- For Japan's Imperial Regalia, see Imperial Regalia of Japan
The Imperial Regalia, insignia, or crown jewels (in German Reichskleinodien, Reichsinsignien, or Reichsschatz) are the regalia of the Emperors and Kings of the Holy Roman Empire. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker Regalia is Latin Plurale tantum for the privileges and the insignia characteristic of a Sovereign. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The most important parts are the Imperial Crown, the Holy Lance and the Imperial Sword. The Imperial Crown (Reichskrone is the crown of the King of the Romans, the rulers of the German Kingdom since the High Middle Ages. The Holy Lance (also known as the Spear of Destiny, Holy Spear, Lance of Longinus, Spear of Longinus or Spear of Christ) is the name The Imperial Sword (Reichsschwert is one of four Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien of the Holy Roman Empire. Today they are kept at the Schatzkammer Treasury in the Hofburg palace in Vienna, Austria. Schatzkammer in German translates as Treasury (Chamber/Vault. For the US government securities see Treasury security. Also see Treasury management. Hofburg Imperial Palace is a palace in Vienna, Austria, which has housed some of the most powerful people in Austrian history, including the Habsburg Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.
The Imperial Regalia is the only completely preserved royal regalia from the Middle Ages. During the late Middle Ages, the word Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien) had many variations in the Latin language. The regalia were either named in Latin: insignia imperialia, regalia insignia, insignia imperalis capellae quae regalia dicuntur and other similar words. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
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Components
The regalia is made out of two different parts. The greater group are the so-called Nürnberger Kleinodien (roughly translated Nuremberg jewels), named after the town of Nuremberg where the regalia were kept from 1424 to 1796. Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year This part comprised the Imperial Crown, parts of the coronation vestments, the Imperial Orb (a globus cruciger), the Imperial Sceptre, the Imperial Sword, the Ceremonial Sword , the Imperial Cross, the Holy Lance, and all other reliquiaries except St. The Imperial Crown (Reichskrone is the crown of the King of the Romans, the rulers of the German Kingdom since the High Middle Ages. The globus cruciger ( Latin, "cross-bearing orb" is an orb (lat The globus cruciger ( Latin, "cross-bearing orb" is an orb (lat A sceptre or scepter is a symbolic ornamental staff held by a ruling Monarch, a prominent item of royal Regalia. The Imperial Sword (Reichsschwert is one of four Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Lance (also known as the Spear of Destiny, Holy Spear, Lance of Longinus, Spear of Longinus or Spear of Christ) is the name Stephen's Purse.
St. Stephen's Purse, the Imperial Bible, and the so-called Saber of Charlemagne were kept in Aachen until 1794. Joyeuse was the name of Charlemagne 's personal Sword. The name translates as "joyful" ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a That is why the lesser part is called Aachener Kleinodien (Aachen jewels). It is neither known since when this part is counted amongst the Imperial Regalia nor since when these regalia have been kept in Aachen.
| Present inventory in Vienna: | |
| Aachen regalia (Aachener Kleinodien) | Probable place of origin, and date of production |
|---|---|
| Imperial Bible (Reichsevangeliar or Krönungsevangeliar) | Aachen, end of 8th century |
| St. Stephen's Purse (Stephansbursa) | Carolingian, 1st third of 9th century |
| Saber of Charlemagne (Säbel Karl des Großen) | Eastern Europe, 2nd half of 9th century |
| Nuremberg regalia (Nürnberger Kleinodien) | Probable place of origin, and date of production |
|---|---|
| Imperial Crown (Reichskrone) | Western Germany, 2nd half of 10th century |
| Imperial Cross (Reichskreuz) | Western Germany, around 1024/1025 |
| Holy Lance (Heilige Lanze) | Langobardian, 8th/9th century |
| Relics of the True Cross (Kreuzpartikel) | |
| Imperial Sword (Reichsschwert) | Sheath from Germany, 2nd third-part of 11th century |
| Imperial Orb (Reichsapfel) | Western Germany, around end of 12th century |
| Coronation Mantle (Krönungsmantel) (Pluviale) | Palermo, 1133/24 |
| Alb | Palermo, 1181 |
| Dalmatic (Dalmatica or Tunicella) | Palermo, around 1140 |
| Stockings | Palermo, around 1170 |
| Shoes | Palermo, around 1130 or around 1220 |
| Gloves | Palermo, 1220 |
| Ceremonial Sword (Zeremonienschwert) | Palermo, 1220 |
| Stole (Stola) | Central Italy, before 1338 |
| Eagle-dalmatic (Adlerdalmatica) | Upper Germany, before 1350 |
| Imperial Sceptre (Zepter) | Germany, 1st half of 14th century |
| Aspergille | Germany, 1st. Joyeuse was the name of Charlemagne 's personal Sword. The name translates as "joyful" The Imperial Crown (Reichskrone is the crown of the King of the Romans, the rulers of the German Kingdom since the High Middle Ages. The Holy Lance (also known as the Spear of Destiny, Holy Spear, Lance of Longinus, Spear of Longinus or Spear of Christ) is the name The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which by a Christian tradition are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified The Imperial Sword (Reichsschwert is one of four Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien of the Holy Roman Empire. The globus cruciger ( Latin, "cross-bearing orb" is an orb (lat Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in A sceptre or scepter is a symbolic ornamental staff held by a ruling Monarch, a prominent item of royal Regalia. An aspergillum (less commonly aspergilium or aspergil) is a liturgical implement used to sprinkle Holy water. half of 14th century |
| Reliquary with chains | Rome or Prague, around 1368 |
| Reliquary with a piece of vestment of the John the Evangelist | Rome or Prague, around 1368 |
| Reliquary with a shaving of the Crib of Christ | Rome or Prague, around 1368 |
| Reliquary with an arm-bone of St. Anne | probably Prague after 1350 |
| Reliquary with a tooth of John the Baptist | Bohemia, after 1350 |
| Case (Futteral) of the Imperial Crown | Prague, after 1350 |
| Reliquary with a piece of the tablecloth used during the Last Supper |
History
Middle Ages
The inventory of the regalia during the late Middle Ages normally consisted only of five to six items. A reliquary (also referred to as a Shrine or by the French term Chasse) is a container for Relics These may be the physical Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Saint John the Evangelist (d ca 110 יוחנן " The LORD is merciful" Standard Hebrew Yoḥanan, Tiberian Hebrew Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Saint Anne (also Ann or Anna of David's house and line was the mother of the Virgin Mary, according to Christian tradition Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. In the Christian Gospels the Last Supper (also called the Lord's Supper or Mystical Supper) was the last meal Jesus shared with his Gottfried von Viterbo counted following items: the Imperial Cross, the Holy Lance, the crown, the sceptre, the orb, and the sword. Godfrey of Viterbo (c 1120 &ndash c 1196 was a Roman Catholic Chronicler, either Italian or German. On other lists however, the sword is not mentioned.
If the medieval chronicles really do refer to the regalia, which are kept in Vienna today, depends on a variety of factors. Descriptions of the emperors only spoke of them being “clothed in imperial regalia” without exactly describing which ones they were. The crown can only be dated back to the 13th century, when it is described in a medieval poem. The poem speaks of the Waise stone, which was a big and prominent jewel on the crowns. The first definite pictorial image of the crown can only be found later in a mural in the Karlštejn castle close to Prague. See other locations named Karlštejn. Karlštejn (Karlstein is a large Gothic Castle founded in the 14th century Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic.
It is also difficult to define for how long the Imperial and Ceremonial Swords have belonged to the regalia.
Literature
- Weltliche und Geistliche Schatzkammer. Bildführer. Kunsthistorischen Museum, Vienna. 1987. ISBN 3-7017-0499-6
- Fillitz, Hermann. Die Schatzkammer in Wien: Symbole abendländischen Kaisertums. Vienna, 1986. ISBN 3-7017-0443-0
- Fillitz, Hermann. Die Insignien und Kleinodien des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, 1954.
- Heigl, Peter. The Imperial Regalia in the Nazi Bunker/ Der Reichsschatz im Nazibunker. Nuremberg 2005. ISBN 3-9810269-1-8
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