Idiosyncrasy, from Greek ιδιοσυγκρασία, idiosunkrasia, "a peculiar temperament", "habit of body" (idios "one's own" and syn-krasis "mixture"). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly It is defined as an individualizing quality or characteristic of a person or group, and is often used to express eccentricity or peculiarity. The term can also be applied to symbols. The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece Idiosyncratic symbols mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean war, but to someone else, it could symbolize a surgery. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental By the same principle, linguists state that words are not only arbitrary, but also largely idiosyncratic signs.

Contents 1 Idiosyncrasy in medicine 1.1 Disease 1.2 Pharmacology 1.3 Psychiatry 2 Idiosyncrasy in economics 3 References

Idiosyncrasy in medicine

Disease

Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived diseases in the nineteenth century. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in Europe permitted the advent of a 'scientific medicine', a precursor to the Evidence-Based Medicine that is the standard of practice today. Evidence-based medicine (EBM aims to apply Evidence gained from the Scientific method to certain parts of medical practice

Pharmacology

In contemporary medicine (as of 2007), the term Idiosyncratic drug reaction denotes a non-immunological hypersensitivity to a substance, without connection to pharmacological toxicity. Idiosyncratic drug reactions, also known as type B reactions are drug reactions which occur rarely and unpredictably amongst the population Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction refers to undesirable (damaging discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal reactions produced by the normal immune system ^[1]. Idiosyncratic stresses here the fact that other individuals would react differently, or not at all, and that the reaction is an individual one based on a specific condition of the one who suffers it. Most commonly, this is caused by an enzymopathy, congenital or acquired, so that the triggering substance cannot be processed properly in the organism and causes symptoms by accumulating or blocking other substances to be processed. An idiosyncrasy causing symptoms like an allergy is also called pseudoanaphylaxis ^[1].

Psychiatry

In psychiatry, the term means a specific and unique mental condition of a patient, often accompanied by neologisms. Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been In psychoanalysis and behaviorism, it is used for the personal way a given individual reacts, perceives and experiences a common situation: a certain dish made of meat may cause nostalgic memories in one person and disgust in another. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Behaviorism or Behaviourism, also called the learning perspective (where any physical action is a behavior is a philosophy of Psychology based on the The term nostalgia describes a longing for the past often in idealized form These reactions are called idiosyncratic.

Idiosyncrasy in economics

In portfolio theory, risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of a specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are described as idiosyncratic risk. Modern portfolio theory ( MPT) proposes how rational investors will use diversification to optimize their portfolios and how a risky asset should This risk can be virtually eliminated from a portfolio through diversification. It is also often called unsystematic or specific risk. It means there is no compensation for risk, no matter how risky the asset is, and no matter how risk averse we are.

In econometrics, idiosyncratic error is used to describe error from panel data that both changes over time and across units (individuals, firms, cities, etc. Econometrics is concerned with the tasks of developing and applying Quantitative or Statistical methods to the study and elucidation of economic principles In Statistics and Econometrics, the term panel data refers to two-dimensional data )

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Roche Lexikon Medizin, 5th edition (online version, German)

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