Immunogenicity is the ability of a particular substance, which is called the antigen, to provoke an immune response. An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor

• Adaptive immune system
• Immunostimulator

Contents 1 Immunogenicity 2 Immunogenic potency of antigens 3 Factors influencing immunogenicity 4 Antigens and immunogenicity 5 References

Immunogenicity

The ability to induce humoral and/or cell-mediated immune responses

The ability of antigen to elicit immune response is called “Immunogenicity”. Immune system|Passive immunity|Innate immune system The adaptive immune system is composed of highly specialized systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent Pathogenic Immunostimulators are substances (drugs and nutrients that stimulate the Immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components The Humoral Immune Response (HIR is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted Antibodies (as opposed to Cell-mediated immunity which involves Cell-mediated immunity is an Immune response that does not involve Antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of Macrophages

Antigens that do provoke the immune response are called-”immunogens”

Immunogenic potency of antigens

Proteins>>>Polysaccharides

Lipids, nucleic acids serve as immunogens only when they are in combination with proteins/polysaccharides. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Polysaccharides are relatively complex Carbohydrates They are Polymers made up of many Monosaccharides joined together by Glycosidic bonds Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information

-For studies of humoral immune response – proteins/ polysaccharides are used

-For cell-mediated immunity – only proteins serve as immunogens

Factors influencing immunogenicity

->Contribution of antigen to immunogenicity

->Contribution of biological system to immunogenicity

Antigens and immunogenicity

see the diagram

Immunogenicity is influenced by multiple characteristics of an antigen:

-Foreignness: Phylogenetic distance

-Molecular size

-Epitope density

-Chemical composition and heterogeneity

Protein structure, aa-polymers, Glu-Lys, Tyr, Phe

-Degradability (ability to be processed & presented to T cells)

D-amino acids

References

For 'genetic distance' in the context of a Genetic map, see Centimorgan Genetic distance is a measure of the dissimilarity of genetic In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of a Macromolecule that is recognized by the Immune system, specifically by antibodies Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E) is one of the 20 Alpha Amino acids It is not among the human Essential amino acids Its Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2(CH24NH2 Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 Amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize Phe redirects here For the BitTorrent feature see PHE. For the constellation see Phoenix (constellation. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this

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