Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For other uses, see Imperium (disambiguation).

Imperium in a broad sense translates as power. Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people In ancient Rome the concept applied to people, and meant something like "power status" or "authority", or could be used with a geographical connotation and meant something like "territory". Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC An English Noun The English noun people has two distinct fields of application as a countable noun, a group of Humans In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium It is not to be mistaken with auctoritas ("authority"). Auctoritas is a Latin word and is the origin of English " Authority "

Personal characteristic

In ancient Rome, imperium could be used as a term indicating a characteristic of people, the measure of formal power they had. This qualification could be used in a rather loose context (for example, poets used it, not necessarily writing about state officials). However, in Roman society it was also a more formal concept of legal authority. Rational-legal authority (also known as rational authority, legal authority, rational domination, legal domination, or bureaucratic A man with imperium had in principle absolute authority to apply the law within the scope of his magistracy or promagistracy, but could be vetoed or overruled by a magistrate or promagistrate having imperium maius (a higher degree of imperium) or, as most republican magistratures were multiple (though not quite collegial since each could act on his own), by the equal power of his colleague (e. A magistrate is a judicial officer In Common law systems a magistrate usually has limited authority to administer and enforce the Law. A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office g. , the other consul. Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire Some modern scholars, such as A.H.M. Jones have defined it as "the power vested by the state in a person to do what he considers to be in the best interests of the state". Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as Arnold Hugh Martin ( AHM) Jones ( 9 March 1904 - 9 April 1970) was a prominent 20th century British historian of

Imperium can be distinguished from regnum, or royal power, which was inherited. Imperium was originally a military concept, the power of the imperator (general in the army) to command. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking The Latin word Imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. The word derives from the Latin verb, imperare ("to command"). The title imperator was applied to the emperor, who was the commander of the armed forces. In fact, the Latin word, imperator, gives us the English word emperor.

Imperium was indicated in two prominent ways. A curule magistrate or promagistrate carried an ivory baton surmounted by an eagle as his personal symbol of office (compare the field marshal's baton). According to Livy the curule chair originated in Etruria, and it has been used on surviving Etruscan monuments to identify magistrates but stools supported For other meanings see Field Marshal (disambiguation Field marshal is a military officer rank Any such magistrate was also escorted by lictors bearing the fasces (traditional symbols of imperium and authority); when outside the pomerium, axes were added to the fasces to indicate an imperial magistrate's power to enact capital punishment outside of Rome (the axes were removed within the pomerium). The lictor, derived from the Latin ligare (to bind was a member of a special class of Roman civil servant with special tasks of attending and guarding Fasces (ˈfæsiːz a Plurale tantum, from the Latin word fascis, meaning "bundle" symbolize summary power and Jurisdiction The pomerium (or pomoerium) from post + moerium>murum (wall was the sacred boundary of the city of Rome. The number of lictors in attendance upon a magistrate was an overt indication of the degree of imperium. When in the field, a curule magistrate possessing an imperium greater or equal to praetorian imperium wore a sash ritually knotted on the front of his cuirass. Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities the commander of an Army, either before Cuirass ( French cuirasse, Latin coriaceus, made of leather from corium, the original breastplate being of Leather) the Further, any man executing imperium within his sphere of influence was entitled to the curule chair. According to Livy the curule chair originated in Etruria, and it has been used on surviving Etruscan monuments to identify magistrates but stools supported

As can be seen, dictatorial imperium was superior to consular, consular to praetorian, and praetorian to aedilician; there is some historical dispute as to whether or not praetorian imperium was superior to "equine-magisterial" imperium. A promagistrate, or a man executing a curule office without actually holding that office, also owned imperium in the same degree as the actual incumbents (i. A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office e. , proconsular imperium being more or less equal to consular imperium, propraetorian imperium to praetorian) and was attended by an equal number of lictors.

Certain extraordinary commissions, such as Pompey's famous command against the pirates, were invested with imperium maius, meaning they outranked all other owners of imperium (in Pompey's case, even the consuls) within their sphere of command (his being "ultimate on the seas, and within 50 miles inland"). Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Imperium maius later became a hallmark of the Roman emperor. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC

Another technical use of the term in Roman law was for the power to extend the law, beyond its mere interpretation, extending imperium from formal legislators under the ever-republican constitution: popular assemblies, senate, magistrates, emperor and their delegates to the jurisprudence of jurisconsults. Roman law is the legal system of Ancient Rome. As used in the West the term commonly refers to legal developments prior to the Roman/Byzantine state's adopting Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society A delegate is a member of a group representing an organization (e Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, written by founder Professor Bernard Hibbitts and a staff of more than

Divine and earthly imperium

In monotheistic religions such as Christianity (where the official language, Latin, used terms as Imperium Dei/Domini) the Divine is held to have a superior imperium, as ultimate King of Kings, above all earthly powers. King of Kings is a lofty title that has been used by several monarchies (usually empires in the informal sense of great powers throughout history and in many cases the literal title Whenever a society accepts this Divine will to be expressed on earth, as by a religious authority, that opens the way for a theocratic legitimation. Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler If however a secular ruler controls the religious hierarchy, he can use it to legitimate his own authority.

Thus absolute, universal power was vested under early Islam in the original Caliphate (before it became the political toy of worldly powers 'behind the throne' and was even politically discarded by essentially secular princes), and later again claimed by Mahdis. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth

While the Byzantine Emperors retained full Roman imperium and made the episcopate subservient, in the feudal West a long rivalry would oppose the claims to supremacy within post-Roman Christianity between sacerdotium (the 'priesthood', i. e. the clergy ministering the word and will of God) in the person of the Pope and the secular imperium of the revived western Emperor since Charlemagne. Both would refer to the heritage of Roman law by their titular link with the very city Rome: the Pope, Bishop of Rome, versus the Holy Roman Emperor (even though his seat of power was north of the Alps).

The Donatio Constantini (whether partially or wholly forged doesn't alter its effect), by which the Papacy had been granted the territorial Patrimonium Petri in Central Italy, became a weapon against the Emperor. The Donation of Constantine ( Latin, Donatio Constantini) is a forged Roman imperial edict devised probably between 750 and 775, the The expression Patrimonium Sancti Petri, or shorter Patrimonium Petri, meaning 'Patrimony of (Saint Peter' originally designated the landed possessions and revenues of The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon, Leo IX, cites the "Donatio" in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood. Pope Michael I Cerularius (c 1000-1059 also known as Michael Keroularios or Patriarch Michael I, was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 Thenceforth the "Donatio" acquires more importance and is more frequently used as evidence in the ecclesiastical and political conflicts between the papacy and the secular power: Anselm of Lucca and Cardinal Deusdedit inserted it in their collections of canons; Gratian excluded it from his Decretum, but it was soon added to it as Palea; the ecclesiastical writers in defence of the papacy during the conflicts of the early part of the twelfth century quoted it as authoritative. Saint Anselm of Lucca the Younger ( Milan, 1036&ndash March 18, 1086) was a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy and in the fighting Cardinal Deusdedit (born at Todi, Italy died between 1097 and 1100 was a friend of Pope Saint Gregory VII and defender of his reformation measures Deusdedit joined For other figures with this name see Gratian (disambiguation.

In one bitter episode, pope Gregory IX who had several times mediated between the Lombards and the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II reasserted his right to arbitrate between the contending parties. Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was Pope from March 19, 1227 to August Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title In the numerous manifestos of the pope and the emperor the antagonism of Church and State becomes daily more evident: the pope claimed for himself the imperium animarum 'command of the souls' (i. e. voicing Gods will to the faithful) and the principatus rerum et corporum in universo mundo 'princedom over all things and bodies in the whole world', while the emperor wished to restore the imperium mundi, imperium (as under Roman Law) over the (now Christian) world — Rome was again the be the capital of the world and Frederick was to become the real emperor of the Romans, so he energetically protested against the world-empire of the pope. The emperor's successes, especially his victory over the Lombards at the battle of Cortenuova (1237), only embittered the opposition between Church and State. The Battle of Cortenuova was fought on 27 November, 1237, when Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II defeated the Lombard League. The pope again excommunicated the "self-confessed heretic", the "blasphemous beast of the Apocalypse" (20 March, 1239) who now attempted to conquer the rest of Italy, i. e. the papal states, etcetera. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa

The chief minister of Henry VIII, the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer suggested removal of the Roman Catholic papacy's imperium in imperio (Latin equivalent of state in the state) by requesting that Parliament pass the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) specifying that England was an empire and that The Crown was imperial, and a year later the Act of Supremacy proclaiming the Imperial Crown Protector and Supreme Head of the Church of England. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the The Statute in Restraint of Appeals – Short title Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532 – (citation 24 Henry VIII Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government The first Act of Supremacy granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy which is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom Imperial Crown was also a model of car from Imperial, the luxury division of the Chrysler Corporation. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican

In Orthodox Russia too, when Peter I the Great has assumed the Byzantine imperial titles Imperator and Autokrator, instead of the 'merely' royal Tsar, the idea in founding the Russian Holy Synod was to put an end to the old Imperium in imperio of the free Church, by substituting the synod for the all too independent Patriarch of Moscow, who had become almost a rival of the Tsars — Peter meant to unite all authority in himself, over Church as well as State: through his Ober-Procuror and synod, the Emperor rules his Church as absolutely as his army and navy through their respective ministries; he appoints its members (mostly bishops) just as his generals; and the Russian Governments continued his policy since. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler The Most Holy Governing Synod (Святейший Правительствующий Синод was the highest governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church between 1721 and Metropolitans Maximus ( 1283 - 1305) St Peter ( 1308 - 1326) vacant

Even in 19th century North America, when by the decree of the President of the United States, Brigham Young, the Mormon hierarch and head of the Church of the Latter Day Saints, was appointed first Governor of the Territory of Utah on 28 September, 1851, this was called (politically, not in law) establishing a theocratic form of government there (until it became a regular state) as an imperium in imperio, within the limits of the republic. Brigham Young (June 1 1801 &ndash August 29 1877 was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. TalkMormon#Latter Day Saint vs Latter-day Saint --> Mormon In those hierarchically organised churches of Western Christianity which have an ecclesiastical law system an ordinary is an officer of the church who by reason of office

See also

This article incorporates text from the entry Donation of Constantine in the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. The cursus honorum ( Latin: "course of honors" or "honors race" was the sequential order of Public offices held by aspiring The Constitution of the Roman Republic or Mos maiorum (Latin for "customs of the ancestors" was an unwritten set of guidelines and principles An Imperial cult is a form of State religion in which an Emperor, or a Dynasty of emperors (or rulers of another title are Worshiped as Translatio imperii, Latin for "transfer of rule" is a concept invented in the Middle Ages for describing History as a Linear The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia

Dictionary

imperium

-noun

  1. Supreme power; dominion.
  2. The right to command the force of the state, sovereignty.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic