| Ilocano | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Philippines | |
| Region: | Northern Luzon | |
| Total speakers: | 7. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Luzon is the largest and most economically and politically important Island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country with Visayas 7 million, 2. 3 million 2nd language = 10 million total | |
| Ranking: | 70 | |
| Language family: | Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Borneo-Philippines Northern Luzon Ilocano |
|
| Writing system: | Latin (Filipino variant); Historically written in Baybayin |
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: | none | |
| Regulated by: | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language) |
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | ilo | |
| ISO 639-3: | ilo | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Filipino alphabet (officially Makabagong alpabetong Filipino; English: Modern Filipino alphabet) is made up of 28 letters which includes the entire Baybayin or Alibata (known in Unicode as the Tagalog script) is a pre- Spanish Philippine Writing system that originated This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino ( Commission on the Filipino Language in English, Komisyon sa Pinulongang Filipino in Cebuano, Pagpannakabagian ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
- To view the Ilokano edition of this Wikipedia article, select from the in other languages section, to the side of this page.
Ilokano (variants: Ilocano, Iluko, Iloco, and Iloko) is the third most-spoken language of the Republic of the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
An Austronesian language, it is related to such languages as Indonesian, Malay, Fijian, Maori (of New Zealand), Hawaiian, Malagasy (of Madagascar), Samoan, Tahitian, Chamorro (of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands), Tetum (of East Timor), and Paiwan (of Taiwan). Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Fijian is an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken in Fiji. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Hawaiian language (Hawaiian ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i) is an Austronesian language that takes its name from Hawai'i, the largest island in the tropical This article is about the Malagasy language For the Malagasy ethnic group see Malagasy people. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern The Sāmoan or Samoan language is the traditional language of Samoa and American Samoa and is an official language &mdash alongside English Tahitian, a Tahitic language, is one of the two official languages of French Polynesia (along with French) Chamorro ( Chamoru) is the native language of the Chamorro or Chamoru of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI is a commonwealth in Political union with the United Tetum (also Tetun) is an Austronesian language, a National language and one of the two Official languages of East Timor. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Paiwan is a native Language of Taiwan, spoken by the Paiwan people, one tribe of the Taiwanese aborigines. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia.
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History
Ilocanos are descendants of Austronesian-speaking people from southern China via Taiwan. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Families and clans arrived by viray or bilog, meaning "boat". The term Ilokano originates from i-, "from", and looc, "cove or bay", thus "people of the bay. " Ilokanos also refer to themselves as Samtoy, a contraction from the Ilokano phrase sao mi ditoy, "our language here".
Classification
Ilocano comprises its own branch in the Philippine Cordilleran family of languages. It is spoken as a native language by eight million people.
A lingua franca of the northern region, it is spoken as a secondary language by more than two million people who are native speakers of Pangasinan, Ibanag, Ivatan, and other languages in Northern Luzon. The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: idioma pangasinense, sometimes called Panggalatok belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian The Ibanag language (also Ybanag or Ibanak) is spoken by up to 500000 speakers (the Ibanag people) in the Philippines, in the northeastern The Ivatan language, also known as Ibatan or Chirin nu Ibatan (meaning "language or dialect of the Ivatan people" is an Austronesian language
Geographic distribution
Ilocanos occupy the narrow, barren strip of land in the northwestern tip of Luzon, squeezed in between the inhospitable Cordillera mountain range to the east and the South China Sea to the west. This harsh geography molded a people known for their clannishness, tenacious industry and frugality, traits that were vital for survival. It also induced Ilokanos to become a migratory people, always in search for better opportunities and for land to build a life on. Although their homeland constitutes the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Abra, their population has spread east and south of their original territorial borders. Ilocos Norte is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Ilocos Sur is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Abra is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon.
Ilocano pioneers flocked to the more fertile Cagayan Valley, Apayao mountains and the Pangasinan plains during the 18th and 19th centuries and now constitute a majority in many of these areas. Cagayan is a province of the Philippines in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Pangasinan is one of the provinces of the Republic of the Philippines. In the 20th century, many Ilokano families moved to Metro Manila and further south to Mindanao. Metropolitan Manila ( Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan) or the National Capital Region (NCR ( Filipino: Pambansang Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. They became the first Filipino ethnic group to immigrate en masse to North America (the so-called Manong generation), forming sizable communities in the American states of Hawaii, California, Washington and Alaska. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Ilokano is the native language of most of the original Filipino immigrants in the United States, but Tagalog is used by more Filipino-Americans because it is the basis for Filipino, the national language of the people of the Philippines.
A large, growing number of Ilokanos can also be found in the Middle East, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Canada and Europe. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Singapore Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
Writing system
Pre-Colonial
Pre-colonial Ilocanos of all classes wrote in a syllabic system prior to European arrival. They used a system that is termed as an abugida, or an alphasyllabary. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which It was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: idioma pangasinense, sometimes called Panggalatok belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian The Ilokano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark - a cross or virama - shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of the earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Virama is a generic term for the Diacritic character in many Brahmic scripts that is used to suppress an inherent Vowel sound that occurs with every consonant Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether the vowel was read or not.
Modern
In recent times, there have been two systems in use: The "Spanish" system and the "Tagalog" system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Nowadays, only the older generation of Ilocanos use the Spanish system.
The system based on that of Tagalog is more phonetic. Each letter receives one phonetic value, and better reflects the actual pronunciation of the word. [1] The letters ng, however, constitute a digraph and counts as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. A digraph, bigraph, or digram is a pair of characters used to write one Phoneme (distinct sound or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond As a result, numo humility appears before ngalngal to chew in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilokano phonology. The weekly magazine Bannawag is known to use this system. Bannawag ( Iloko word meaning "dawn" is the leading Iloko (also Ilokano and Iluko weekly Magazine published in the Philippines since
Samples of the Two Systems
The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using the Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system.
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Ilokano and Education
Literature
Ilocano animistic past offers a rich background in folklore, mythology and superstition (see Religion in the Philippines). There are a number of Religions that exist in the Philippines. There are many stories of good and malevolent spirits and beings. Its creation mythology centers on the giants Aran and her husband Angngalo, and Namarsua (the Creator).
The epic story Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang) is undoubtedly one of the few indigenous stories from the Philippines that survived colonialism, although much of it is now acculturated and shows many foreign elements in the retelling. It reflects values important to traditional Ilokano society; it is a hero’s journey steeped in courage, loyalty, pragmatism, honor, and ancestral and familial bonds.
Ilocano culture revolves around life rituals, festivities and oral history. These were celebrated in songs (kankanta), dances (sala), poems (daniw), riddles (murmurtia), proverbs (pagsasao), literary verbal jousts called bucanegan (named after the writer Pedro Bucaneg, and is the equivalent of the Balagtasan of the Tagalogs) and epic stories. The Tagalog people ( Tgl: Tagalog) is the second largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group.
Phonology
Segmental
Vowels
Modern Ilocano has two dialects, which are differentiated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) Dialect, there exist only five vowels while the Abagatan (Southern) Dialect employs six.
- Amianan: /a/, /i/, /u/,/ɛ/,/o/
- Abagatan: /a/, /i/, /u/,/ɛ/,/o/,/ɯ/
The letter in bold is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel.
| Height | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | e /ɯ/, u/o /u/ | |
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | o /o/ | |
| Open | a /a/ |
For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the IPA Vowel Chart. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic
Unstressed /a/ is pronounced [ɐ] in all positions except final syllables, like madí [mɐˈdi] (cannot be) but ngiwat (mouth) is pronounced [ˈŋiwat].
Although the modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions.
O/U and I/E
In native morphemes, the close back rounded vowel /u/ is written differently depending on the syllable. In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. The close back rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents If the vowel occurs in the ultima of the morpheme, it is written o; elsewhere, u.
Example:
Root: luto cook
agluto to cook
lutuen to cook (something)
Instances such as masapulmonto, You will manage to find it, to need it, are still consistent. Note that masapulmonto is, in fact, three morphemes: masapul (verb base), -mo (pronoun) and -(n)to (future particle). An exception to this rule, however, is laud /la. ʔud/ (west). Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like [dɐ. ˈnom] for danum (water).
That said, the two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words, due to fact that /o/ was an allophone of /u/ in the history of the language. In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU
Example:
uso use
oso bear
Unlike u and o, i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be [ɛ], like ubíng [ʊ. ˈbɛŋ] (child).
The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels The close back rounded vowel /u/ becomes [w] before another vowel; and the close front unrounded vowel /i/, [j]. The close back rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The close front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents
Example:
kuarta /kwaɾ. ta/ money
paria /paɾ. ja/ bitter melon
In addition, dental/alveolar consonants become palatalized before /i/. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process (See Consonants below).
Unstressed /i/ and /u/ are pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] except in final syllables, like pintás (beauty) [pɪn. ˈtas] and buténg (fear) [bʊ. ˈtɛŋ] but bangir (other side) and parabur (grace) are pronounced [ˈba. ŋiɾ] and [pɐ. ˈɾa. buɾ].
Northern and Southern Pronunciation of /e/
The letter e represent two vowels in the Southern dialect, /ɛ/ in words of foreign origin and /ɯ/ in native words, and only one in the Northern dialect, /ɛ/.
| Word | Gloss | Origin | Northern Dialect | Southern Dialect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| keddeng | assign | Native | kɛd. dɛŋ | kɯd. dɯŋ |
| elepante | elephant | Spanish | ʔɛ. lɛ. pan. tɛ | ʔɛ. lɛ. pan. tɛ |
Diphthongs
Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels (underlying /i/ or /u/) are written with their corresponding glide, y or w, respectively. Of all the possible combinations, only /ai/ or /ei/, /iu/, /ai/ and /ui/ occur. In the orthography, vowels in sequence such as uo and ai, do not coelesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, buok hair /bʊ. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language ʔuk/ and dait sew /da. ʔit/.
| Diphthong | Orthography | Example |
|---|---|---|
| /au/ | aw | kabaw "senile" |
| /iu/ | iw | iliw "home sick" |
| /ai/ | ay | maysa "one" |
| /ei/[2] | ey | idiey "there" (Regional variant. Standard: "idiay") |
| /oi/, /ui/[3] | oy, uy | baboy "pig" |
The diphthong [ei] is a variant of [ai] in native words. Other occurrences are in words of Spanish and English origin. Examples are reyna [ˈɾei. na] (from Spanish reina, queen) and treyner [ˈtɾei. nɛɾ] (trainer).
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental / Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
| Stops | Voiceless | p | t | k | (#[4]Ø[5]V/ØVØ/C-V)[ʔ][6] | |
| Voiced | b | d | g | |||
| Affricates | Voiceless | (ts, tiV) [tʃ][7] | ||||
| Voiced | (diV) [dʒ][7] | |||||
| Fricatives | s | (siV) [ʃ][7] | h | |||
| Nasals | m | n | (niV) [nj][7] | ng [ŋ] | ||
| Laterals | l | (liV) [lj][7] | ||||
| Flaps | r [ɾ] | |||||
| Trills | rr [r] | |||||
| Semivowels | (w, CuV) w[7] | (y, CiV) [j][7] | ||||
All consonantal phonemes may be the syllable onset or coda. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels Coda ( Italian for "tail" from the Latin cauda, see below is a term used in Music in a number of different senses primarily to designate Exceptions are /h/ and /ʔ/. The phoneme /h/ is loaned and rarely occurs in coda position. Although, the Spanish word, reloj, clock, would come into Ilokano as */re. loh/, the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re. lo/. However, this word may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced /re. loʒ/, with the j pronounced as in French, resulting in /re. See also French language This article mainly discusses the phonological system of standard French based on the Parisian dialect los/ in Ilokano. Both, /re. lo/ and /re. los/ occur.
The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an oset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Take for example the root aramat, use. When prefixed with ag-, the expected form is *ag-aramat /ʔɐg. ʔɐ. ra. mat/. But, the actual form is, in fact, agaramat /ʔɐ. gɐ. ra. mat/; the glottal stop disappears. In a reduplicated form, the glottal stop returns and participates in the template, CVC, agar-aramat /ʔɐ. gar. ʔɐ. ra. mat/.
Stops are pronounced without aspiration. When they occur as coda, they are not released, for example, sungbat [sʊŋ. bat̚] answer, response.
Ilokano is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophony, as /r/ in many cases is derived from a Proto-Austonesian */G/, compare dugo (Tagalog) and dara (Ilokano) blood.
The language has a trill [r] which was spelled as “rr”, for example, serrek [sɛ. ˈrɛk] to enter. But it is different in proper names of foreign origin, mostly Spanish, like Serrano, which is correctly pronounced as [sɛ. ˈrano]. Some speakers, however, pronounce Serrano as [sɛ. ˈɾano].
Grammar
Ilokano employs a predicate-initial structure. Ilokano Grammar, akin to many of the Philippine languages, is very different in many respects from European languages such as English. Verbs and adjectives occur in the first position of the sentence, then the rest of the sentence follows.
Ilokano uses a highly complex list of affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes and enclitics) and reduplications to indicate a wide array of grammatical categories. Reduplication, in Linguistics, is a morphological Process by which the root or stem of a Word, or part of it is repeated Learning simple root words and corresponding affixes goes a long way in forming cohesive sentences.
Lexicon
Borrowings
Ilokano's vocabulary has a closer affinity to languages from Borneo. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Foreign accretion comes largely from Spanish, followed by English and smatterings of Hokkien (Min Nan), Arabic and Sanskrit. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical
| Word | Source | Original Meaning | Ilokano meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| arak | Arabic | drink similar to sake | generic alcoholic drink |
| karma | Sanskrit | deed (see Buddhism) | spirit |
| sanglay | Hokkien | to deliver goods | to deliver/Chinese merchant |
| agbuldos | English | to bulldoze | to bulldoze |
| kuarta | Spanish | cuarta ("quarter", a kind of copper coin) | money |
| kumusta | Spanish | greeting: ¿Cómo está? ("How are you?") | how are you |
Common expressions
| English | Ilokano |
|---|---|
| Yes | Wen |
| No | Saan or Haan |
| How are you? | Kumusta ka? |
| Good day | Naimbag nga aldaw |
| Good morning | Naimbag a bigat |
| Good afternoon | Naimbag a malem |
| Good evening | Naimbag a rabii |
| What is your name? | Ania ti naganmo? (often contracted to Aniat' naganmo?) |
| Where's the bathroom? | Ayanna ti banio? |
| I cannot understand | Diak matarusan |
| I love you | Ay-ayatenka or Ipatpategka |
| Sorry | Pakawan or Dispensar |
| Goodbye | Agpakadaakon or Kastan/Kasta pay (Till then) or Sige (Okay) or Innakon (I'm going) |
Numbers (Bilang), Days (Aldaw), Months (Bulan)
Numbers (Bilang)
Ilokano uses two number systems, one native and the other derived from Spanish. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices
| 0 | ibbong awan (lit. none) sero (English zero) itlog (slang egg) |
sero |
| 0. 25 (1/4) | kakappat | |
| 0. 50 (1/2) | kagudua | |
| 1 | maysa | uno |
| 2 | dua | dos |
| 3 | tallo | tres |
| 4 | uppat | kuatro |
| 5 | lima | singko |
| 6 | innem | sais |
| 7 | pito | siete |
| 8 | walo | otso |
| 9 | siam | nuebe |
| 10 | sangapulo (lit. a group of ten) | dies |
| 11 | sangapulo ket maysa | onse |
| 20 | duapulo | bainte |
| 50 | limapulo | singkuenta |
| 100 | sangagasut (lit. a group of one hundred) | sien, siento |
| 1,000 | sangaribo (lit. a group of one thousand) | mil |
| 10,000 | sangalaksa (lit. a group of ten thousand) | dies mil |
| 1,000,000 | sangariwriw (lit. a group of one million) | milion |
| 1,000,000,000 | sangabilion (American English, billion) | bilion |
Days of the week ()
Days of the week are directly borrow from Spanish.
| Monday | Lunes |
| Tuesday | Martes |
| Wednesday | Mierkoles |
| Thursday | Huebes |
| Friday | Biernes |
| Saturday | Sabado |
| Sunday | Domingo |
Months (Bulan)
Like the days of the week, the names of the months are taken from Spanish.
| January | Enero | July | Hulio | |
| February | Pebrero | August | Agosto | |
| March | Marso | September | Septiembre | |
| April | Abril | October | Oktubre | |
| May | Mayo | November | Nobiembre | |
| June | Hunio | December | Disiembre |
Units of time
The names of the units of time are either native or are derived from Spanish.
| second | kanito segundo |
| minute | minuto daras |
| day | aldaw |
| week | lawas dominggo (lit. Sunday) |
| month | bulan |
| year | tawen anio |
To mention time, Ilokanos use a mixture of Spanish and Ilokano:
- 1:00 a. m. A la una iti bigat (One in the morning)
- 2:30 p. m. A las dos imedia iti malem (in Spanish, Son las dos y media de la tarde or "half past two in the afternoon")
Ilokano uses a mixture of Ilokano and Spanish numbers. Traditionally Ilokano numbers are used for quantities and Spanish numbers for time or days and references. Examples:
Spanish: Mano ti tawenmo? Beintiuno. How old are you? Twenty one.
Luktanyo dagiti Bibliayo iti libro ni Juan kapitulo tres bersikolo diesiseis. Open your Bibles to the book of John chapter three verse sixteen.
Ilokano: Mano a kilo a bagas ti kayatmo? Sangapulo laeng. How many kilos of rice do you want? Ten only.
Adda dua nga ikan kenkuana. He has two fish. (lit. There are two fish with him. )
More Ilokano words
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See also
Notes
- ^ The reverse is true for the vowel /u/ where it has two representations in native words. In Philippines there are over 170 languages almost all of them belong to the Austronesian language family. Ilokano Grammar, akin to many of the Philippine languages, is very different in many respects from European languages such as English. The Ilocano or Ilokano people are the third largest Filipino Ethnolinguistic group The vowel /u/ is written o when it appears in the last syllable of the word or of the root, for example kitaemonto /ki. ta. e. mun. tu/. In addition, e represents two vowels in the southern dialect: [ɛ] and [ɯ].
- ^ The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/.
- ^ The distinction between /o/ and /u/ is minimal.
- ^ The '#' represents the start of the word boundary
- ^ the symbol 'Ø' represents zero or an absence of letter or symbol.
- ^ Iloko words begin with a consonant onset. Words that begin with a vowel actually begin with a glottal stop, but not shown in the orthography. When the glottal stop occurs within a word there are two ways it is represented. When two vowels are juxtaposed, except certain vowel combinations beginning with /i/ or /u/ which in fact imply a glide /j/ or /w/, the glottal stop is implied. Examples: buok hair [bu:. ʔok], dait sew [da:. ʔit], but not ruar outside [rwar]. However, if the previous syllable is closed (ends in a consonant) and the following syllable begins with a glottal stop, a hyphen is used to represent it, for example lab-ay bland [lab. ʔaj].
- ^ a b c d e f g Letters in parentheses are orthographic conventions that are used.
External links
- Ethnologue entry for Ilokano
- Bansa.org Ilokano Dictionary
- Ilocano.org A project for building an online Ilokano dictionary. Also features Ilokano songs, and a community forum.
- Ilocano: Ti pagsasao ti amianan - Webpage by linguist Dr. Carl R. Galvez Rubino, author of dictionaries on Iloko and Tagalog. Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines.
- Iluko.com popular Ilokano web portal featuring Ilokano songs, Iloko fiction and poetry, Ilokano riddles, and a lively Ilokano forum (Dap-ayan).
- mannurat.com blog of an Ilokano fictionist and poet written in Iloko and featuring original and Iloko fiction and poetry, literary analysis and criticism focused on Ilokano Literature, and literary news about Iloko writing and writers and organization like the GUMIL (Gunglo dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano). GUMIL Filipinas ( Gunglo dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano iti Filipinas) or Ilokano Writers Association of the Philippines, is one of the most active group of
- samtoy.blogspot.com Yloco Blog maintained by Ilokano writers Raymundo Pascua Addun and Joel Manuel
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
- dadapilan.com - an Iloko literature portal featuring Iloko works by Ilokano writers and forum for Iloko literary study, criticism and online workshop.
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