An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. An idea is a form (such as a Thought) formed by Consciousness (including Mind) through the Process of ideation. The word ideology was coined by Destutt de Tracy in 1796[1][2] (during the French Revolution) to define a "science of ideas". Antoine Louis Claude Destutt comte de Tracy ( July 20, 1754 - March 9, 1836) was a French Enlightenment Aristocrat The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common sense (see Ideology in everyday society below) and several philosophical tendencies (see Political ideologies), or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society. A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is a term Calqued from the German word Weltanschauung ( Welt is the German An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer change in society through a normative thought process. Ideologies are systems of abstract thought (as opposed to mere ideation) applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought.
(For the Marxist definition of ideology see Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction below. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics )
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Ideology in everyday society
In public discussions, certain ideas arise more commonly than others. Often people with diverse backgrounds and interests may find themselves thinking alike in startling ways. Social scientists might explain this phenomenon as evidence of ideologies.
Dominant ideologies appear as "neutral", holding to assumptions that are largely unchallenged. The dominant ideology, in Marxist or Marxian theory is the set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in a given society framing how the majority Meanwhile, all other ideologies that differ from the dominant ideology are seen as radical, no matter what the content of their actual vision may be. The philosopher Michel Foucault wrote about the concept of apparent ideological neutrality. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Ideology is not the same thing as philosophy. Philosophy is a way of living life, while ideology is an almost ideal way of life for society. Some attribute to ideology positive characteristics like vigor and fervor, or negative features like excessive certitude and fundamentalist rigor.
Organizations that strive for power will try to influence the ideology of a society to become closer to what they want it to be. Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people Political organizations (governments included) and other groups (e. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. g. lobbyists) try to influence people by broadcasting their opinions.
When most people in a society think alike about certain matters, or even forget that there are alternatives to the status quo, we arrive at the concept of Hegemony, about which the philosopher Antonio Gramsci wrote. Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social Antonio Gramsci ('ɡramʃi ( January 23, 1891 &ndash April 27, 1937) was an Italian Philosopher, Writer, Modern linguists study the mechanism of conceptual metaphor, by which this 'thinking alike' is thought to be transmitted. In Cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor refers to the understanding of one idea or Conceptual domain in terms of another for example understanding Quantity
History of the concept of ideology
Perhaps the most accessible source for the original meaning of "ideology" is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Regime (first volume of "Origins of Contemporary France"). Hippolyte Adolphe Taine ( April 21, 1828 - March 5, 1893) was a French Critic and Historian. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in He describes ideology as rather like teaching philosophy by the Socratic method, but without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed, and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. The Socratic Method (or Method of Elenchus or Socratic Debate) named after the Classical Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of Taine identifies it not just with Destutt de Tracy, but also with his milieu, and includes Condillac as one of its precursors.
The word "ideology" was coined long before the Russians coined "intelligentsia", or before the adjective "intellectual" referred to a sort of person (see substantive), i. e. an intellectual. An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, Thus these words were not around when the hard-headed, driven Napoleon Bonaparte took the word "ideologues" to ridicule his intellectual opponents. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Gradually, however, the term "ideology" has dropped some of its pejorative sting, and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing political opinions. A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak Ideological references are important to many people throughout the world. Karl Marx used the term in his own context often throughout his works.
Analysis of ideology
Meta-ideology is the study of the structure, form, and manifestation of ideologies. Meta-ideology posits that ideology is a coherent system of ideas, relying upon a few basic assumptions about reality that may or may not have any factual basis, but are subjective choices that serve as the seed around which further thought grows. According to this perspective, ideologies are neither right nor wrong, but only a relativistic intellectual strategy for categorizing the world. The pluses and minuses of ideology range from the vigor and fervor of true believers to ideological infallibility. Excessive need for certitude lurks at fundamentalist levels in politics, religions, and elsewhere.
The works of George Walford and Harold Walsby, done under the heading of systematic ideology, are attempts to explore the relationships between ideology and social systems. Systematic ideology is a study of ideologies founded in the late 1930s in and around London, England by Harold Walsby, George Walford Systematic ideology is a study of ideologies founded in the late 1930s in and around London, England by Harold Walsby, George Walford Systematic ideology is a study of ideologies founded in the late 1930s in and around London, England by Harold Walsby, George Walford
David W. Minar describes six different ways in which the word "ideology" has been used:
- As a collection of certain ideas with certain kinds of content, usually normative;
- As the form or internal logical structure that ideas have within a set;
- By the role in which ideas play in human-social interaction;
- By the role that ideas play in the structure of an organization;
- As meaning, whose purpose is persuasion; and
- As the locus of social interaction, possibly.
For Willard A. Mullins, an ideology is composed of four basic characteristics:
- it must have power over cognitions;
- it must be capable of guiding one's evaluations;
- it must provide guidance towards action;
- and, as stated above, must be logically coherent.
Mullins emphasizes that an ideology should be contrasted with the related (but different) issues of utopia and historical myth.
The German philosopher Christian Duncker called for a "critical reflection of the ideology concept" (2006). In his work, he strove to bring the concept of ideology into the foreground, as well as the closely connected concerns of epistemology and history. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge In this work, the term ideology is defined in terms of a system of presentations that explicitly or implicitly claim to absolute truth.
Though the word "ideology" is most often found in political discourse, there are many different kinds of ideology: political, social, epistemological, ethical, and so on. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Definition In the absence of agreement about its meaning the term "social" is used in many different senses referring among other things to attitudes Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life
Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction
Karl Marx proposed an economic base/superstructure model of society. The base refers to the means of production of society. Means Of Production is a compilation of Aim 's early 12" and EP releases recorded between 1995 and 1998 The superstructure is formed on top of the base, and comprises that society's ideology, as well as its legal system, political system, and religions. For Marx, the base determines the superstructure. Because the ruling class controls the society's means of production, the superstructure of society, including its ideology, will be determined according to what is in the ruling class's best interests. Therefore the ideology of a society is of enormous importance since it confuses the alienated groups and can create 'false consciousness' such as the fetishism of commodities. Theory The concept flows from the theory of Commodity fetishism &mdash that people experience social relationships as value relations between things e In Marxist theory Commodity Fetishism is a state of social relations said to arise in capitalist market based societies in which social relationships Critics of the Marxist approach feel that it attributes too much importance to economic factors in influencing society.
The ideologies of the dominant class of a society (dominant ideology) are proposed to all members of that society in order to make the ruling class' interests appear to be the interests of all. The dominant ideology, in Marxist or Marxian theory is the set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in a given society framing how the majority György Lukács describes this as a projection of the class consciousness of the ruling class, while Antonio Gramsci advances the theory of cultural hegemony to explain why people in the working-class can have a false conception of their own interests. György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Class consciousness, literally is consciousness of one's Social class. Antonio Gramsci ('ɡramʃi ( January 23, 1891 &ndash April 27, 1937) was an Italian Philosopher, Writer, Cultural hegemony is a Concept coined by Marxist Philosopher Antonio Gramsci. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types
The dominant forms of ideology in capitalism are (in chronological order):
and they correspond to the stages of development of capitalism:
- extensive stage
- intensive stage
- contemporary capitalism (or late capitalism, or current crisis)
The Marxist view of ideology as an instrument of social reproduction has been an important touchstone for the sociology of knowledge and theorists such as Karl Mannheim, Daniel Bell, and Jürgen Habermas, amongst many others. Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Originally coined by its critics and opponents " neoliberalism " is a label referring to the recent reemergence of Economic liberalism or Classical liberalism Extensive stage, or by its full name predominantly extensive stage of accumulation is pertains at one of the Periodizations of capitalism, as proposed by Aglietta Intensive stage, or by its full name predominantly intensive stage of accumulation pertains to one of the periodizations of capitalism as proposed by Aglietta (1976 In his work Late Capitalism Ernest Mandel argues for three periods in the development of Capitalism. In his work Late Capitalism Ernest Mandel argues for three periods in the development of Capitalism. The Sociology of Knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies Karl Mannheim ( March 27, 1893, Budapest – January 9, 1947, London) or Mannheim Károly in the original writing Daniel Bell (born 10 May 1919 in New York) is a sociologist and a professor emeritus at Harvard University. Jürgen Habermas (ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs born June 18, 1929 is a German Philosopher and Sociologist in the tradition of However, Mannheim attempted to move beyond what he saw as the 'total' but 'special' Marxist conception of ideology to a 'general' and 'total' conception which acknowledged that all ideologies resulted from social life (including Marxism). Pierre Bourdieu extensively developed this idea. Pierre Bourdieu ( August 1, 1930 – January 23, 2002) was an acclaimed French Sociologist and writer known for his
Louis Althusser's Ideological State Apparatuses
Louis Althusser proposed a materialistic conception of ideology, which made use of a special type of discourse: the lacunar discourse. Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation altuˡseʁ ( October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. A number of propositions, which are never untrue, suggest a number of other propositions, which are, in this way, the essence of the lacunar discourse is what is not told (but is suggested).
For example, the statement 'All are equal before the law', which is a theoretical groundwork of current legal systems, suggests that all people may be of equal worth or have equal 'opportunities'. This is not true, for the concept of private property over the means of production results in some people being able to own more (much more) than others, and their property brings power and influence (the rich can afford better lawyers, among other things, and this puts in question the principle of equality before the law). Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Means Of Production is a compilation of Aim 's early 12" and EP releases recorded between 1995 and 1998
Althusser also invented the concept of the Ideological State Apparatus to explain his theory of ideology. Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation altuˡseʁ ( October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. His first thesis was "ideology has no history": while ideologies have histories, interleaved with the general class struggle of society, the general form of ideology is external to history. His second thesis, "Ideas are material", explains his materialistic attitude, which he illustrated with the "scandalous advice" of Pascal toward unbelievers: "kneel and pray, and then you will believe", thus reversing the primacy of idealism toward materialism. Blaise Pascal (blɛz paskal (June 19 1623 &ndash August 19 1662 was a French Mathematician, Physicist, and religious Philosopher However, this mustn't be misunderstood as simple behaviorism, as there may be, as Pierre Macherey put it, a "subjectivity without subject"; in other words, a form of non-personal liberty, as in Deleuze's conception of becoming-other. Behaviorism or Behaviourism, also called the learning perspective (where any physical action is a behavior is a philosophy of Psychology based on the Pierre Macherey (born 1938 is a French Marxist Literary critic. Not to be confused with the subiectum or Hypokeimenon in Aristotelianism Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century
Feminism as critique of ideology
Naturalizing socially constructed patterns of behavior has always been an important mechanism in the production and reproduction of ideologies. Feminist theorists have paid close attention to these mechanisms. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Adrienne Rich e. Adrienne Cecile Rich (born May 16 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American poet essayist and Feminist. g. has shown how to understand motherhood as a social institution. "Mom" "Mum" and "Mommy" redirect here However, 'feminism' is not a homogenous whole, and some corners of feminist thought criticise the critique of social constructionism, by advocating that it disregards too much of human nature and natural tendencies. The debate, they say, is about the normative/naturalistic fallacy - the idea that just something 'being' natural does not necessarily mean it 'ought' to be the case.
Political ideologies
Many political parties base their political action and programme on an ideology. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. Social Studies is a term used to describe the broad study of the various fields which involve past and current human behavior and interactions Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life An ideal is a Principle or value that one actively pursues as a goal. Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific Institutions are structures and mechanisms of Social order and Cooperation governing the Behavior of a Set of Individuals Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.
Political ideologies have two dimensions:
- Goals: How society should work (or be arranged).
- Methods: The most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e. A system of government is a term that refers to the set of political Institutions by which a Government of a State is organized in order to exert its powers g. democracy, theocracy, etc), and the best economic system (e. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler An economic system is a System that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between g. capitalism, socialism, etc). Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.
Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the center or the right), though this is very often controversial. A political spectrum (plural Spectra) is a way of modeling different political positions by placing them upon one or more geometric axes In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e. g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e. Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political g. opposition to European integration or the legalisation of marijuana). Euroscepticism Euro (disambiguation --> has become a general term for opposition to the process Cannabis political parties are formal political parties set up specifically to legalize cannabis.
Studies of the concept of ideology itself (rather than specific ideologies) have been carried out under the name of systematic ideology. Systematic ideology is a study of ideologies founded in the late 1930s in and around London, England by Harold Walsby, George Walford
Political ideologies are concerned with many different aspects of a society, some of which are: the economy, education, health care, labor law, criminal law, the justice system, the provision of social security and social welfare, trade, the environment, minors, immigration, race, use of the military, patriotism and established religion. An economic system is a System that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Labour law (also known as employment or labor law is the body of Laws administrative rulings and precedents which address the legal rights of and restrictions The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different Jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, Common law and Religious law. Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old "Social welfare" redirects here For other uses see Welfare A social welfare provision refers to any program which seeks to provide Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially
There are many proposed methods for the classification of political ideologies. See the political spectrum article for a more in-depth discussion of these different methods (each of whom generates a specific political spectrum). A political spectrum (plural Spectra) is a way of modeling different political positions by placing them upon one or more geometric axes
Epistemological ideologies
Even when the challenging of existing beliefs is encouraged, as in science, the dominant paradigm or mindset can prevent certain challenges, theories or experiments from being advanced. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The word paradigm ( Greek:παράδειγμα (paradigmacomposite from para- and the verb δείχνυμι "to show" as a whole -roughly- meaning "example" A mindset, in Decision theory and general systems theory, refers to a Set of assumptions methods or notations held by one or more people or groups
There are critics who view science as an ideology in itself, or being an effective ideology, called scientism. The term scientism can be used as a neutral term to describe the view that Natural science has authority over all other interpretations of life such as philosophical Some scientists respond that, while the scientific method is itself an ideology, as it is a collection of ideas, there is nothing particularly wrong or bad about it. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena
Other critics point out that while science itself is not a misleading ideology, there are some fields of study within science that are misleading. Two examples discussed here are in the fields of ecology and economics.
A special case of science adopted as ideology is that of ecology, which studies the relationships between living things on Earth. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson believed that human perception of ecological relationships was the basis of self-awareness and cognition itself. Perceptual psychology is a subfield of Cognitive psychology that is concerned specifically with the pre-conscious innate aspects of the human cognitive system Perception James Jerome Gibson ( January 27 1904 – December 11 1979) was an American Psychologist who received his Ph Self-awareness is the concept that one exists as an individual separate from other people with private Thoughts. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought Linguist George Lakoff has proposed a cognitive science of mathematics wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as consequences or products of human perception - which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields "Lakoff" and "Professor Lakoff" redirect here The cognitive science of mathematics is the study of mathematical ideas (concepts using the techniques of Cognitive science.
Deep ecology and the modern ecology movement (and, to a lesser degree, Green parties) appear to have adopted ecological sciences as a positive ideology. Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. The global ecology movement is based upon environmental protection and is one of several new Social movements that emerged at the end of the sixties. A Green party' or ecologist party is a formally organized Political party based on the principles of Green politics.
Some accuse ecological economics of likewise turning scientific theory into political economy, although theses in that science can often be tested. Ecological economics is a Transdisciplinary field of academic research within Economics that aims to address the interdependence between human economies and natural Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government The modern practice of green economics fuses both approaches and seems to be part science, part ideology. Ecological economics is a Transdisciplinary field of academic research within Economics that aims to address the interdependence between human economies and natural
This is far from the only theory of economics to be raised to ideology status - some notable economically-based ideologies include mercantilism, Mixed_economy,social Darwinism, communism, laissez-faire economics, and free trade. Mercantilism is the idea that a colony should export more goods than it imports and that a colony should sell at higher prices and buy at lower prices A mixed economy is an Economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions There are also current theories of safe trade and fair trade which can be seen as ideologies. Safe trade is a slogan advocated by Greenpeace in its desire to " green " the World Trade Organisation and the Doha Development Fair trade is an organized Social movement and market-based approach to empowering developing country producers and promoting sustainability
References
- ^ Kennedy, Emmet (1979) "Ideology" from Destutt De Tracy to Marx, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep. , 1979), pp. 353-368 (article consists of 16 pages) http://www.jstor.org/pss/2709242
- ^ Hart, David M. (2002) Destutt de Tracy: Annotated Bibliography http://www.econlib.org/library/Tracy/DestuttdeTracyBio.html
- Mullins, Willard A. (1972) "On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science. " The American Political Science Review. American Political Science Association.
- Minar, David M. (1961) "Ideology and Political Behavior", Midwest Journal of Political Science. Midwest Political Science Association.
- Pinker, Steven. (2002) "The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. " New York: Penguin Group, Inc. ISBN 0-670-03151-8
- Christian Duncker: Kritische Reflexionen des Ideologiebegriffes, 2006, ISBN 1-903343-88-7
Further reading
- Hawkes, David (2003) Ideology (2nd ed. ), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-29012-0
- Minogue, Kenneth (1985) Alien Powers: The Pure Theory of Ideology, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-01860-6
- Eagleton, Terry (1991) Ideology. An introduction, Verso, ISBN 0-86091-319-8
See also
- Hegemony
- Posthegemony
- -ism
- List of ideologies named after people
- Paradigm
- System justification
- Social criticism
- Socially constructed reality
- Noble lie
External links
- Ideology Study Guide
- Ideology Research
- Louis Althusser's "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses"
Dictionary
ideology
-noun
- Doctrine, philosophy, body of beliefs or principles belonging to an individual or group.
- The study of the origin and nature of ideas.
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