Immigration refers to the movement of people between countries. While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels, modern immigration implies long-term, legal, permanent residence. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Permanent residency refers to a person's visa status the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within a country despite not having Citizenship. Short-term visitors and tourists are considered non-immigrants (see expatriate). Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing Immigration across national borders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country is termed illegal immigration. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Under this definition, an illegal immigrant is a foreigner who either illegally crossed an international political border, be it by land, water, or air, or a foreigner who legally entered a country but nevertheless overstays his/her visa in order to live and/or work therein. Seasonal labour migration, while generally non-permanent in nature (typically for periods of less than a year), is often treated as a form of immigration.

The modern concept of immigration is related to the development of nation-states and nationality law. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Nationality law is the branch of a country's legal system wherein legislation custom and court precedent combine to define the ways in which that country's Nationality and Citizenship in a nation-state confers an inalienable right of residence in that state, but residency of non-citizens is subject to conditions set by immigration law. Permanent residency refers to a person's visa status the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within a country despite not having Citizenship. Immigration law refers to national Government policies which control the phenomenon of Immigration to their country The emergence of nation-states made immigration a political issue: by definition it is the homeland of a nation defined by shared ethnicity and/or culture. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered

The global volume of immigration is high in absolute terms, but low in relative terms. The International Integration and Refugee Association estimated 190 million international migrants in 2005, about 3 percent of global population. The other 97 percent still live in the country in which they were born. The Middle East, some parts of Europe, small areas of South East Asia, and a few spots in the West Indies have the highest numbers of immigration population recorded by the UN Census 2005.

Contents 1 Global statistics 2 Immigration by continent 2.1 Immigration to the United States 3 Causes 4 Differing perspectives 4.1 Supporting arguments 4.1.1 General arguments 4.1.2 Economic arguments 4.2 Opposing arguments 4.2.1 Health arguments 4.2.2 Economic arguments 4.2.3 Security arguments 4.2.4 Nationalistic arguments 4.2.5 Environmentalist arguments 5 As political issue 6 Ethics 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

Global statistics

See also: List of countries by immigrant population

The European Union allows free travel between member states with the appropriate papers. This is a list of countries by immigrant population, based on the United Nations report World Population Policies 2005. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Most immigrants are from former eastern bloc states to the developed western European states, especially to Italy, Spain, Germany and Britain. Noticeably, some countries seemed to be favoured by these new EU member nationals than others. For example, there are large numbers of Poles who have moved to the UK, Ireland and Netherlands, while Romanians have chosen Italy and Spain. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. While France and Germany put in place controls to curb Eastern European migration, the UK (along with Ireland) did not impose restrictions. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Following Poland's entry into the EU in May 2004 it is estimated that by the start of 2007 375,000 Poles have registered to work in the UK, although the total Polish population in the UK is believed to be 750,000. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Many Poles work in seasonal occupations and a large number are likely to move back and forth including between Ireland and other EU Western nations. ^[1]

According to Eurostat,^[2] Some EU member states are currently receiving large-scale immigration: for instance Spain, where the economy has created more than half of all the new jobs in the EU over the past five years. The Statistical Office of the European Communities ( Eurostat) is the Statistical arm of the European Commission, producing data for the European Union Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[3] The EU, in 2005, had an overall net gain from international migration of +1. 8 million people. This accounts for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth in 2005. ^[4] In 2004, total 140,033 people immigrated to France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe. ^[5] In 2005, immigration fell slightly to 135,890. ^[6] In recent years, immigration has accounted for more than half of Norway's population growth. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional In 2006, Statistics Norway's (SSB) counted a record 45,800 immigrants arriving in Norway — 30% higher than 2005. ^[7] At the beginning of 2007, there were 415,300 persons in Norway with an immigrant background (i. e. immigrants, or born of immigrant parents), comprising 8. 3 per cent of the total population. ^[8]

Canada has the highest per capita net immigration rate in the world,^[9] driven by economic policy and family reunification. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country The economic impact of immigration is an important topic in Canada. Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country In 2001, 250,640 people immigrated to Canada. Newcomers settle mostly in the major urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec By the 1990s and 2000s, a majority of Canada's immigrants came from Asia. ^[10] Canadian society is often depicted as being a very progressive, diverse, and multicultural. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified Accusing a person of racism in Canada is usually considered a serious slur. ^[11] All political parties are now cautious about criticising of the high level of immigration, because, as noted by the Globe and Mail, "in the early 1990s, the old Reform Party was branded 'racist' for suggesting that immigration levels be lowered from 250,000 to 150,000. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities The Reform Party of Canada ( Parti réformiste du Canada) was a Canadian federal Political party that existed from 1987 to 2000 "^[12]

Japan accepted just 16 refugees in 1999, while the United States took in 85,010 for resettlement, according to the UNHCR. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New Zealand, which is smaller than Japan, accepted 1,140 refugees in 1999. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Just 305 persons were recognized as refugees by Japan from 1981, when Japan ratified the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, to 2002. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is an International convention that defines who is a Refugee, and sets out the rights of individuals ^[13][14] Japanese Minister Taro Aso has called Japan a "one race" nation. is the current Prime Minister of Japan, having taken office on September 24, 2008. ^[15]

In 2004 the number of people who became British citizens rose to a record 140,795 - a rise of 12% on the previous year. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This number had risen dramatically since 2000. The overwhelming majority of new citizens come from Africa (32%) and Asia (40%), the largest three groups being people from Pakistan, India and Somalia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known ^[16] In 2005, an estimated 565,000 migrants arrived to live in the UK for at least a year, most of the migrants were people from Asia, the Indian sub-continent and Africa,^[17] while 380,000 people emigrated from the UK for a year or more, with Australia, Spain and France most popular destinations. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[18]

British emigration towards Southern Europe is of special relevance. The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic Citizens from the European Union make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. They mainly come from countries like the UK and Germany, but the British case is of special interest due to its magnitude. The British authorities estimate that the British population in Spain at 700,000. ^[19] Spain is the most favoured destination for Britons leaving the UK. ^[20] Since 2000, Spain has absorbed more than three million immigrants, growing its population by almost 10%. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Immigrant population now tops over 4. 5 million. According to residence permit data for 2005, about 500,000 were Moroccan, another 500,000 were Ecuadorian,^[21] more than 200,000 were Romanian, and 260,000 were Colombian. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. ^[22][23] In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people. ^[24]

Portugal, long a country of emigration,^[25] has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the former colonies; by the end of 2003, legal immigrants represented about 4% of the population, and the largest communities were from Cape Verde, Brazil, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, UK, Spain and Ukraine. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ República da Guiné-Bissau ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau is a country in Western Africa, and one of the smallest The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. ^[26]

The overall level of immigration to Australia has grown substantially during the last decade. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Net overseas migration increased from 30,000 in 1993^[27] to 118,000 in 2003-04. ^[28] The largest components of immigration are the skilled migration and family re-union programs. In recent years the mandatory detention of unauthorised arrivals by boat has generated great levels of controversy. Mandatory detention in Australia concerns the Australian federal government 's policy and system of Mandatory detention active from 1992 to date pursuant to which An unauthorized arrival is a person who has arrived in a Country when they are not a Citizen of that country and does not have a valid visa or does not Boat people is a term that usually refers to Illegal immigrants or Asylum seekers who emigrate en masse in boats that are sometimes old and crudely made rendering During the 2004-05, total 123,424 people immigrated to Australia. Of them, 17,736 were from Africa, 54,804 from Asia, 21,131 from Oceania, 18,220 from United Kingdom, 1,506 from South America, and 2,369 from Eastern Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. ^[29] 131,000 people migrated to Australia in 2005-06^[30] and migration target for 2006-07 was 144,000. ^[31]

New Zealand has relatively open immigration policies. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Immigration to New Zealand began with Polynesian settlement to New Zealand, then uninhabited in the thirteenth century 23% of the population was born overseas, mainly in Asia, Oceania, and UK, one of the highest rates in the world. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In 2004-2005, a target of 45,000 immigrants was set by the New Zealand immigration Service and represented 1. 5% of the total population. According to the 2001 census projections, by 2050 57% of all New Zealand children will have Maori or Pacific ancestry, while 68% will be non-European. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over

Immigration by continent

Immigration to the United States

See Immigration to the United States. American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States.

The U. S. has often been called the "melting pot". The name is delivered from United States' rich tradition of immigrants coming to the US looking for something better and having their cultures melded and incorporated into the fabric of the country. Most of them did not possess wealth or power in their home countries. Most were not highly educated. Other than these few commonalities of what they didn't possess, their backgrounds were vastly different. The thread, however, that bound these immigrants together was their vision of improving their current situation. Emma Lazarus, in a poem entitled "The New Colossus," which is inscribed on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty tells of the invitation extended to those wanting to make the US their home. "… Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free…" (Encyclopedia Americana, 1998, Vol. 25, 637)

While recent immigration patterns have changed; the reasons have not. Individuals and families still come to the United States with a vision of improving their lives. The backgrounds of today's immigrants expanded beyond the European Borders. Today they come from all over the world. At a 1984 oath-taking ceremony in Los Angeles, there were nearly a thousand individuals from the Philippines, 890 from Mexico, 704 from Vietnam, 110 from Lebanon, 126 from the United Kingdom, and 62 from Israel. Although not as large a number, there were also individuals from Lithuania, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania. (Luedtke, 1992, 3)

After 2000, legal immigrants to the United States numbered approximately 1,000,000 per year. American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In 2006, 1. 27 million immigrants were granted legal residence. Legal residence is the principle that each legal person (natural or corporate has a single location of primary residence. Mexico has been the leading source of new U. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. S. residents for over two decades; and since 1998, China, India and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP ^[32]

By one account, the number of legal immigrants entering the U. S. annually was estimated at 500,000 to 600,000 in 1989. This subsequently increased and is now well over 1 million annually, not including illegal migration or temporary work visas. Net illegal immigration also soared from about 130,000 per year in the 1970s to as high as 1,500,000 per year in 2006. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Bureau figures show the U. S. population grew by 2. 8 million between July 1, 2004, and July 1, 2005. ^[33] The U. S. Census Bureau estimates that 45% of children under age 5 are from a racial or ethnic minority. The United States is a diverse country racially and ethnically. ^[34]

Since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the U. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race S. than any other nation and more than two million refugees have arrived in the U. American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States. S. since 1980. Of the top ten countries accepting resettled refugees in 2006, the United States accepted more than twice as much as the next nine countries combined, although some smaller countries accept more refugees per capita.

Twenty cities, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, Chicago, Miami, Denver, Seattle and Portland, have adopted "sanctuary" ordinances banning police from asking people about their immigration status. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States Portland is the largest city in the US state of Maine and the County seat of Cumberland County. Sanctuary has multiple meanings A sanctuary is the consecrated area of a church or temple around its tabernacle or altar If current birth and immigration rates were to remain unchanged for another 60 to 70 years, US population would double to some 600 million people. ^[35] The actual number of admitted refugees rose in subsequent years with ceiling for 2006 at 70,000. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race A May 25, 2007 article notes that in the past seven months only 69 people from Iraq have been granted refugee status in the United States. Throughout the past 100 years there have been a growing number of Refugees fleeing Iraq and settling throughout the world peaking recently with the latest Iraq War ^[36]

Causes

Theories of immigration traditionally distinguish between push factors and pull factors. Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or ^[37] Push factors refer primarily to the motive for emigration from the country of origin. "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. In the case of economic migration (usually labour migration), differentials in wage rates are prominent. A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. Poor individuals from less developed countries can have far higher standards of living in developed countries than in their originating countries. Escape from poverty (personal or for relatives staying behind) is a traditional push factor, the availability of jobs is the related pull factor. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Natural disasters and overpopulation can amplify poverty-driven migration flows. A natural disaster is the consequence of a Natural hazard (eg Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat. This kind of migration may be illegal immigration in the destination country (emigration is also illegal in some countries, such as North Korea). Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia,

Emigration and immigration are sometimes mandatory in a contract of employment: religious missionaries, and employees of transnational corporations, international non-governmental organisations and the diplomatic service can expect to work 'overseas'. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers Diplomatic service is the body of Diplomats and Foreign policy officers maintained by the Government of a Country to communicate with the governments They are often referred to as 'expatriates', and their conditions of employment are typically equal to or better than those applying in the host country (for similar work). An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing

For some migrants, education is the primary pull factor (although most international students are not classified as immigrants, but may choose to do so if they refuse to return). Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency International students are Students usually in early adulthood who study in foreign Educational institutions While most universities have official Retirement migration from rich countries to lower-cost countries with better climate, is a new type of international migration. Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Examples include immigration of retired British citizens to Spain or Italy and of retired Canadian citizens to the U.S. (mainly to the state of Florida). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Some, although relatively few, immigrants justify their drive to be in a different country for cultural or health related reasons and very seldom, again in relative quantitative terms compared to the actual number of international migrants world-wide, choose to migrate as a form of self-expression towards the establishment or to satisfy their need to directly perceive other cultural environments because economics is almost always the primary motivator for constant, long-term, or permanent migration, but especially for that type of inter-regional or inter-continental migration; that holds true even for people from developed countries.

Non-economic push factors include persecution (religious and otherwise), frequent abuse, bullying, oppression, ethnic cleansing and even genocide, and risks to civilians during war. Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual/group by another group Abuse refers to the use or treatment of something (a person item substance concept or vocabulary that is harmful Bullying is the act of intentionally causing harm to others through verbal Harassment, physical Assault, or other more subtle methods of Coercion Oppression is the act of using power to empower and/or privilege a group at the expense of disempowering marginalizing silencing and subordinating another group Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Political motives traditionally motivate refugee flows - to escape dictatorship for instance. A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator.

Some migration is for personal reasons, based on a relationship (e. An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people g. to be with family or a partner), such as in family reunification or transnational marriage. Family reunification is a recognized reason for Immigration in many countries A transnational marriage is a Marriage between two people from different countries In a few cases, an individual may wish to emigrate to a new country in a form of transferred patriotism. Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country Evasion of criminal justice (e. Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring g. avoiding arrest) is a (mostly negative) personal motivation. An arrest is the act of depriving a person of his or her liberty usually in relation to the investigation and prevention of crime This type of emigration and immigration is not normally legal, if a crime is internationally recognized, although criminals may disguise their identities or find other loopholes to evade detection. There have been cases, for example, of those who might be guilty of war crimes disguising themselves as victims of war or conflict and then pursuing asylum in a different country.

Barriers to immigration come not only in legal form; natural barriers to immigration can also be very powerful. Immigrants when leaving their country also leave everything familiar: their family, friends, support network, and culture. They also need to liquidate their assets often at a large loss, and incur the expense of moving. When they arrive in a new country this is often with many uncertainties including finding work, where to live, new laws, new cultural norms, language or accent issues, possible racism and other exclusionary behaviour towards them and their family. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that These barriers act to limit international migration (scenarios where populations move en masse to other continents, creating huge population surges, and their associated strain on infrastructure and services, ignore these inherent limits on migration. )

Differing perspectives

Immigration is often highly politicized, and in some countries, a major political issue.

Supporting arguments

General arguments

The main arguments cited in support of immigration are economic arguments, such as a free labor market, and cultural arguments appealing to the value of cultural diversity. Cultural diversity encompasses the cultural differences that exist between people such as language dress and traditions and the way societies organize themselves their conception of Some groups also support immigration as a device to boost small population numbers, like in New Zealand and Canada, or, like in Europe, to reverse demographic aging trends. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles

Support for fully open borders is limited to a minority. Some free-market libertarians believe that a free global labour market with no restrictions on immigration would, in the long run, boost global prosperity. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Free migration or open immigration is the position that people should be able to migrate to whatever country they choose free of substantial barriers Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being There are also groups which oppose border controls on ideological grounds - believing that people from poor countries should be allowed to enter rich countries, to benefit from their higher standards of living. Others are advocates of world government and wish to eliminate or severely limit the power of nation-states. World government is the concept of a political body that would make interpret and enforce International law. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy This includes the nation-state's ability to grant and deny individuals entry across borders, which advocates of world government generally view as arbitrary and unfair distinctions made on what should be one planet earth, thus eliminating diversity and competition among states.

Economic arguments

Countries like New Zealand, which has experimented with both qualifications- and job-offer-based entry systems, have reported that under the latter system (where much weight is put on the immigrant already having a job offer), the immigrants actually show a much lower uptake of government benefits than the normal population. Under a mostly qualification-based system, many highly trained doctors and engineers had instead been reduced to driving taxis. However, the host nation often get more professionals without losing the cost of training or educating these professionals. According to the Global Health Workforce Alliance, one in four doctors trained in sub-Saharan Africa works in a developing country. A usual example of this case is the fact that there are more Ethiopian doctors on the east coast of America than there are in Ethiopia. ^[38]

Opposing arguments

The main anti-immigration themes include costs of migrants (potential free-riding on existing welfare systems), labor competition; environmental issues (the impact of population growth); national security (concerns of insular immigrant groups & terrorism against the host country) and growing crime^[39]; lack of coordination & cooperation among citizens (differences of language, conventions, culture); and the loss of national identity and culture (including the nature of the nation-state itself). For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy

Health arguments

Immigration from areas of high incidence is thought to have fueled the resurgence of tuberculosis (TB), chagas, hepatitis, and leprosy in areas of low incidence. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Chagas disease (doença de Chagas enfermedad de Chagas mal de Chagas in both languages also called American trypanosomiasis) is a tropical Parasitic Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to the Liver characterized by the presence of Inflammatory cells in the tissue of Leprosy (from the Greek lepi (λέπι meaning scales on a fish or Hansen's disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium To reduce the risk of diseases in low-incidence areas, the main countermeasure has been the screening of immigrants on arrival. An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic ^[40] According to CDC, TB cases among foreign-born individuals remain disproportionately high, at nearly nine times the rate of U. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in unincorporated S. -born persons. In 2003, nearly 26 percent of foreign-born TB patients in the United States were from Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Another third of the foreign-born cases were among those from the Philippines, Vietnam, India and China, the CDC report said. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ^[41][42][43]

The history of HIV/AIDS in the United States began in about 1969, when HIV likely entered the United States through a single infected immigrant from Haiti. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: ^[44][45]

Economic arguments

Economic needs-driven immigration is opposed by labor-market protectionists, often arguing from economic nationalism. For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party Economic nationalism is a term used to describe policies which are guided by the idea of protecting domestic consumption labor and capital formation even if this requires the imposition The core of their arguments is that a nation's jobs are the 'property' of that nation, and that allowing foreigners to take them is equivalent to a loss of that property. They may also criticise immigration of this type as a form of corporate welfare, where business is indirectly subsidised by government expenditure to promote the immigration and the assimilation of the immigrants. Corporate welfare is a term describing a government's bestowal of money grants tax breaks, or other special favorable treatment on Corporations or select corporations ^[46] A more common criticism is that the immigrant employees are almost always paid less than a non-immigrant worker in the same job, and that the migration depresses wages, especially as migrants are usually not unionised. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Other groups feel that the focus should be not on migration control, but on equal rights for the migrants, to avoid their exploitation.

Concerns regarding the cost of immigration, such as the provision of schools for the additional population, are prominent in the United States and Canada. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page See Economic impact of immigration to Canada. The economic impact of immigration is an important topic in Canada. Although much current research has pointed to the fact that the U. S. and Canada are actually dependent on migrant labor, see The Center for U.S. - Mexico Immigration Analysis. Center for US - Mexico Immigration Analysis The Center for US

Scholars have come to various opinions about the economic effects of immigration. Those who find that immigrants produce a negative effect on the US economy often focus on the difference between taxes paid and government services received and wage-lowering effects among low-skilled native workers. ^[47][48] The economic impact of immigration differs by immigration category. For example, according to Statistics Canada, there are significant differences in the labour force participation rates. Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help 2001 labour statistics by immigration category:^[49]

Labour force rates	Family	Skilled worker principal applicants	Skilled worker dependants	Other economic	Refugees	All immigrants
Participation rate	59%	91%	63%	48%	44%	70%
Employment rate	39%	60%	36%	29%	21%	44%
Unemployment rate	34%	34%	43%	40%	51%	37%
Rank of total number of immigrants in 2005[50]	2nd	3rd	1st	5th	4th

Data source: Statistics Canada, 2001, Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada.

For clarity: Employment Rate = Participation Rate * (1 - Unemployment Rate)

In 2001, the overall unemployment rate of immigrants was 37%. Combined with the overall participation rate of 70%, this means that only 44% of landed immigrants aged 15 years and higher were working in 2001 (i. e. , a majority of 56% were not working). The 44% employment rate was significantly lower than the average 2001 employment rate in Canada of 61%. ^[51] Immigrant unemployment levels do not reduce to the Canadian average during at least the first 10 years of residing in Canada. ^[52]

Employment statistics also bring into question whether skilled worker immigrants, with a 34% unemployment rate,^[49] are successfully meeting existing labour market needs in Canada, and Statistics Canada explains that although progress was made in reducing poverty with pre-1990 residents of Canada (as measured by the low-income rate), this progress was more than offset by the income profile of new immigrants, resulting in a net widening of the income inequality gap in Canada during the 1990s. Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help Economic inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of Economic Assets and Income. ^[53] And a more recent 2007 Statistics Canada study shows that the income profile of recent immigrants deteriorated by yet another significant amount from 2000 to 2004. ^[54] Another Statistics Canada study also shows that immigration reduces overall wage levels in Canada. ^[55]

Security arguments

In the United States, concerned parties argue that an influx of immigrants, especially less educated immigrants, is responsible for an increase in theft and violent crime in the areas they migrate to. This concern is prevalent in many strata of society, from the common man (a 2000 survey of Americans found 73 percent felt immigrants were dangerous because they brought crime^[56]) to the highest levels of the US Government (as clearly stated in a speech by George W. Bush on May 15, 2006^[57]). George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. As Professor Ruben Rumbaut and Walter Ewing have noted, this impression is reinforced and magnified by television shows and movies such as The Godfather, The Sopranos, Scarface, Rush Hour and West Side Story that strongly correlate ethnic immigrant groups with organized crime. ^[58]

Statistics, however, do not consistently support this argument. While one 2005 report stated that 21% of all crimes are committed by illegal immigrants, other reports released in 2008 showed that immigrants were anywhere from three to five times less likely to commit crimes than native-born American residents. ^[59]

Some groups argue that immigration debate increases one type of crime: violent crimes by United States-born citizens against immigrants. According to a report by the Southern Poverty Law Center, as debate on the issue of immigration increased and language became more incendiary from 2003 to 2006, hate crimes against Latinos rose by 35%^[60] The anti-immigration group Federation for American Immigration Reform has argued that these statistics are flawed, stating that violence by non-Latino gangs against the Latino organized criminal element are being mistaken for racial violence. The Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC) is an American Non-profit legal organization internationally known for its tolerance education programs its legal The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR is a non-partisan non-profit 501(c(3 educational organization in the United States that advocates changes ^[61]

Nationalistic arguments

Non-economic opposition to immigration is closely associated with nationalism, in Europe a 'nationalist party' is almost a synonym for 'anti-immigration party'. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" Although traditionally, economic arguments dominated the United States immigration debate, it has become more polarized in recent years, as evidenced by demands to deploy the military to the US borders. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Militarization, or militarisation, is the process by which a Society organizes itself for Military conflict and Violence. The emergence of private border militias in the United States has attracted much media attention. The Minuteman Project is an activist organization started in April 2005 by a group of private individuals in the United States to monitor the United Nevertheless, the southern border of the European Union in the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla has Spanish military and paramilitary Guardia Civil patrols while the US-Mexico is still patrolled by civilian police forces. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which Melilla is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African coast

Like their Korean neighbors, Japanese tend to equate nationality or citizenship with membership in a single, homogeneous ethnic group or race. The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets ^[62] A shared language and culture also are viewed as important elements in Japanese identity. The idea of multiracial or multiethnic nations, like Australia, Brazil, Canada, Netherlands, or the United States, strikes many Japanese as odd or even contradictory. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Both Japan and South Korea are among the world's most ethnically homogeneous nations. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː ^[63] Those who were identified as different might be considered "polluted" —- the category applied historically to the outcasts of Japan, particularly the hisabetsu buraku, "discriminated communities," often called burakumin, a term some find offensive —- and thus not suitable as marriage partners or employees. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. Burakumin (ja {{linktext 部 落 民}} buraku, tribe + min, people is a term often used to describe a Japanese social Minority group. ^[64] Men or women of mixed ancestry, those with family histories of certain diseases, and foreigners, and members of minority groups faced discrimination in a variety of forms. The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. As of June 2008 Japan 's Population is around 1277 million making it the world's tenth most populated country Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is In 2005, a United Nations report expressed concerns about racism in Japan and that government recognition of the depth of the problem was not total. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security ^[65][66] The author of the report, Doudou Diène (Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights), concluded after a nine-day investigation that racial discrimination and xenophobia in Japan primarily affects three groups: national minorities, Latin American immigrants of Japanese descent, mainly Japanese Brazilians, and foreigners from "poor" countries. Doudou Diène (born 1941 of Senegal was United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism racial discrimination xenophobia and related intolerance Special Rapporteur is a title given to individuals working on behalf of the United Nations who bear a specific mandate from the UN Human Rights Council (or the former The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR) was a functional commission within the overall framework of the United Nations. In 2005 a United Nations special rapporteur on racism and xenophobia expressed concerns about "deep and profound" racism in Japan and insufficient government recognition Dekasegi is a term used in Latin American cultures to refer to Ethnic Japanese people who have migrated to Japan, having taken advantage of Japanese citizenship and A Japanese Brazilian' (日系ブラジル人 in Kanji and Kana Japanese writing nikkei burajiru-jin in Rōmaji Japanese ^[67]

The primary argument of some nationalist opponents in Europe and Asia is that immigrants simply do not belong in a nation-state which is by definition intended for another ethnic group. France, therefore, is for the French, Germany is for the Germans, Japan is for the Japanese, and so on. Immigration is seen as altering the ethnic and cultural composition of the national population, and consequently the national character. From a nationalist perspective, high-volume immigration potentially distorts or dilutes their national culture more than is desired or even necessary. Germany, for example, was indeed intended as a state for Germans: the state's policy of mass immigration was not foreseen by the 19th-century nationalist movements. Immigration has forced Germany and other western European states to re-examine their national identity: part of the population is not prepared to redefine it to include immigrants. It is this type of opposition to immigration which generated support for anti-immigration parties such as Vlaams Belang in Belgium, the British National Party in Britain, the Lega Nord in Italy, the Front National in France, and the Lijst Pim Fortuyn in the Netherlands. Vlaams Belang ( English: Flemish Interest) is an anti-immigration right-wing Political party in the Flemish Community of Belgium The British National Party (BNP is a Far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. Lega Nord (Northern League LN whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania (Northern League for Independence of Padania) is an Italian Pim Fortuyn List ( Lijst Pim Fortuyn, LPF is a defunct Political party in the Netherlands.

One of the responses of nation-states to mass immigration is to promote the cultural assimilation of immigrants into the national community, and their integration into the political, social, and economic structures. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. In the United States, cultural assimilation is traditionally seen as a process taking place among minorities themselves, the 'melting pot'. The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are In Europe, where nation-states have a tradition of national unification by cultural and linguistic policies, variants of these policies have been proposed to accelerate the assimilation of immigrants. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy The introduction of citizenship tests for immigrants is the most visible form of state-promoted assimilation. The test usually include some form of language exam, and some countries have reintroduced forms of language prohibition. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol

Environmentalist arguments

Environmentalist opposition to immigration is prominent in Canada, which has the largest absolute numbers of immigrants. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Responses to immigration are a controversial topic among environmental activists, especially within the Sierra Club. Mission statement To explore enjoy and protect the wild places of the earth To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources To educate and Some oppose the immigration-driven population growth in the United States as unsustainable, and advocate immigration reduction. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely Other environmentalists see overpopulation and environmental degradation as global problems, that should be addressed by other methods. Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat. Most European countries do not have the high population growth of the United States, and some experience population decline. Population decline is the reduction over time in a region's Census. In such circumstances, the effect of immigration is to reduce decline, or delay its onset, rather than substantially increase the population. The Republic of Ireland is one of the only EU countries comparable to the United States in this respect, since large-scale immigration contributed to substantial population growth. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. ^[68] Spain has also witnessed a recent boost in population due to high immigration. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[69]

Some members of the Australian environmental movement, notably the organisation Sustainable Population Australia, believe that as the driest inhabited continent, Australia cannot continue to sustain its current rate of population growth without becoming overpopulated. The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green movements is a diverse scientific social and Political movement for Sustainable Population Australia (SPA (formerly Australians for an Ecologically Sustainable Population is an Australian special For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Immigration to Australian continent is estimated to have begun around 50000 years ago when the ancestors of Australian Aborigines arrived on the continent via the islands of ^[70] The UK-based Optimum Population Trust supports the view that Australia is overpopulated, and believes that to maintain the current standard of living in Australia, the optimum population is 10 million (rather than the present 20. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Optimum Population Trust is a registered United Kingdom charity think tank and campaign group concerned with the impact of Population growth on the Natural The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population 86 million), or 21 million with a reduced standard of living. ^[71]

The USA constitutes approximately 5% of the world's population, but creates about 27% of the world's economy. The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time ^[72] In so doing, it consumes about 25% of world's resources,^[73] including approximately 26% of the world's energy,^[74] although having only around 3% of the world's known oil reserves,^[75] and generate approximately 30% of world's waste. Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form About 40% of the energy consumed by the United States comes from oil WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features ^[76][77] The average American's impact on the environment is approximately 250 times greater than the average Sub-Saharan African's. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and The term African people can refer to people who live in Africa, or people who trace their ancestry to Indigenous inhabitants of Africa. ^[78][79] In other words, with current consumption patterns, population growth in the United States is more of a threat to the Earth's environment than population growth in any other part of the world (currently, at least 1. Population growth is the change in Population over time and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population using "per unit time" for The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 8 million legal and illegal immigrants settle in the United States each year; with the average Hispanic woman giving birth to 3 children in her lifetime). Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Hispanic or Latino descent, which comprises ancestry or origins in Hispanic America The total fertility rate ( TFR, sometimes also called the fertility rate, period total fertility rate (PTFR or total ^[80][81]

California's population continues to grow by more than a half million a year and is expected to reach 48 million in 2030. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. According to the California Department of Water Resources, if more supplies aren't found by 2020, residents will face a water shortfall nearly as great as the amount consumed today. The California Department of Water Resources, also known as the DWR, is a department within the California Resources Agency. Water Crisis is a term that refers to the status of the world’s Water resources relative to human demand ^[82] Los Angeles is a coastal desert able to support at most 1 million people on its own water; the Los Angeles basin now is the core of a megacity that spans 220 miles (350 km) from Santa Barbara to the Mexican border. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West A megacity is generally defined as a Metropolitan area with a total Population in excess of 10 million people Santa Barbara is a city in Santa Barbara County California, United States. Mexico shares international borders with three nations To the north the United States–Mexico border, which extends for a length of 3141 km through The region's population is expected to reach 22 million by 2020, and 28 million in 2035. The population of California continues to grow by more than a half million a year and is expected to reach 48 million in 2030. Water shortage issues are likely to arise well before then. ^[83] California is considering using energy-expensive desalination to solve this problem. Desalination, desalinization, or desalinisation refers to any of several processes that remove excess salt and other Minerals from Water ^[84]

U.S. Census Bureau figures show that the U.S. population grew by 2. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census The United States is an urbanized nation with 808 percent of its population of 305186613 residing in cities and suburbs as of mid-year 2005 8 million between July 1, 2004, and July 1, 2005. If current birth and immigration rates were to remain unchanged for another 60 to 70 years, the US population would double to approximately 600 million people. This page consists of two tables Table 1 is sourced from the CIA World Factbook''' ^[85] The Census Bureau's latest estimates actually go so far as to predict that there will be 1 billion Americans in 2100. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[86]

Dale Allen Pfeiffer claims that to achieve a sustainable economy and avert disaster, the United States must reduce its population by at least one-third, and world population will have to be reduced by two-thirds. Dale Allen Pfeiffer is a geologist from Michigan, US who has recently been investigating and writing about Hubbert Peak theory and the specter Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely A disaster is the impact of a natural or human-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time ^[87] The current U.S. population of more than 300 million and world population exceeding 6. The United States is an urbanized nation with 808 percent of its population of 305186613 residing in cities and suburbs as of mid-year 2005 6 billion is, according to Pfeiffer, unsustainable. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely Fast-shrinking supplies of oil and gas are essential to modern agriculture,^[88] so coming decades could see spiraling food prices without relief and massive starvation on a global level such as never experienced before by the humans. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Starvation (also called inanition) is a severe reduction in Vitamin, Nutrient, and Energy intake and is the most extreme form of Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus ^[89][90]

As political issue

The political debate about immigration is now a feature of most developed countries.

Some, such as Japan, traditionally found alternate ways of filling the role normally filled by immigrants (for example, greater automation to compensate for labor shortages), and designed immigration laws specifically to prevent immigrants from remaining within the country. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Automation ( Ancient Greek: = self dictated) roboticization or industrial automation or Numerical control is the use of Control systems However, globalization, as well as low birth rates and an aging work force, has forced even Japan to reconsider its immigration policy. ^[91]

Residents of one member nation of the European Union are allowed to work in other member nations with little to no restriction on movement. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in ^[92] Due to this policy, traditionally homogenous countries which usually sent a significant portion of their population overseas, such as Italy and the Republic of Ireland are seeing an influx of immigrants from EU countries with lower per capita annual earning rates, triggering nationwide immigration debates. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. ^[93][94]

Spain, meanwhile, is seeing growing illegal immigration from Africa. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. As Spain is the closest EU member nation to Africa, it is physically easiest for African emigrants to reach. This has led to debate both within Spain and between Spain and other EU members. Spain has asked for border control assistance from other EU nations; those nations have responded that Spain has brought the wave of African illegals on itself by granting amnesty to hundreds of thousands of immigrants. ^[95]

The United Kingdom and Germany have seen major immigration since the end of World War II and have been debating the issue for decades. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Foreign workers were brought in to those countries to help rebuild after the war, and many stayed. Political debates about immigration typically focus on statistics, the immigration law and policy, and the implementation of existing restrictions. ^[96][97] In some European countries the debate in the 1990's was focused on asylum seekers, but restrictive policies within the European Union, as well as a reduction in armed conflict in Europe and neighboring regions, have sharply reduced asylum seekers. ^[98]

In the United States political debate on immigration has flared repeatedly since the US became a nation, generally at times when an ethnically distinct group is moving in large numbers to the US. ^[99] Since Since September 11, 2001, it has become an extremely hot issue due to perceived security and economic threats from outsiders on one side and a push for more opportunity for legal immigration on the other. It is a central topic of the 2008 election cycle. ^[100]

The politics of immigration have become increasingly associated with others issues, such as national security, terrorism, and in western Europe especially, with the presence of Islam as a new major religion. National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Some components of conservative movements see an unassimilated, economically deprived, and generally hostile immigrant population as a threat to national stability^[101]; other elements of conservative movements welcome immigrant labor. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Those with security concerns cite the 2005 civil unrest in France that point to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy as an example of the value conflicts arising from immigration of Muslims in Western Europe. The 2005 civil unrest in France of October and November was a series of Riots and violent clashes involving mainly the burning Minimum estimates of Muslim populations in Western Europe (EU 27 plus Norway Iceland and Switzerland as a percentage of total country population Because of all these associations, immigration has become an emotional political issue in many European nations.

Ethics

Although freedom of movement is often recognized as a civil right, the freedom only applies to movement within national borders: it may be guaranteed by the constitution or by human rights legislation. Freedom of movement, mobility rights or the right to travel is a Human rights concept which is respected in the Constitutions of numerous A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Additionally, this freedom is often limited to citizens and excludes others. No state currently allows full freedom of movement across its borders, and international human rights treaties do not confer a general right to enter another state. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled According to Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, citizens may not be forbidden to leave their country. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais There is no similar provision regarding entry of non-citizens. Those who reject this distinction on ethical grounds, argue that the freedom of movement both within and between countries is a basic human right, and that the restrictive immigration policies, typical of nation-states, violate this human right of freedom of movement. Such arguments are common among anti-state ideologies like anarchism and libertarianism. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Note that a right to freedom of entry would not, in itself, guarantee immigrants a job, housing, health care, or citizenship.

Where immigration is permitted, it is typically selective. Ethnic selection, such as the White Australia policy, has generally disappeared, but priority is usually given to the educated, skilled, and wealthy. The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from Less privileged individuals, including the mass of poor people in low-income countries, cannot avail of these immigration opportunities. This inequality has also been criticised as conflicting with the principle of equal opportunities, which apply (at least in theory) within democratic nation-states. Equal opportunity is a term which has differing definitions and there is no consensus as to the precise meaning The fact that the door is closed for the unskilled, while at the same time many developed countries have a huge demand for unskilled labour, is a major factor in illegal immigration. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country The contradictory nature of this policy - which specifically disadvantages the unskilled immigrants while exploiting their labour - has also been criticised on ethical grounds.

Immigration polices which selectively grant freedom of movement to targeted individuals are intended to produce a net economic gain for the host country. They can also mean net loss for a poor donor country through the loss of the educated minority - the brain drain. A brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity This can exacerbate the global inequality in standards of living that provided the motivation for the individual to migrate in the first place. Global justice is an issue in Political philosophy arising from the concern that "we do not live in a just world The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population An example of the 'competition for skilled labour' is active recruitment of health workers by First World countries, from the Third World. The term " first world " refers to countries that are capitalist, which are technologically advanced and whose Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically

See also

• Immigration policy
• Nativism (politics)
• Aliyah, the Hebrew term for Jewish immigration to Israel
• Economic impact of immigration to Canada
• Illegal Immigration
• First Generation Immigrant
• Right of foreigners to vote
• The Center for U.S. - Mexico Immigration Analysis

References

Further reading

• Center for Immigration Studies Refer to "Publications" for free research on illegal immigration, demographic trends, terrorism concerns, environmental impact, and many other subjects.
• Peter C. Meilander (2001),Towards a Theory of Immigration, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0312240349
• Philippe Legrain Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them, ISBN 0316732486
• Joe Freeman (2007), Living and Working in the European Union for Non-EU Nationals, Lulu. com. ISBN 0-9786254-0-4.
• Isabel Valle. Fields of Toil: A Migrant Family's Journey, ISBN 978-0-87422-101-5
• Lorane A. West. Color: Latino Voices in the Pacific Northwest, ISBN 978-0-87422-274-6
• Massey, Douglas S. , Arango, Joaquín, Graeme, Hugo, Kouaouci, Ali, Pellegrino, Adela and Taylor, J. Edward (2005), Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-928276-5.
• Dowell Myers (2007), Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the Future of America, Russell Sage Foundation, ISBN 978-0-87154-636-4. Dowell Myers is a professor of urban planning and demography in the School of Policy Planning and Development at the University of Southern California (USC
• Aristide Zolberg, A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America, Harvard University Press 2006, ISBN 0674022181
• Philippe Legrain, Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them, Little Brown 2007, ISBN 0316732486
• Ruben Rumbaut and Walter Ewing, "The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men," The Immigration Policy Center (Spring 2007). Philippe Legrain is a British economist journalist and writer http://www.ailf.org/ipc/special_report/sr_feb07_resources.shtml
• The website for all immigrants in America - Everything about U. S. immigration: http://www.immigrationnewsman.com
• Harald Bauder (2006), Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Douglas S. Massey, Beyond the Border Buildup: Towards a New Approach to Mexico-U. S. Migration, Immigration Policy Center, the American Immigration Law Foundation [September 2005] http://www.ailf.org/ipc/policy_reports_2005_beyondborder.shtml
• Immigration Policy Center, Economic Growth & Immigration: Bridging the Demographic Divide, Immigration Policy Center, the American Immigration Law Foundation [November 2005] http://www.ailf.org/ipc/special_report/special_report2005_bridging.shtml
• Walter A. Ewing, Border Insecurity: U. S. Border-Enforcement Policies and National Security, Immigration Policy Center, the American Immigration Law Foundation [Spring 2006] http://www.ailf.org/ipc/border_insecurity_spring06.shtml
• Susan C. Pearce, Immigrant Women in the United States: A Demographic Portrait, Immigration Policy Center, the American Immigration Law Foundation [Summer 2006] http://www.ailf.org/ipc/im_women_summer06.shtml
• Ruben G. Rumbaut, and Walter A. Ewing, The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates Among Native and Foreign-Born Men, Immigration Policy Center, the American Immigration Law Foundation [Spring 2007] http://www.ailf.org/ipc/special_report/sr_feb07.shtml
• Jill Esbenshade, Division and Dislocation: Regulating Immigration through Local Housing Ordinances, Immigration Policy Center, the American Immigration Law Foundation [Summer 2007] http://www.ailf.org/ipc/special_report/sr_sept07.shtml
• Jeffrey S. Passel and Roberto Suro; Rise, Peak and Decline: Trends in U. S. Immigration; Pew Hispanic Center (Sep. 2005) http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=53
• Jeffrey S. Passel, Senior Research Associate; Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population; Pew Hispanic Center (March 2005) http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=44
• Jeffrey S. Passel; Growing Share of Immigrants Choosing Naturalization; Pew Hispanic Center (March 2007) http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=74

External links

• Center for Immigration Studies research organization aimed at immigration reduction
• Stalker's Guide to International Migration - Comprehensive interactive website on migration
• Casahistoria - European emigration since 1800 - links to 19th & 20th century global European emigration
• The Center for U. Immigration reduction refers to movements that advocate a reduction in the amount of Immigration allowed into their country S. - Mexico Immigration Analysis [4]
• Migration Information Source
• December 18 International advocacy and resource centre on the human rights of migrants.
• The History of Immigration, by Jorge Majfud
• Eurasylum Many relevant documents on immigration, asylum and refugee policy, and human trafficking/smuggling internationally
• International Organisation for Migration
• UNESCO Programme on International Migration and Multicultural Policies
• UN - International Migration and Development
• OECD Migration Data
• BBC News Factfile: Global migration
• The Foreigner and the Right to Justice in the Aftermath of September 11th François Crépeau, Canada Research Chair in International Migration Law University of Montreal
• Immigration Newspaper Archive A collection of more than 50,000 searchable newspaper articles on Immigration.
• Migration on the Diplomacy Monitor
• A world map with territory sizes adjusted to the number of immigrants living in those countries
• Observatorio de la Inmigración Marroquí en España - TEIM Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
• New Routes to Community Health. A program of the Robert Wood Johnson and Benton Foundations
• Empowerment & Migration : Events and materials on migration
• Golden Venture A documentary film on the Golden Venture incident of 1993, a crucial turning point in US immigration policy. Diplomacy Monitor is a free Internet -based tool to monitor Diplomacy documents ( Communiqués official statements interview transcripts etc

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