singapore. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore Singapore ^[67]

The Indian Postal Department also includes the six unused Azad Hind Stamps in its commemorative book India's Freedom Struggle through India Postage Stamps. Department of Posts functioning under the Brand name India Post, is a government operated Postal system in India; it is generally Azad Hind Stamps are a set of ten Cinderella stamps in six different designs first produced in February 1943 in Germany for Subhas Chandra Bose 's ^[66]

Works on the INA

The Indian National Army, from the time it came into public perception in India around the time of the Red Fort Trials, and from the time it found its way into the works of Military Historians around the world, has been the subject of a number of projects, both of academic, historical and of popular nature. Some of these are critical of the army, some-especially of the ex-INA men are biographical or auto-biographical, while still others are works of History and politics that tell the story of the INA. A large number of these give a large analysis of Subhas Chandra Bose and his work with the INA. Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945

Literary works

The first literary works on the INA were published as early as 1946. Some were works of fiction with the INA as the central theme and subject, others the records of the INA that the authors were able to obtain from the ex-servicemen, or from what information was available from the trials and from what the British Intelligence possessed and that the authors had access to. Some of the literature focussed on the first INA trial itself. The notable work on INA include

• Two Historic Trials at Red Fort by Moti Ram. (New Delhi:Roxy Printing Press,1946). This was one of the first published account of any sort of the INA and describes the Trial of Major General Shah Nawaz Khan, Col Prem Sahgal, and Col G. S Dhillon that took place between November and December, 1946. Moti Ram was the staff correspondent of the Hindustan Times at the first Red Fort Trial and wrote his book on what information was available at the trial, and from interviews with the defendants, Sahgal, Khan and Dhillon. Hindustan Times ( HT) is a leading newspaper in India, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement The book also provides an account of the 1858 trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar, also known as Bahadur Shah or Bahadur Shah II; 24 October 1775 7 November 1862 was the last of the Mughal
• Jai Hind, the Diary of a Rebel Daughter of India. Bombay, 1945 (fiction) by Amritlal Seth. The book is a work of fiction narrating the story of a recruit of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment. The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army. It is believed to be loosely based on the story of Lakshmi Sahgal. Lakshmi Sahgal (or Sehgal) nèe Swaminathan also known as Captain Lakshmi.
• The Day of the Scorpion and The Towers of Silence, second and third respectively of Paul Scott's Raj Quartet that mentions Jiffs in the political and social context in which the term found use in the Eastern Army during the war. The Day of the Scorpion is the 1968 novel by Paul Scott that continues his Raj Quartet. The Towers of Silence is the 1971 novel by Paul Scott that continues his Raj Quartet. Paul Mark Scott ( 25 March 1920 – 1 March 1978) was a British Novelist, Playwright, and Poet, best The Raj Quartet is a four-volume Novel sequence written by Paul Scott, about the concluding years of the British Raj in India. Jiffs was a Pejorative term used by the British Intelligence, and later the 14th Army, to denote soldiers of the Indian National Army after the The British Fourteenth Army was a multinational force comprising units from Commonwealth countries during World War II.
• The Glass Palace by Amitav Ghosh chronicles the fictional life of a Rangoon Teak trader and describes the occupation of Rangoon and the Indian perspectives and efforts^[68] In the book, Uma Dey is a widow and Indian Independence League activist. Amitav Ghosh (born 1956 is an Indian Bengali author known for his work in the English language. ^[68] Her appearance in the later half of the book is used as a device to characterize the post-colonial divisions for the remainder of the novel. ^[68] The novel describes the Burma front in some detail, examining the motivations of those Indian officers who joined the INA and those who did not)

Historical literary works on the INA includes

• My memories of I. N. A. & its Netaji' by Shah Nawaz Khan.
• The Indian National Army-Second Front of the Indian Independence Movement by Kalyan Ghosh.
• Jungle Alliance: Japan and the Indian National Army. by Joyce C Lebra. Joyce Lebra, also known as Joyce Lebra Chapman, (born 21 December 1925) is an American historian of Japan.
• The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945. by Peter Fay. Peter Ward Fay (born 1924 died 18 January 2004) was a noted historian and authority on India and China.

Visual Media

Notable works on the INA in the visual and electronic media include

• The War of The Springing Tiger (1984)- made by Granada Television for Channel 4. Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began It examines the role of the Indian National Army during the Second World War. The documentary focuses on a number of aspects, including why the PoWs chose to join the INA, its role in the Burma and Imphal Campaign, as well as exploring its role in the independence movement. The documentary took contributions from Lakhsmi and Prem Sahgal. Lakshmi Sahgal (or Sehgal) nèe Swaminathan also known as Captain Lakshmi. Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal was an officer of the Indian National Army who as the commander of the 2nd Division led the 2nd Infantry regiment at Popa against Messervy ^[69][70]

• The Forgotten Army- (1999)- Film India. This was a documentary directed by Kabir Khan and produced by Akhil Bakshi following their famous Azad Hind Expedition in 1994-95. Kabir Khan may refer to Kabir Khan (director, Indian director screenwriter and camera operator Kabir Khan (cricketer, Pakistani Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The expedition retraced the route taken by the troops of the INA from Singapore to Imphal and ends at Red Fort, where the famous trial of the officers were held. Singapore Imphal is the capital of the Indian state of Manipur. In the heart of the town and surrounded by a moat are ruins of the old Palace of Kangla This article is about the Red Fort in Delhi India The Agra Fort is also known as the "Red Fort" The expedition team had among its members Col G.S Dhillon who himself was one of the famous accused in the first trial, Captain Lakshmi Sahgal, who commanded the Rani of Jhansi Regiment and was also the minister in Charge of Women's affairs in the Azad Hind Govt and Captain S. Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon ( 18 March 1914 - 6 February 2006) popularly known as Col Lakshmi Sahgal (or Sehgal) nèe Swaminathan also known as Captain Lakshmi. The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was the Women's Regiment of the Indian National Army. This article describes the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore S. Yadava, an INA veteran and once the general secretary of All India INA Committee, as well as prominent members of the Indian Parliament. The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is the federal and supreme Legislative body of India. The expedition met, and honoured, a number of INA veterans residing in South East Asia. The then Indian Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao sent through the expedition team goodwill messages to the heads of state of the countries it went through. The Prime Minister of India is head of the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (పాములపర్తి వెంకట నరసింహారావు (28 June 1921 &ndash 23 December 2004 was the 12th Prime Minister The documentary went on to win the Grand Jury Prize at the Film South Asia festival in 1999. ^[71]

• Hitler's secret Indian army (2004)-BBC- By Mike Thomson. This traces briefly the story of Bose's Azad Hind Legion in Europe, but does not attempt to distinguish or explain the differences between the Legion and the INA. The Legion Freies Indien, or the Indische Legion, variously known as the Tiger Legion, the Free India Legion (in English the Azad Hind Legion ^[38]

• Historical Journey of the Indian National Army- From the National Archives of Singapore. ^[72]
• Indian National Army in East Asia-Hindustan Times. Hindustan Times ( HT) is a leading newspaper in India, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement ^[73]

Cinema

INA has also been the source of or a significant context of a number of movies in a number of Indian languages. Notable amongst these include

• Pahla Admi, a 1950 film by Bimal Roy and INA veteran Nazir Ahmed. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bimal Roy (বিমল রায় ( July 12, 1909 &ndash January 7, 1966) was one of the most accalimed Hindi ^[74]
• Samadhi, a 1950 Hindi film by Ramesh Saigal. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The movie was a fictional drama set in Singapore around the time the second INA was rising. Singapore The lead character of Shekhar, played by Ashok Kumar, is a young recruit to the INA. Sanjay Ashok Kumar ( Hindi: अशोक कुमार Urdu: اَشوک کُمار ( October 13, 1911 &ndash December 10, ^[75]
• Indian, a 1996 Tamil film directed by S. Shankar. Indian is a 1996 Tamil Film directed by S Shankar. The film stars Kamal Haasan, Manisha Koirala, Urmila Matondkar Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. S Shankar (born August 17, 1963) is a popular Film director, Film producer and Screenwriter from Kumbakonam, The plot describes one of the main character, Senapathy, as an ex-soldier in the INA.
• Netaji: The Forgotten Hero, a 2004 movie by Shyam Benegal, traces the last five years of Subhas Chandra Bose, who was the Supreme Commander of the second INA and was instrumental in reorganising it. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose The Forgotten Hero is a 2005 Film directed by Shyam Benegal and starring Sachin Khedekar, Kulbhushan Kharbanda "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Shyam Benegal ( శ్యాం బెనెగల్‌) (born 14 December, 1934in Andhra pradesh) is a prolific Indian director and screenwriter Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945 The film describes the story of the INA but focuses on its leader. ^[75] The film was also widely noted for A R Rahman's music. Allah Rakkhha Rahman (ஏஆர்ரஹ்மான் born on January 6 1966 as A

In music, Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja..., the INA's marching song, has since become a famous patriotic song in India. Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja was the regimental quick march of the Indian National Army. Today, it is in use as the Regimental quickmarch of the Indian Army as well as its Para Regiments. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based The Parachute Regiment is the main airborne formation of the Indian Army. The music was composed by Ram Singh Thakur, from whose composition was later derived the tune for India's national anthem Jana Gana Mana. Captain Ram Singh Thakur ( 15 August, 1914 - 15 April, 2002) was an Indian freedom fighter musician and the composer of the music of the current India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Jana Gana Mana (জন গণ মন Jôno Gôno Mono) is the National anthem of India.

Other mentions of the INA in popular culture abound through India, including

• The Azad Hind Fauj Marg, in New Delhi, is named after the INA, and houses the Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology named after Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India.

See also

Appendix

Notes and references

Further reading

• The Springing Tiger:A study of a Revolutionary by Hugh Toye
• Jungle alliance, Japan and the Indian National Army / Joyce C. Lebra, Singapore, Donald Moore for Asia Pacific Press,1971
• Burma: The Forgotten War, Jon Latimer, London: John Murray, 2004. Jon Latimer (1964 -) is an historian and writer based in Wales. ISBN 978-0719565762
• Japan's Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere in World War II : selected readings and documents / edited and introduced by Joyce C. Lebra, Kuala Lumpur ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1975
• Brothers Against the Raj --- A biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose / Leonard A. Gordon, Princeton University Press, 1990
• A Concise History of India / Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf
• A History of India / Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund
• The Glass Palace / Amitav Ghosh, London: HarperCollins, 2001

External links

• From Banglapedia
• Article on Bose
• Website on Netaji and the I.N.A.
• Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose & India's Independence
• Speeches of Netaji
• The Last Straw
• Why the I.N.A. withdrew
• Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge
• Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin
• Mystery behind Netaji's Disappearance - 2
• Free Indian Legion
• BBC Report: Hitler's secret Indian army
• BBC Radio programme HITLER'S INDIAN ARMY Part of the Document Series, listen via RealPlayer. Incl. interview with the last living member of the I. N. A.
• Stand at East BBC Radio series on the British Indian Army especially the War against the Japanese, listen via RealPlayer.
• BBC report about the Indian Army fighting the Japanese during World War II
• 'The Bombay Mutiny, 1946', Beyond the Broadcast, BBC
• Indische Freiwilligen Legion der Waffen-SS/Indian SS volunteer Legion
• Infanterie-Regiment 950 indische Legion Freies Indien
• Battaglione Azad Hindostan; Indian Volunteer forces between Italian Army
• (Kadam Kadam Bhadaye Jaa .. (Every Step, Forward..)) Band of INA
• Kadam kadam bhadaye ja - The INA song

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