| Idriss Déby Itno | |
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| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2 December 1990 |
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| Prime Minister | Jean Alingué Bawoyeu Joseph Yodoyman Fidèle Moungar Delwa Kassire Koumakoye Koibla Djimasta Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido Nagoum Yamassoum Haroun Kabadi Moussa Faki Pascal Yoadimnadji Adoum Younousmi Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye Youssouf Saleh Abbas |
| Preceded by | Hissène Habré |
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| Born | 1952 Fada, Chad |
| Political party | MPS |
| Spouse | Hinda Déby |
| Religion | Muslim |
Lieutenant General Idriss Déby Itno (born 1952) is the President of Chad and the head of the Patriotic Salvation Movement. List of Heads of State of Chad (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations Last elections Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Jean Alingué Bawoyeu (born August 18 1937, Fort Lamy) known in French as the vieux sage, which translates as "wise elder" is Joseph Yodoyman (1950&ndash November 22, 1993) was a Chadian politician and civil servant who held the post of Prime Minister under President Fidèle Abdelkérim Moungar (born 1948 is a Chadian doctor and a veteran politician who served as prime minister of Chad in 1993 Nouradine Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye (born December 31 1949) is a Chadian politician and the head of the National Rally for Development and Progress Koibla Djimasta (1950 &ndash January 30, 2007) was a Chadian politician of Sara ethnicity from the southern Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture. Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido (born 1947) is a Chadian politician Nagoum Yamassoum is a prominent politician of Chad. He was prime minister from 1999 to 2002 and Foreign minister from 2003 Haroun Kabadi (born 1949? is a Chadian political figure He was Prime Minister of Chad from June 2002 to June 2003 Moussa Faki Mahamat (born June 21, 1960) is a Chadian political figure Pascal Yoadimnadji (1950? - February 23 2007) served as the Prime Minister of Chad from February 2005 to February 2007 Adoum Younousmi (born 1962 is a Chadian politician who is currently Minister of State for Infrastructure Nouradine Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye (born December 31 1949) is a Chadian politician and the head of the National Rally for Development and Progress Youssouf Saleh Abbas (born c. 1953 is a Chadian political figure who has been Prime Minister of Chad since April 2008 Hissène Habré (born 1942 also spelled Hissen Habré, was the leader of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990 Fada is the capital of the Ennedi Ouest department of Chad, lying in the Ennedi Plateau. Chad (Tchad تشاد Tshād) officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a Landlocked country in Central Africa. The Patriotic Salvation Movement ( French: Mouvement Patriotique du Salut or MPS is the ruling Political party in Chad. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the List of Heads of State of Chad (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations Last elections The Patriotic Salvation Movement ( French: Mouvement Patriotique du Salut or MPS is the ruling Political party in Chad. Déby is of the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa ethnic group. Bidayat, also Bideyat, is a Dialect of the Zaghawa language found in Chad and western Sudan. The Zaghawa (also spelled Zakhawa) are an African ethnic group or tribe mainly living in eastern Chad and western Sudan, including He added "Itno" i. e. "Warrior" to his surname in January 2006.
Contents |
Rise to power
Déby was born in Fada as the son of a herder. Fada is the capital of the Ennedi Ouest department of Chad, lying in the Ennedi Plateau. After finishing school he entered the Officers' School in N'Djamena. N'Djamena (ənʤəˈmeɪnə Arabic Niǧāmīnā نجامينا population 721000 (2005 is the Capital city of Chad. From there he was sent to France for training, returning to Chad in 1976 with a professional pilot certificate. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Chad (Tchad تشاد Tshād) officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a Landlocked country in Central Africa. He remained loyal to the army and to President Félix Malloum until central authority crumbled in 1979. General Félix Malloum or Félix Malloum Ngakoutou Bey-Ndi (born 1932 is a Chadian politician from the south Déby tied his fortunes to those of Hissène Habré, one of the chief Chadian warlords. Hissène Habré (born 1942 also spelled Hissen Habré, was the leader of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990 A year after Habré became President in 1982, in exchange for his loyalty, Déby was made commander-in-chief of the army. He distinguished himself in 1984 by destroying pro-Libyan forces in Eastern Chad. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab In 1985 Habré removed him from his post and sent him to Paris to follow a course at the École de Guerre; on his return he was made chief military advisor to the Presidency. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The École Militaire (Military School is a vast complex of buildings housing various military teaching facilities located in Paris, France, southeast of the In 1987 he confronted Libyan forces on the field, adopting tactics that inflicted heavy losses to enemy forces. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab A rift emerged in 1989 among Habré and Déby over the increasing power of the Presidential Guard. Habré accused Déby of preparing a coup d'état, motivating Déby to flee to Libya. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab He moved to Sudan and formed the Patriotic Salvation Movement, an insurgent group, supported by Libya and Sudan, which started operations against Habré in October 1989. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. He unleashed a decisive attack on 10 November 1990, and on 2 December Déby's troops marched unopposed into the capital, N'Djaména. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire N'Djamena (ənʤəˈmeɪnə Arabic Niǧāmīnā نجامينا population 721000 (2005 is the Capital city of Chad.
Political career since 1990
After three months of provisional government, on 28 February 1991, a charter was approved for Chad with Déby as president. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. A new constitution was approved by referendum in March 1996, followed by a presidential election in June. A presidential election was held in Chad in 1996 occurring in two rounds the first on June 2 and the second on July 3. Déby received first place in the first round but fell short of a majority; he was then elected president in the second round, held in July, with 69% of the vote. [1] He was re-elected in the May 2001 presidential election, winning in the first round with 63. A presential election was held in Chad on May 20 2001. President Idriss Déby stood as a candidate for a second term 17% of the vote, according to official results,[2][3] although international observers noted irregularities in the election process. In June 2005, a successful referendum was held to eliminate a two-term constitutional limit, which enabled Déby to run again in 2006. On 6 June 2005 the Chadian voters were called to pronounce themselves through a Referendum on the revision of the Constitution originally approved on [4] He was a candidate in the 2006 presidential election, held May 3, which was greeted with an opposition boycott. A presidential election took place in Chad on May 3 2006. A 2005 constitutional referendum made it possible for President Idriss Déby Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João According to official results Déby won the election with 64. 67% of the vote; this was revised downward from the initially announced result of 77. 6%. [5]
Rebellion and tensions with Sudan
A rebellion began in the east of the country in late 2005, accompanied by tensions with Sudan. The current civil war in Chad began in December 2005. The conflict involved Chadian government forces and several Chadian rebel groups An attempted coup d'état, involving the shooting down of Déby's plane, was foiled in March 2006. [6] In mid-April 2006, there was fighting with rebels at N'Djaména, although the fighting soon subsided with government forces still in control of the capital. The Battle of N'Djamena was a Battle between the forces of the Revolutionary United Front for Democratic Change (UFCD and the Military [7] Déby subsequently broke ties with Sudan, accusing it of backing the rebels,[8] and said that the May 2006 election would still take place. [9]
Déby was sworn in for another term in office on August 8, 2006. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [10] Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir attended Déby's inauguration, and the two leaders agreed to restore diplomatic relations on this occasion. Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir ( Arabic: عمر حسن أحمد البشير born January 1 1944) is the President of Sudan. [11]
After Déby's re-election, several rebel groups broke apart. Déby was in Abéché from 11 September to 21 September 2006, flying in a helicopter to personally oversee attacks on Rally for Democratic Forces rebels. Abéché is the 4th largest city in Chad, the capital of Ouaddaï Region. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [12]
The rebellion in the east continued, and rebels reached N'Djamena on February 2, 2008, with fighting occurring inside the city. The Battle of N'Djamena began on February 2 2008 when Chadian rebel forces opposed to Chadian President Idriss Déby entered N'Djamena Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [13] After days of fighting, the government remained in control of N'Djamena. Speaking at a press conference on February 6, Déby said that his forces had defeated the rebels, whom he described as "mercenaries directed by Sudan", and that his forces were in "total control" of the city as well as the whole country. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio [14]
Petroleum disagreement
At the end of August 2006, Déby made international news after calling for his country to have a 60 per cent stake in its oil output after receiving "crumbs" from foreign companies running the industry. He said Chevron and Petronas were refusing to pay taxes totalling $486. 2 million. Recently, Chad passed a World Bank-backed oil revenues law that required most of its oil revenue to be allocated to health, education and infrastructure projects. The World Bank had previously frozen an oil revenue account in a dispute over how Chad spent its oil profits. [15]
Corruption
In October 2006, Chad was placed at the top of the list of the world's most corrupt nations by Forbes magazine for "what may turn out to be the single most piggish use of philanthropic funds". Proceeds from a project, funded in part by the World Bank, to build an oil pipeline through Chad and Cameroon were supposed to have been ring-fenced by Déby's government to assist and feed "the desperately poor people of these nations. Instead, some $30 million was diverted to buy arms to keep in power the government of President Idriss Déby.
Family
Déby has been married several times and has at least a dozen children. He married Hinda (b. 1977) in September 2005. Reputed for her beauty, this marriage attracted much attention in Chad, and due to tribal affiliations it was seen by many as a strategic means for Déby to bolster his support while under pressure from rebels. [16] Hinda is a member of the Civil Cabinet of the Presidency, serving as Special Secretary. [17]
On July 2, 2007, Déby's son Brahim (age 27) was found dead in the parking garage of his apartment near Paris. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Brahim Déby Itno ( June 6, 1980 – July 2, 2007) was the son of current Chadian President Idriss Déby. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city According to the autopsy report, he had likely been asphyxiated by white powder from a fire extinguisher. A murder inquiry has been launched by the French police. Brahim had been sacked as presidential advisor the year before, after being convicted of possessing drugs and weapons. Rebel leader Makaila Nguebla attributes the defection of many Chadian government leaders to the rebellion to Brahim's conduct: "He is at the root of all the frustration. He used to slap government ministers, senior Chadian officials were humiliated by Déby's son. "[18]
See also
References
- ^ Elections in Chad, African Elections Database. List of Heads of State of Chad (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations Last elections Human rights in Chad have been described as "poor" for example Freedom House has designated the country as "Not Free
- ^ Elections in Chad, African Elections Database.
- ^ "Chad: Council releases final polls results; Deby "elected" with 63. 17 per cent", Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (nl. newsbank. com), June 13, 2001.
- ^ "Strong yes vote in referendum allows President Deby to seek a new term", IRIN, June 22, 2005.
- ^ "Déby win confirmed, but revised down to 64.67 pct", IRIN, May 29, 2006.
- ^ "Coup attempt foiled, government says", IRIN, March 15, 2006.
- ^ "Chad confronts rebels in capital", BBC News, April 13, 2006.
- ^ Andrew England, "Chad severs ties with Sudan", Financial Times, April 15, 2006.
- ^ Rebels 'will not delay' Chad poll", BBC News, April 18, 2006.
- ^ "Deby sworn in as Chad's president", People's Daily Online, August 9, 2006.
- ^ "Chad and Sudan resume relations", BBC News, August 9, 2006.
- ^ "Chad: New Fronts Open in Eastern Fighting" allAfrica. com, 21 September, 2006.
- ^ "Battle rages for Chadian capital", Al Jazeera, February 2, 2008.
- ^ "Chad’s leader says government ‘in total control’", Associated Press (MSNBC), February 6, 2008.
- ^ "Petronas disputes Chad's tax claims", Aljazeera. net, August 30, 2006.
- ^ Emily Wax, "New First Lady Captivates Chad", The Washington Post, May 2, 2006, page A17.
- ^ "Liste des Membres du Cabinet Civil de la Présidence de la République", Chadian presidency website (accessed May 4, 2008) (French).
- ^ "Chad leader's son killed in Paris" BBC News, 2 July 2007.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Hissène Habré |
President of Chad 1990 – present |
Incumbent |
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