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Illyrian
Spoken in: Once Illyria 
Region: Western Balkans
Language extinction: by 6th century AD
Language family: Indo-European
 Illyrian
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: xil
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Illyria ( Albanian Iliria ( Ancient Greek; Latin Illyria; see also Illyricum) was in Classical antiquity a region in the According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's
Illyrian tribes in antiquity
Illyrian tribes in antiquity

The Illyrian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans [1] in former times by ethnic groups identified as Illyrians: Delmatae, Pannoni, Illyrians, Autariates, Taulanti (see List of Illyrian tribes). According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly The Dalmatae (or Greek language Delmatoi - Δελματοί) were an ancient people who inhabited the core of what would then become known as Dalmatia after Illyrian tribes or possibly or partly Illyrian tribes or tribes inhabiting lands known as Illyria. The Autariatae (Αὐταριάται in Greek) or Autariates were an Illyrian tribe that became prominent between the 6th and 4th centuries BC Illyrian tribes or possibly or partly Illyrian tribes or tribes inhabiting lands known as Illyria. Illyrian tribes or possibly or partly Illyrian tribes or tribes inhabiting lands known as Illyria. Some sound-changes and other language features are deduced from what remains of the Illyrian languages, but because there are no[2] examples of ancient Illyrian literature surviving (aside from the Messapian writings if they can be considered Illyrian), it is difficult to clarify its place within the Indo-European language family. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Messapian (also known as Messapic) is an extinct Indo-European language of South-eastern Italy, once spoken in the region of Apulia. Because of the uncertainty[3], most sources provisionally place Illyrian on its own branch of Indo-European, though its relation to other languages, ancient and modern, continues to be studied.

Contents

Language affinity

Further than belonging to the Indo-European language family, the relation of Illyrian to other ancient and modern languages is still being examined by scholars. Today, the main source of authoritative information about the Illyrian language consists of a handful of Illyrian words cited in classical sources, and numerous examples of Illyrian anthroponyms, ethnonyms, toponyms and hydronyms. A personal name is the Proper name identifying an individual Person. An ethnonym ( Gk έθνος ethnos, 'tribe' + όνομα onoma, 'name' is the name applied to a given Ethnic group. Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. A hydronym (from Greek hudor, "water" and onuma, "name" is a proper name of a body of water A grouping of Illyrian with the Messapian language has been proposed for about a century, but remains an unproven hypothesis. Messapian (also known as Messapic) is an extinct Indo-European language of South-eastern Italy, once spoken in the region of Apulia. The theory is based on classical sources, archaeology, as well as onomastic considerations. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Onomastics or onomatology is the study of proper Names of all kinds and the origins of names Messapian material culture bears a number of similarities to Illyrian material culture. Some Messapian anthroponyms have close Illyrian equivalents. The Illyrian languages are considered to be Centum dialects[4].

A relation to the Venetic language and Liburnian language, once spoken in northeastern Italy and Liburnia respectively, was also proposed, but this theory has been dropped now and those tribes are not considered Illyrian anymore[5][6] . Venetic is an extinct Indo-European language that was spoken in ancient times in the North- Italian Veneto and modern Slovenia, between The Liburnian language is an extinct language which was spoken by the ancient Liburnians, who occupied Liburnia in classical times Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Liburnia in ancient geography was the land of the Liburnians, a region along the northeastern Adriatic coast in Europe, which is today part of Croatia

Some scholars believe the modern Albanian language to be descended from Illyrian. Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - [7] Only a few Illyrian items have been linked to Albanian, and these remain tentative or inconclusive for the purpose of determining a close relation.


Outside influences

The Ancient Greek language would have become an important external influence on Illyrian-speakers who occupied lands adjacent to ancient Greeks. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Invading Celts who settled on lands occupied by Illyrians brought the Illyrians into contact with the Celtic languages. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Intensive contact may have happened in what is now Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Because of this intensive contact, and because of conflicting classical sources, it is unclear whether some ancient tribes were Illyrian or Celtic (see for example Scordisci and Iapodes) or mixed. Scordisci were in ancient geography a war-like tribe inhabiting the southern part of lower Pannonia, comprising parts of the present-day countries Austria, The Iapydes (or Iapodes, Japodes) were an ancient people who dwelt north of and inland from the Liburnians, off the Adriatic coast and eastwards of the Thracians and Paionians also occupied lands populated by Illyrians, bringing Illyrians into contact with the Thracian language and Paionian language. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity For the flower genus see Peony. Paionia or Paeonia (Παιονία was in ancient geography the land of the Paeonians The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe The Paionian language is the poorly attested language of the ancient Paionians, whose kingdom once stretched north of Macedon into Dardania and in

Yet it was not Greek, Celtic, Thracian, or Paionian, but Latin that would come to displace Illyrian above the Jireček line. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Jireček Line is an imaginary line through the ancient Balkans that divided the influences of the Latin (in the north and Greek (in the south languages The Romans conquered all the lands in which Illyrian was spoken, and it is quite possible that Illyrian faded early in the Common era, perhaps even before the Slavic invasion of the Balkans. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC

Illyrian words

Since there are no Illyrians texts, sources for identifying Illyrian words have been identified by Hans Krahe[8] as of four kinds: inscriptions, glosses of Illyrian words in Classical texts, names— including proper names (mostly inscribed on tombstones), toponyms and river names— and Illyrian loanwords in other languages. Hans Krahe ( 7 February 1898 &ndash 25 June 1965) was a German Philologist and linguist, specializing over many decades The last category has proved particularly contentious. The names occur in sources that range over more than a millennium, including numismatic evidence, as well as posited original forms of placenames (Krahe 1955). Numismatics (numisma nomisma "coin" from the νομίζειν nomízein, "to use according to law" is the study or collection of Currency The inscriptions, some three hundred, are largely in Messapic, an ancient (disputedly) Illyrian language spoken in parts of Apulia: Illyrian inscriptions are limited to a votive inscription on a ring found near Skutari (Krahe 1955) and perhaps a spearhead found at Kovel[9]

Only a few Illyrian words are cited in Classical sources by Roman or Greek writers, but these glosses, provided with translations, provide a core vocabulary. Messapian (also known as Messapic) is an extinct Indo-European language of South-eastern Italy, once spoken in the region of Apulia. Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea Shkodër (Shkodër or Shkodra is a city located on Lake Shkodër in northwestern Albania in the District Kovel (Ковель translit Kovel’, Polish: Kowel is a City located in the Volyn Oblast ( province) in north-western Only four identified with an ethnonym Illyrii or Illurioí; others must be identified by indirect means:

Some additional words have been extracted by linguists from toponyms, hydronyms, anthroponyms, etc. :

Illyrian names

Illyrian

The following names derive from Illyrian or not yet connected with another language. [12][13][14]

Celtic

The following Illyrian names, most of which occur in inscriptions from the upper Neretva river valley near Konjic in Bosnia, are considered to derived from Celtic[15][16][17][18][19][20]

Thracian

The following names derive from Thracian[21][22]

Greek

The following names derive from Greek. Ballaios was an Illyrian king of the late 2nd century BC, known from his Coinage which is well-attested in fact the coins of the well-known Illyrian king Bardyllis of the Illyrians (also attested as Bardylis in Ancient Greek: Βάρδυλις Βάρδυλιν Βάρδυλλις and Latin language Bircenna was an Illyrian princess and the daughter of Bardyllis. Illyrian tribes or possibly or partly Illyrian tribes or tribes inhabiting lands known as Illyria. Gentius (ruled 180–168 BC was the last king of Illyria. He was the son of the Illyrian king Pleuratus II, of the tribe of the Labeates. Grabos was an Illyrian that became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardyllis in 358 BC Monunius was an Illyrian king who lived in the 3rd century BC more specifically a Dardanii ruler This article is about an Illyrian king for the mollusk genus see Mytilus (mollusc Mytilus was an Illyrian king who lived in the 3rd century BC Scerdilaidas ( Skerdilaidas) was an Illyrian ruler From before 218 BC Scerdilaidas was an ally of Philip V of Macedon, although his support for Macedon KRKA (1079 FM, "HOT 1079" is a Rhythmic Top 40 serving the Lafayette area Neretva is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The total length is 225 km of which 203 km are in Herzegovina, while the final 22 km are in the Konjic is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in northern Hercegovina, around 50 kilometres south-west of Sarajevo. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly [23][24][25][26]

Latin

The following names derive from Latin. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. [27][28]

Names of Gods

Main article: Paleo-Balkanic mythology

The following names derive from various languages and are names of Gods worshiped by the Illyrians. Paleo-Balkanic mythology is a rubric that entails the gods and goddesses worshipped by the Dacians, Thracians, and Illyrians. Illyrian tribes or possibly or partly Illyrian tribes or tribes inhabiting lands known as Illyria. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

References

Notes

  1. ^ If the Messapian language was close enough to the Illyrian languages to be considered an Illyrian language, then Illyrian would also have been spoken in southern Italy. Messapian (also known as Messapic) is an extinct Indo-European language of South-eastern Italy, once spoken in the region of Apulia. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
  2. ^ The Ancient Languages of Europe by Roger D. Woodard,ISBN-10: 0521684951,2008,Page 6:". . . While the Illyrians are a well-documented people of antiquity, not a single verifiable inscription has survived written in the Illyrian language
  3. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 67,"Illyrians Illyrian language' Though almost nothing of it survives, except for names, the Illyrian language has figured prominently . . . ""
  4. ^ A Grammar of Modern Indo-European by Carlos Quiles,ISBN 8461176391,2007,page 77,"The Illyrian languages are generally but not unanimously reckoned as centum dialects"
  5. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 183,". . . We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language set them apart from the rest of the Illyrians. . . . "
  6. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 81,". . . " In Roman Pannonia the Latobici and Varciani who dwelt east of the Venetic Catari in the upper Sava valley were Celtic but the Colapiani of the Colapis (Kulpa) valley were Illyrians ( . . . "
  7. ^ Illyrian language - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  8. ^ Krahe, Die Sprache der Illyrier I. Die Quellen (1955).
  9. ^ Gustav Must, reviewing Krahe 1955 in Language 32. 4 (October 1956) p. 721.
  10. ^ Strabo 7. 43, "élos loúgeon kaloúmenon"
  11. ^ This group is considered to be cognate with the Italian city name of Trieste, and Albanian treg "market" is not a cognate but instead a borrowing from Slavic.
  12. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075, Page 72:". . . Thus it seems generally agreed that the name of the Illyrian queen Teuta of the third century Bc derives from teutana, which means `queen'. . . . "
  13. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 71, ". . . The names Daza, Dasius and Dazomenus have been connected with Das- menus in Pannonia and Dazos in southern Italy. The meaning of these plausible correspondences is hard to determine: neither the internal links between the three principal Illyrian onomastic provinces nor those between . . . "
  14. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 186: ". . . around the head of the Adriatic were the Liburni, who occupied the coast and islands between Istria and the river Titus (Krka) and had been known to the Greeks since at least the eighth century BC. . . . "
  15. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 76,". . . 76 The Search for Illyrians Pinnes and Tato are present, from the Japodes Diteio and Ve(n)do, and a few names are of Celtic origin, Kabaletus, Litus, Nantanius, Sarnus, Sinus, Sisimbrius and Vepus. . . . "
  16. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 75,". . . A few names which occur in the upper Neretva valley around Konjic appear to be of Celtic origin: Bolo, Bricussa, lacus, Mallaius and . . . "
  17. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 82,". . . The number of Illyrian names in that area, Genthena, Tatta, Dasius and Thana is small compared with the Celtic: Aioia, Andetia, Baeta, Bidna, Catta, Dussona, . . . "
  18. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 79,". . . Four names are accepted as definitely Celtic: Nantia, Nonntio, Poia and Sicu. Mellito has a Greek and Celtic element, while the Celtic associations of Ammida, Matera and Seneca remain questionable. Rather than constituting evidence for the . . . "
  19. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 82,". . . The number of Illyrian names in that area, Genthena, Tatta, Dasius and Thana is small compared with the Celtic: Aioia, Andetia, Baeta, Bidna, Catta, Dussona, Enena,laca, Madusa, Matisa, Nindia, Sarnus, . . . "
  20. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 84,". . . Apart from some names of Thracian origin, Bessus and Teres, and some Celtic names, Arvus, Belzeius, Cambrius, laritus, Lautus, Madussa and Argurianus (either Thracian or Celtic), the only name of south Illyrian origin is Plares. . . . "
  21. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 86,". . . 86 The Search for Illyrians (two examples), Varanilla and Varidius. The Thracian names include: Auluporis, Auluzon, Bithus (three examples), Celsus (two examples), Celsinus, Cocaius, Daizo, Delus, Dida, Dinentilla , Dizas, Dizo (two examples) . . . "
  22. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 84,". . . Apart from some names of Thracian origin, Bessus and Teres, and some Celtic names, Arvus, Belzeius, Cambrius, laritus, Lautus, Madussa and Argurianus (either Thracian or Celtic), the only name of south Illyrian origin is Plares. . . . "
  23. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 79,". . . Four names are accepted as definitely Celtic: Nantia, Nonntio, Poia and Sicu. Mellito has a Greek and Celtic element, while the Celtic associations of Ammida, Matera and Seneca remain questionable. Rather than constituting evidence for the . . . "
  24. ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058;layout=;query=toc;loc=cu%2Flon Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott
  25. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075, Page 217:". . . Ceraunii whose name deriving from the Greek for `thunderbolt' links them with high mountains,
  26. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 98:". . . the Illyrian Enchelei, the 'eel-men', whose name points to a location near Lake Ohrid. According to Polybius (5. . . . "
  27. ^ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 73,". . . So far no satisfactory scheme for the analysis of Illyrian names has been proposed. The common name Bato may derive from the same root as the Latin battuere meaning `to strike', . . . "
  28. ^ Martial's Epigrams Book Two by Craig A. Williams,2004,ISBN-10: 0195155319 ,page 182: ". . . Some Italian humanists unnecessarily emended to the feminine loteras. 1 Dasius: The Latin form of a Messapic name from southern Italy
  29. ^ Wilkes. . . . dominant Illyrian deity and some were evidently worshipped only in particular regions. Thus several deities occur only in Istria, including Eia, Malesocus, Boria and Iria. Anzotica was the Liburnian Venus and appears in the traditional image of the classical goddess.
  30. ^ Wilkes. Other local deities were Latta, Sentona and the nymph Ica, praying in relief sculpture), Knez 1974 (ritual vessel), Baçe 1984 (temple architecture in Illyrian Albania).
  31. ^ Wilkes. . . . including altars dedicated by chiefs of the Japodes at the shrine of Bindus Neptunus at a spring near Bihaé (see figure 30). 17 The first reported contact between Japodes and Romans occurred in 171. . .
  32. ^ Wilkes. North of the Japodes, the altars to Vidasus and Thana dedicated at the hot springs of Topusko reveal the local 246 Roman Illyrians. . .
  33. ^ Wilkes. Life and Death among Illyrians 247 identities of Silvanus and Diana, a familiar combination on many dedications in the territory of the Delmatae.
  34. ^ Wilkes. . . . the short cloak streaming out behind. The Illyrian town Rhizon (Risinium) on the Gulf of Kotor had its protective deity Medaurus. . .
  35. ^ Wilkes. . . . Armatus at Delminium (Duvno) who was evidently a war god of the Delmatae, and the Latin Liber who appears with the. . .

See also

External links

Messapian (also known as Messapic) is an extinct Indo-European language of South-eastern Italy, once spoken in the region of Apulia. The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe The Paionian language is the poorly attested language of the ancient Paionians, whose kingdom once stretched north of Macedon into Dardania and in Venetic is an extinct Indo-European language that was spoken in ancient times in the North- Italian Veneto and modern Slovenia, between
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