Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), 1872, oil on canvas, Musee Marmottan

Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s. Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Impression Sunrise (Impression soleil levant is a painting by Claude Monet, for which the Impressionist movement was named An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time or at least with the heyday Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating Art exhibitions are traditionally the space in which Art objects (in the most general sense meet an Audience. The name of the movement is derived from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Impression Sunrise (Impression soleil levant is a painting by Claude Monet, for which the Impressionist movement was named For the baseball player see Louis Leroy. ---- Louis Leroy was a French 19th century engraver painter and successful playwright A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been Le Charivari was an illustrated newspaper published in Paris, France from 1832 to 1937.

Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, the inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. In the Visual arts — in particular Painting, Graphic design, Photography and Sculpture — composition is the placement or arrangement

The emergence of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous movements in other media which became known as Impressionist music and Impressionist literature. The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography The impressionist movement in music was a movement in European Classical music, mainly in France that began in the late nineteenth century and continued into the middle Influenced by the Impressionist art movement many writers adopted a style that relied on associations

Impressionism also describes art created in this style, but outside of the late 19th century time period.

Overview

Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 &ndash 13 August 1863 was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, still lifes and portraits as well as landscapes had usually been painted indoors. This article is about Still Life (or still lifes as plural the art form A portrait is a painting, photograph, Sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant For the art of designing external spaces see Landscape architecture. ^[1] The Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting en plein air. En plein air is a French expression which means "in the open air" and is particularly used to describe the act of Painting outdoors Painting realistic scenes of modern life, they emphasized vivid overall effects rather than details. They used short, "broken" brush strokes of pure and unmixed colour, not smoothly blended, as was customary, in order to achieve the effect of intense colour vibration.

Although the rise of Impressionism in France happened at a time when a number of other painters, including the Italian artists known as the Macchiaioli, and Winslow Homer in the United States, were also exploring plein-air painting, the Impressionists developed new techniques that were specific to the movement. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Macchiaioli (pronounced mah-key-ay-OH-li were a group of Tuscan painters active in the second half of the nineteenth century who breaking with Winslow Homer ( February 24, 1836 – September 29, 1910) was an American Landscape painter and Printmaker Encompassing what its adherents argued was a different way of seeing, it was an art of immediacy and movement, of candid poses and compositions, of the play of light expressed in a bright and varied use of colour.

The public, at first hostile, gradually came to believe that the Impressionists had captured a fresh and original vision, even if it did not receive the approval of the art critics and establishment.

By re-creating the sensation in the eye that views the subject, rather than recreating the subject, and by creating a welter of techniques and forms, Impressionism became seminal to various movements in painting which would follow, including Neo-Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism. Neo-Impressionism is a term coined by the French art critic Félix Fénéon in 1887 to characterise the late-19th century Art movement led by Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and Art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. Les Fauves ( French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European

Beginnings

In an atmosphere of change as Emperor Napoleon III rebuilt Paris and waged war, the Académie des Beaux-Arts dominated the French art scene in the middle of the 19th century. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Académie des Beaux-Arts (Academy of Fine Arts is a French Learned society. The Académie was the upholder of traditional standards for French painting, both in content and style. Historical subjects, religious themes, and portraits were valued (landscape and still life were not), and the Académie preferred carefully finished images which mirrored reality when examined closely. Colour was sombre and conservative, and the traces of brush strokes were suppressed, concealing the artist's personality, emotions, and working techniques.

The Académie held an annual, juried art show, the Salon de Paris, and artists whose work displayed in the show won prizes, garnered commissions, and enhanced their prestige. The Salon (Salon or rarely Paris Salon (French Salon de Paris) beginning in 1725 was the official Art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts The standards of the juries reflected the values of the Académie, represented by the highly polished works of such artists as Jean-Léon Gérôme and Alexandre Cabanel. Jean-Léon Gérôme ( May 11, 1824 – January 10, 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style Alexandre Cabanel ( 28 September 1823 &ndash 23 January 1889) was a French painter. Some younger artists painted in a lighter and brighter manner than painters of the preceding generation, extending further the realism of Gustave Courbet and the Barbizon school. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation For the French Admiral see Admiral Courbet (1828-1885 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( 10 June 1819 &ndash The Barbizon school (circa 1830&ndash1870 of painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest, France, where the artists gathered They were more interested in painting landscape and contemporary life than in recreating scenes from history. Each year, they submitted their art to the Salon, only to see the juries reject their best efforts in favour of trivial works by artists working in the approved style. A core group of young realists, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille, who had studied under Charles Gleyre, became friends and often painted together. Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in Alfred Sisley ( October 30, 1839 &ndash January 29, 1899) was an English Impressionist landscape painter who Jean Frédéric Bazille ( December 6 1841 – November 28 1870) was a French Impressionist painter whose major works often Charles Gleyre (full name Marc Gabriel Charles Gleyre (Chevilly Vaud canton 2 May 1806 - 5 May 1874) was a Swiss They soon were joined by Camille Pissarro, Paul Cézanne, and Armand Guillaumin. Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. Armand Guillaumin ( February 16, 1841 &ndash June 26, 1927) was a French Impressionist painter and Lithographer

In 1863, the jury rejected The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe) by Édouard Manet primarily because it depicted a nude woman with two clothed men at a picnic. Le déjeuner sur l'herbe ( The Lunch on the Grass in French originally titled Le Bain ( The Bath) is an Oil on canvas painting by While nudes were routinely accepted by the Salon when featured in historical and allegorical paintings, the jury condemned Manet for placing a realistic nude in a contemporary setting. ^[2] The jury's sharply worded rejection of Manet's painting, as well as the unusually large number of rejected works that year, set off a firestorm among French artists. Manet was admired by Monet and his friends, and led the discussions at Café Guerbois where the group of artists frequently met. Café Guerbois, on Batignolles Street in Paris, was the site of late 19th century discussions and planning amongst artists writers and art lovers &mdash the bohèmes

After seeing the rejected works in 1863, Emperor Napoleon III decreed that the public be allowed to judge the work themselves, and the Salon des Refusés (Salon of the Refused) was organized. The Salon des Refusés, French for “exhibition of rejects” is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously While many viewers came only to laugh, the Salon des Refusés drew attention to the existence of a new tendency in art and attracted more visitors than the regular Salon. ^[3]

Artists' petitions requesting a new Salon des Refusés in 1867, and again in 1872, were denied. In the latter part of 1873, Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") for the purpose of exhibiting their artworks independently. Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. Alfred Sisley ( October 30, 1839 &ndash January 29, 1899) was an English Impressionist landscape painter who Members of the association, which soon included Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, and Edgar Degas, were expected to forswear participation in the Salon. Berthe Morisot ( January 14, 1841 &ndash March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition, including the slightly older Eugène Boudin, whose example had first persuaded Monet to take up plein air painting years before. Eugène Boudin ( July 12, 1824 &ndash August 8, 1898) was one of the first French Landscape painters to paint outdoors ^[4] Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, Johan Jongkind, declined to participate, as did Manet. Johan Barthold Jongkind ( June 3, 1819 &ndash February 9, 1891) was a Dutch painter and printmaker regarded In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April of 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar.

The critical response was mixed, with Monet and Cézanne bearing the harshest attacks. Critic and humorist Louis Leroy wrote a scathing review in the Le Charivari newspaper in which, making wordplay with the title of Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), he gave the artists the name by which they would become known. For the baseball player see Louis Leroy. ---- Louis Leroy was a French 19th century engraver painter and successful playwright Impression Sunrise (Impression soleil levant is a painting by Claude Monet, for which the Impressionist movement was named Derisively titling his article The Exhibition of the Impressionists, Leroy declared that Monet's painting was at most, a sketch, and could hardly be termed a finished work.

He wrote, in the form of a dialog between viewers,

Impression — I was certain of it. I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it … and what freedom, what ease of workmanship! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape. ^[5]

The term "Impressionists" quickly gained favour with the public. It was also accepted by the artists themselves, even though they were a diverse group in style and temperament, unified primarily by their spirit of independence and rebellion. They exhibited together—albeit with shifting membership—eight times between 1874 and 1886.

Monet, Sisley, Morisot, and Pissarro may be considered the "purest" Impressionists, in their consistent pursuit of an art of spontaneity, sunlight, and colour. Degas rejected much of this, as he believed in the primacy of drawing over colour and belittled the practice of painting outdoors. ^[6] Renoir turned against Impressionism for a time in the 1880s, and never entirely regained his commitment to its ideas. Édouard Manet, despite his role as a leader to the group, never abandoned his liberal use of black as a colour, and never participated in the Impressionist exhibitions. He continued to submit his works to the Salon, where his Spanish Singer had won a 2nd class medal in 1861, and he urged the others to do likewise, arguing that "the Salon is the real field of battle" where a reputation could be made. ^[7]

Among the artists of the core group (minus Bazille, who had died in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870), defections occurred as Cézanne, followed later by Renoir, Sisley, and Monet, abstained from the group exhibitions in order to submit their works to the Salon. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 Disagreements arose from issues such as Guillaumin's membership in the group, championed by Pissarro and Cézanne against opposition from Monet and Degas, who thought him unworthy. ^[8] Degas invited Mary Cassatt to display her work in the 1879 exhibition, but he also caused dissention by insisting on the inclusion of Jean-François Raffaëlli, Ludovic Lepic, and other realists who did not represent Impressionist practices, leading Monet in 1880 to accuse the Impressionists of "opening doors to first-come daubers". Mary Stevenson Cassatt ( May 22, 1844 &ndash June 14, 1926) was an American painter and Printmaker. Jean-François Raffaëlli ( April 20 1850 - February 11 1924) was a French realist painter sculptor and printmaker who ^[9] The group divided over the invitation of Signac and Seurat to exhibit with them in 1886. Paul Signac ( November 11, 1863 – August 15, 1935) was a French neo-impressionist painter who working with Georges-Pierre Seurat ( December 2, 1859  &ndash March 29, 1891) was a French painter and Draftsman. Pissarro was the only artist to show at all eight Impressionist exhibitions.

The individual artists saw few financial rewards from the Impressionist exhibitions, but their art gradually won a degree of public acceptance. Their dealer, Durand-Ruel, played a major role in this as he kept their work before the public and arranged shows for them in London and New York. Paul Durand-Ruel (1831 &ndash 1922 was a French Art dealer who is associated with the Impressionists. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The City of New York Although Sisley would die in poverty in 1899, Renoir had a great Salon success in 1879. Financial security came to Monet in the early 1880s and to Pissarro by the early 1890s. By this time the methods of Impressionist painting, in a diluted form, had become commonplace in Salon art. ^[10]

Impressionist techniques

• Short, thick strokes of paint are used to quickly capture the essence of the subject, rather than its details. The paint is often applied impasto. In English the borrowed Italian word impasto most commonly refers to a technique used in Painting, where Paint is laid on an area of the surface (or the entire
• Colours are applied side-by-side with as little mixing as possible, creating a vibrant surface. The optical mixing of colours occurs in the eye of the viewer.
• Grays and dark tones are produced by mixing complementary colours. Complementary colors are pairs of Colors that are of “opposite” Hue in some Color model. In pure Impressionism the use of black paint is avoided.
• Wet paint is placed into wet paint without waiting for successive applications to dry, producing softer edges and an intermingling of colour. [1]
• Impressionist paintings do not exploit the transparency of thin paint films (glazes) which earlier artists built up carefully to produce effects. The surface of an Impressionist painting is typically opaque.
• The play of natural light is emphasized. Close attention is paid to the reflection of colours from object to object.
• In paintings made en plein air (outdoors), shadows are boldly painted with the blue of the sky as it is reflected onto surfaces, giving a sense of freshness and openness that was not captured in painting previously. En plein air is a French expression which means "in the open air" and is particularly used to describe the act of Painting outdoors (Blue shadows on snow inspired the technique. )

Lydia Leaning on Her Arms in a theatre box (1879) by Mary Cassatt

Painters throughout history had occasionally used these methods, but Impressionists were the first to use all of them together, and with such boldness. Earlier artists whose works display these techniques include Frans Hals, Diego Velázquez, Peter Paul Rubens, John Constable, and J. M. W. Turner. Frans Hals (c 1580– August 26, 1666) was a Dutch Golden Age painter especially famous for portraiture. Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez ( June 6, 1599 &ndash August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter who was the leading John Constable ( 11 June 1776 &ndash 31 March 1837 Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 &ndash 19 December 1851 was an English Romantic landscape painter, Watercolourist and

French painters who prepared the way for Impressionism include the Romantic colourist Eugène Delacroix, the leader of the realists Gustave Courbet, and painters of the Barbizon school such as Théodore Rousseau. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 &ndash 13 August 1863 was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of For the French Admiral see Admiral Courbet (1828-1885 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( 10 June 1819 &ndash Pierre Étienne Théodore Rousseau ( April 15, 1812 - December 22, 1867) French painter of the Barbizon school The Impressionists learned much from the work of Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Eugène Boudin, who painted from nature in a style that was close to Impressionism, and who befriended and advised the younger artists. Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot ( July 17, 1796 &ndash February 22, 1875) was a French landscape painter and Printmaker Eugène Boudin ( July 12, 1824 &ndash August 8, 1898) was one of the first French Landscape painters to paint outdoors

Impressionists took advantage of the mid-century introduction of premixed paints in lead tubes (resembling modern toothpaste tubes) which allowed artists to work more spontaneously, both outdoors and indoors. Previously, painters made their own paints individually, by grinding and mixing dry pigment powders with linseed oil, which were then stored in animal bladders. ^[11]

Content and composition

Before the Impressionists, other painters, notably such 17th-century Dutch painters as Jan Steen, had focused on common subjects, but their approaches to composition were traditional. "Dutch Masters" redirects here for the cigar see Dutch Masters (cigar. Jan Havickszoon Steen (c 1626 – buried February 3 1679) was a Dutch genre painter of the 17th century (also known as the Dutch In the Visual arts — in particular Painting, Graphic design, Photography and Sculpture — composition is the placement or arrangement They arranged their compositions in such a way that the main subject commanded the viewer's attention. The Impressionists relaxed the boundary between subject and background so that the effect of an Impressionist painting often resembles a snapshot, a part of a larger reality captured as if by chance. ^[12] Photography was gaining popularity, and as cameras became more portable, photographs became more candid. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Photography inspired Impressionists to capture the moment, not only in the fleeting lights of a landscape, but in the day-to-day lives of people.

The rise of the impressionist movement can be seen in part as a reaction by artists to the newly established medium of photography. The taking of fixed or still images challenged painters by providing a new medium with which to capture reality. Initially photography’s presence seemed to undermine the artist’s depiction of nature and their ability to mirror reality. Both portrait and landscape paintings were deemed somewhat deficient and lacking in truth as photography “produced lifelike images much more efficiently and reliably”. Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land including physical elements such as Landforms living elements of flora and fauna abstract elements such as lighting ^[13]

In spite of this, photography actually inspired artists to pursue other means of artistic expression, and rather than competing with photography to emulate reality, artists focused “on the one thing they could inevitably do better than the photograph – by further developing into an art form its very subjectivity in the conception of the image, the very subjectivity that photography eliminated”. ^[13] The Impressionists sought to express their perceptions of nature, rather than create exacting reflections or mirror images of the world. This allowed artists to subjectively depict what they saw with their “tacit imperatives of taste and conscience”. ^[14] Photography encouraged painters to exploit aspects of the painting medium, like colour, which photography then lacked; “the Impressionists were the first to consciously offer a subjective alternative to the photograph”. ^[13]

Another major influence was Japanese art prints (Japonism), which had originally come into France as wrapping paper for imported goods. Japonism, or Japonisme, the original French term which is also used in English is a term for the influence of the arts of Japan on those of the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The art of these prints contributed significantly to the "snapshot" angles and unconventional compositions which would become characteristic of the movement.

Edgar Degas was both an avid photographer and a collector of Japanese prints. ^[15] His The Dance Class (La classe de danse) of 1874 shows both influences in its asymmetrical composition. The dancers are seemingly caught off guard in various awkward poses, leaving an expanse of empty floor space in the lower right quadrant.

Post-Impressionism

Main article: Post-Impressionism

Post-Impressionism developed from Impressionism. Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and Art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. From the 1880s several artists began to develop different precepts for the use of colour, pattern, form, and line, derived from the Impressionist example: Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903 was a leading Post-Impressionist painter. Georges-Pierre Seurat ( December 2, 1859  &ndash March 29, 1891) was a French painter and Draftsman. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (ɑ̃ʁi dø tuluz loˈtʁɛk (24 November 1864 &ndash 9 September 1901 was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman These artists were slightly younger than the Impressionists, and their work is known as post-Impressionism. Some of the original Impressionist artists also ventured into this new territory; Camille Pissarro briefly painted in a pointillist manner, and even Monet abandoned strict plein air painting. Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. See also Neo-Impressionism Pointillism is a style of Painting in which small distinct points of Primary colors create the impression of a wide selection Paul Cézanne, who participated in the first and third Impressionist exhibitions, developed a highly individual vision emphasizing pictorial structure, and he is more often called a post-Impressionist. Although these cases illustrate the difficulty of assigning labels, the work of the original Impressionist painters may, by definition, be categorized as Impressionism.

Painters known as Impressionists

The central figures in the development of Impressionism in France, listed alphabetically, were:

• Frédéric Bazille
• Gustave Caillebotte (who, younger than the others, joined forces with them in the mid 1870s)
• Mary Cassatt (American-born, she lived in Paris and participated in four Impressionist exhibitions)
• Paul Cézanne (although he later broke away from the Impressionists)
• Edgar Degas (a realist who despised the term Impressionist, but is considered one, due to his loyalty to the group)
• Armand Guillaumin
• Édouard Manet (who did not regard himself as an Impressionist, but is generally considered one)
• Claude Monet (the most prolific of the Impressionists and the one who most clearly embodies their aesthetic)^[16]
• Berthe Morisot
• Camille Pissarro
• Pierre-Auguste Renoir
• Alfred Sisley

Among the close associates of the Impressionists were several painters who adopted their methods to some degree. Jean Frédéric Bazille ( December 6 1841 – November 28 1870) was a French Impressionist painter whose major works often Gustave Caillebotte ( August 19, 1848 &ndash February 21, 1894) was a French painter, member and patron of the group Mary Stevenson Cassatt ( May 22, 1844 &ndash June 14, 1926) was an American painter and Printmaker. Armand Guillaumin ( February 16, 1841 &ndash June 26, 1927) was a French Impressionist painter and Lithographer Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder Berthe Morisot ( January 14, 1841 &ndash March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris Camille Pissarro ( July 10 1830 &ndash November 13 1903) was a French Impressionist painter. Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in Alfred Sisley ( October 30, 1839 &ndash January 29, 1899) was an English Impressionist landscape painter who These include Giuseppe De Nittis, an Italian artist living in Paris who participated in the first Impressionist exhibit at the invitation of Degas, although the other Impressionists disparaged his work. Giuseppe De Nittis ( February 25, 1846 – August 12, 1884) was an Italian painter whose work merges the styles of Salon ^[17] Federico Zandomeneghi was another Italian friend of Degas who showed with the Impressionists. Federico Zandomeneghi ( June 2, 1841 &ndash December 31, 1917) was an Italian Impressionist painter Eva Gonzalès was a follower of Manet who did not exhibit with the group. Eva Gonzalès ( April 19, 1849 – May 6, 1883) was a French Impressionist painter James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American-born painter who played a part in Impressionism although he did not join the group and preferred grayed colours. Walter Sickert, an English artist, was initially a follower of Whistler, and later an important disciple of Degas; he did not exhibit with the Impressionists. Walter Richard Sickert ( May 31, 1860 in Munich, Germany &ndash January 22, 1942 in Bath, England In 1904 the artist and writer Wynford Dewhurst wrote the first important study of the French painters to be published in English, Impressionist Painting: its genesis and development, which did much to popularize Impressionism in Great Britain. Wynford Dewhurst RBA ( b Manchester 26 Jan 1864 d Burton upon Trent Staffordshire 9 July 1941 was an English Impressionist painter See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

By the early 1880s, Impressionist methods were affecting, at least superficially, the art of the Salon. Fashionable painters such as Jean Beraud and Henri Gervex found critical and financial success by brightening their palettes while retaining the smooth finish expected of Salon art. Jean Béraud (born January 12, 1849 in Saint Petersburg; died October 4, 1935 in Paris) was a French Impressionist Henri Gervex ( 10 December 1852 - 1929 was a French painter born in Paris, and studied painting under Cabanel, Brisset ^[18] Works by these artists are sometimes casually referred to as Impressionism, despite their remoteness from Impressionist practice.

As the influence of Impressionism spread beyond France, artists, too numerous to list, became identified as practitioners of the new style. Some of the more important examples are:

• The American Impressionists, including Frederick Carl Frieseke, Childe Hassam, Willard Metcalf, Lilla Cabot Perry, Theodore Robinson, John Henry Twachtman, and J. Alden Weir
• Lovis Corinth, Max Liebermann, and Max Slevogt in Germany
• Konstantin Korovin and Valentin Serov in Russia
• Francisco Oller y Cestero, a native of Puerto Rico, who was a friend of Pissarro and Cézanne
• William McTaggart applied Impressionism to his native Scotland. Impressionism, a style of painting characterized by loose brushwork and vivid colors was practiced widely among American artists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Frederick Carl Frieseke ( April 7, 1874 &ndash August 24, 1939) was an American Impressionist painter Frederick Childe Hassam (b October 17 1859, Dorchester Boston Massachusetts &ndash d Willard Leroy Metcalf ( July 1, 1858 &ndash March 9, 1925) was an American artist Lilla Cabot Perry ( January 13, 1848 — February 28, 1933) was an American Artist who worked in the Impressionist Theodore Robinson ( July 3, 1852 &ndash April 2, 1896) was an American painter best known for his impressionist landscapes John Henry Twachtman ( August 4 1853 - August 8 1902) was an American painter best-known for his impressionist landscapes Julian Alden Weir ( August 30, 1852 – December 8, 1919) was an American impressionist painter and member of the Cos Cob Lovis Corinth ( July 21 1858 &ndash July 17 1925) was a German painter and Printmaker whose mature work Max Liebermann ( July 20 1847 &ndash February 8 1935) was a German painter and Printmaker in Etching and Max Slevogt ( October 8, 1868 – September 20, 1932) was a German Impressionist painter and illustrator best known Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Konstantin Alekseyevich Korovin ( Russian: Константин Алексеевич Коровин, the first name often spelled Constantin) ( Valentin Alexandrovich Serov (Russian Валентин Александрович Серов ( January 19[[ 865]] - December 5[[ 911]] was a Russian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Francisco Manuel Oller Cestero ( June 17, 1833 &ndash May 17, 1917) was a Puerto Rican Artist. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} For the Scottish painter (1903-1981 see William MacTaggart Sir William McTaggart (1835 &ndash 1910 was a Scottish landscape Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.
• Laura Muntz Lyall, a Canadian artist
• Władysław Podkowiński, a Polish Impressionist and symbolist
• Nazmi Ziya Güran, who brought Impressionism to Turkey
• Chafik Charobim, who was a well known impressionist painter in Egypt

Other visual artists known as Impressionists

The sculptor Auguste Rodin is sometimes called an Impressionist for the way he used roughly modeled surfaces to suggest transient light effects. Laura Muntz Lyall, June 18, 1860 &ndash December 9, 1930, was a Canadian impressionist painter Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Władysław Podkowiński ( February 4, 1866  – January 5, 1895) was a Polish painter and Illustrator. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts Nazmi Ziya Güran (1881 &ndash 1937 was a Turkish impressionist painter Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Chafik Charobim ( November 4, 1894 in Cairo – 1975 is a well known Impressionist and naturalist This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Auguste Rodin (born François-Auguste-René Rodin; November 12 1840–November 17 1917 was a French artist most famous as a sculptor. Pictorialist photographers whose work is characterized by soft focus and atmospheric effects have also been called Impressionists. Pictorialism was a photographic movement in vogue from around 1885 following the widespread introduction of the dry-plate process Examples are Kirk Clendinning, Alvin Langdon Coburn, Robert Farber, Eduard Steichen, Alfred Stieglitz, and Clarence H. White. Alvin Langdon Coburn (1882 - 1966 was an early 20th century Photographer who became a key figure in the development of American Pictorialism. Alfred Stieglitz (January 1 1864 &ndash July 13 1946 was an American photographer who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in making Photography an acceptable Clarence Hudson White ( April 8, 1871 &ndash July 7, 1925) was an American Photographer and a founding member of the

French Impressionist Cinema is a term applied to a loosely defined group of films and filmmakers in France from 1919-1929, although these years are debatable. French Impressionist Cinema, also referred to as The First Avant-Garde or Narrative Avant-Garde, is a term applied to a loose and debatable group of films and filmmakers French Impressionist filmmakers include Abel Gance, Jean Epstein, Germaine Dulac, Marcel L’Herbier, Louis Delluc, and Dmitry Kirsanoff. Abel Gance (25 October 1889 - 10 November 1981 was a French Film director, producer, Writer, Actor and editor best Jean Epstein ( 25 March 1897, Warsaw &ndash 3 April 1953, Paris) was a film director and early film theoretician Germaine Dulac ( 17 November 1882, Amiens, France - 20 July 1942, Paris) was a French film director and early Louis Delluc ( October 14, 1890 &ndash March 22, 1924) was a French Film director, Screen writer and film critic

Impressionism in music and literature

Main article: Impressionist music

Main article: Impressionism (literature)

Musical Impressionism is the name given to a movement in European classical music that arose in the late 19th century and continued into the middle of the 20th century. The impressionist movement in music was a movement in European Classical music, mainly in France that began in the late nineteenth century and continued into the middle Influenced by the Impressionist art movement many writers adopted a style that relied on associations Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Originating in France, musical Impressionism is characterized by suggestion and atmosphere, and eschews the emotional excesses of the Romantic era. Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 Impressionist composers favored short forms such as the nocturne, arabesque, and prelude, and often explored uncommon scales such as the whole tone scale. A nocturne (from the French for "nocturnal" is usually a Musical composition that is inspired by or evocative of the Night. A prelude is a short piece of Music, which its form will vary from piece to piece In Music, a whole tone scale is a scale in which each Note is separated from its neighbours by the interval of a Whole step. Perhaps the most notable innovations used by Impressionist composers were the first uses of major 7th chords and the extension of chord structures in 3rds to five and six part harmonies.

The influence of visual Impressionism on its musical counterpart is debatable. Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are generally considered the greatest Impressionist composers, but Debussy disavowed the term, calling it the invention of critics. Achille-Claude Debussy (aʃil klod dəbysi (August 22 1862 &ndash March 25 1918 was a French Composer. Erik Satie was also considered to be in this category although his approach was considered to be less serious, more of musical novelty in nature. Alfred Éric Leslie Satie ( Honfleur, 17 May 1866 – Paris, 1 July 1925) was a French Composer and Paul Dukas is another French composer sometimes considered to be an Impressionist but his style is perhaps more closely aligned to the late Romanticists. Paul Abraham Dukas (October 1 1865 &ndash May 17 1935 was a Parisian born French Composer and teacher of classical music. Musical Impressionism beyond France includes the work of such composers as Ralph Vaughan Williams and Ottorino Respighi. Ralph (reɪf Vaughan Williams OM (12 October 1872 &ndash 26 August 1958 was an English Composer of symphonies, Chamber music For the astronomer see Lorenzo Respighi (1824—1889 For the crater named after Lorenzo Respighi see Respighi (crater.

The term Impressionism has also been used to describe works of literature in which a few select details suffice to convey the sensory impressions of an incident or scene. Impressionist literature is closely related to Symbolism, with its major exemplars being Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Rimbaud, and Verlaine. Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts Stéphane Mallarmé (malaʁ'me ( March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898) whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ Paul-Marie Verlaine (vɛʁˈlɛn March 30, 1844 &ndash January 8, 1896) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist Authors such as Virginia Woolf and Joseph Conrad have written works which are Impressionistic in the way that they describe, rather than interpret, the impressions, sensations and emotions that constitute a character's mental life. (Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941 was an English Novelist and Essayist, regarded as one of the foremost Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist

See also

• American Impressionism
• Art periods
• French Impressionist Cinema
• Heidelberg School
• Impasto
• Pictorialism

Resources

Notes

References

• Baumann, Felix; Karabelnik, Marianne, et al. (1994). Degas Portraits. London: Merrell Holberton. ISBN 1-85894-014-1
• Denvir, Bernard (1990). The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20239-7
• Gordon, Robert; Forge, Andrew (1988). Degas. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1142-6
• Gowing, Lawrence, with Adriani, Götz; Krumrine, Mary Louise; Lewis, Mary Tompkins; Patin, Sylvie; Rewald, John (1988). Cézanne: The Early Years 1859-1872. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
• Moskowitz, Ira; Sérullaz, Maurice (1962). French Impressionists: A Selection of Drawings of the French 19th Century. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-58560-2
• Rewald, John (1973). The History of Impressionism (4th, Revised Ed. ). New York: The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 0-87070-360-9
• Richardson, John (1976). Manet (3rd Ed. ). Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7148-1743-0
• Rosenblum, Robert (1989). Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN 1-55670-099-7

External links

• Hecht Museum
• Mauclair, Camille (1903): The French Impressionists (1860-1900), available at Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• Kapos, Martha (ed. ): The Impressionists. A Retrospective, a detailed timeline
• Impressionism: Paintings collected by European Museums (1999) was an art exhibition co-organized by the High Museum of Art, Atlanta, the Seattle Art Museum, and the Denver Art Museum, touring from May through December of 1999. Online guided tour
• Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein
• Suburban Pastoral The Guardian, 24 Feb 2007
• Weir Farm: Home of an American Impressionist, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan