Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, combined with flavorings and sweeteners, such as sugar, and possible other ingredients. Garden strawberries are a common variety of strawberry cultivated worldwide Caramel (pronounced /ˈkærəmɛl/ or /ˈkɑrməl/ refers to a range of confections that are Beige to dark brown in Color, derived from the Dairy products are generally defined as Foodstuffs produced from Milk. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. For the 1993 hip-hop single by the Wu-Tang Clan see CREAM CREAM is an acronym for Cognitive Reliability Error Analysis Method a Alternate meanings Seasoning (cast iron; Seasoning (wood; Seasoning (slave Seasoning is the process of imparting or improving A sweetener is a Food additive which adds the Basic taste of Sweetness to a food artificial sweeteners are Sugar substitutes This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream. Ice is a Solid phase, usually crystalline, of a Non-metalic substance that is liquid or gas at Room temperature, such as Ammonia In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating In the United States, ice cream made with just cream, sugar, and a flavoring (usually fruit) is sometimes referred to as "Philadelphia style" ice cream. Ice creams made with eggs, usually in the form of custards, are "French" ice creams. ^[1]

Frozen custard, frozen yogurt, sorbet, gelato, and other similar products are sometimes informally called ice cream, but governments generally regulate the commercial use of these terms based on quantities of ingredients. Frozen custard is a cold dessert similar to Ice cream, made with eggs in addition to cream and Sugar. Frozen yogurt (also frozen yoghurt or frogurt) is a frozen Dessert made from or containing yogurt or dairy analogues. Sorbet is a frozen Dessert made from sweetened Water flavored with iced Fruit (typically Juice or Puree) Chocolate, Gelato, or the plural Gelati, is Italian ice cream made from a liquid milk or water a solid sugar fats or sweeteners flavorings pastes fruit powders stabilizers guar ^[2] American federal labeling standards require ice cream to contain a minimum of 10% milk fat (about 7 grams (g) of fat per 1/2 cup serving) and 20% total milk solids by weight. ^[3].

Contents 1 Production 2 Commercial delivery 3 Dietary 4 History 4.1 Precursors of ice cream 4.2 True ice cream 5 Ice cream throughout the world 5.1 Argentina 5.2 Australia and New Zealand 5.3 Finland 5.4 France 5.5 Germany 5.6 Ghana 5.7 Greece 5.8 Italy 5.9 Japan 5.10 Turkey 5.11 United Kingdom 5.12 United States 6 Ice cream cone 7 Other frozen desserts 8 Using liquid nitrogen 9 See also 10 Notes 11 External links

Production

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury item reserved for special occasions. Making ice cream was quite laborious. Ice was cut from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in large heaps, in holes in the ground, or in wood-frame ice houses, insulated by straw. Ice houses were buildings used to store Ice throughout the year prior to the invention of the Refrigerator. Many farmers and plantation owners, including U.S. Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, cut and stored ice in the winter for use in the summer. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Frederic Tudor of Boston turned ice harvesting and shipping into big business, cutting ice in New England and shipping it around the world. Frederic Tudor ( September 4, 1783 - February 6, 1864) was Boston 's "Ice King" the founder of the Tudor Ice Company

Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub filled with ice and salt. This was called the pot-freezer method. French confectioners refined the pot-freezer method, making ice cream in a sorbtierre (a covered pail with a handle attached to the lid). In the pot-freezer method, the temperature of the ingredients is reduced by the mixture of crushed ice and salt. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants The salt water is cooled by the ice, and the action of the salt on the ice causes it to (partially) melt, absorbing latent heat and bringing the mixture below the freezing point of pure water. In Thermochemistry, latent heat is the amount of Energy in the form of Heat released or absorbed by a substance during a change of phase Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. The immersed container can also make better thermal contact with the salty water and ice mixture than it could with ice alone.

The hand-cranked churn, which also uses ice and salt for cooling, replaced the pot-freezer method. The exact origin of the hand-cranked freezer is unknown, but the first U. S. patent for one was #3254 issued to Nancy Johnson on September 9, 1843. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The hand-cranked churn produced smoother ice cream than the pot freezer and did it quicker. Many inventors patented improvements on Johnson's design.

In Europe and early America, ice cream was made and sold by small businesses, mostly confectioners and caterers. Jacob Fussell of Baltimore, Maryland was the first to manufacture ice cream on a large scale. Fussell bought fresh dairy products from farmers in York County, Pennsylvania, and sold them in Baltimore. An unstable demand for his dairy products often left him with a surplus of cream, which he made into ice cream. He built his first ice-cream factory in Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania, in 1851. Two years later he moved his factory to Baltimore. Later he opened factories in several other cities and taught the business to others, who operated their own plants. Mass production reduced the cost of ice cream and added to its popularity.

The development of industrial refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s eliminated the need to cut and store natural ice and when the continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, it allowed commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice cream industry. A refrigerator (often called a " fridge " for short is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a Heat pump - Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. Professor Doctor Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde ( 11 June, 1842 - 16 November 1934) was a German engineer who developed Refrigeration

The most common method for producing ice cream at home is to use an ice cream maker, in modern times generally an electrical device that churns the ice cream mixture while cooled inside a household freezer, or using a solution of pre-frozen salt and water, which gradually melts while the ice cream freezes. A domestic ice cream maker or ice cream freezer is a Machine used to make small quantities of Ice cream at home Some more expensive models have an inbuilt freezing element. A newer method of making home-made ice cream is to add liquid nitrogen to the mixture while stirring it using a spoon or spatula. Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of Some ice cream recipes call for making a custard, folding in whipped cream, and immediately freezing the mixture.

Commercial delivery

Ice cream can be mass-produced and thus is widely available in developed parts of the world. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of Ice cream can be purchased in large cartons (vats and squrounds) from supermarkets and grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores, and milk bars, and in individual servings from small carts or vans at public events. Carton is the name of certain types of containers typically made from Paperboard which is also sometimes known as "cardboard" Squround is a Portmanteau for "square round" ( Cartons, referring to a compromise between a square and a round carton A convenience store is a small store or shop. They are often located alongside busy roads or at gas/petrol stations. Milk bar is a term in some parts of Australia for Suburban local shops or General stores They are known as Delicatessens or delis in In Turkey and Australia, ice cream is sometimes sold to beach-goers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers. Some ice cream distributors sell ice cream products from traveling refrigerated vans or carts (commonly referred to in the US as "ice cream trucks"), sometimes equipped with speakers playing children's music. An ice cream van ( British) or ice cream truck ( American) is a Commercial vehicle which serves as a travelling Retail outlet for Traditionally ice cream vans in the United Kingdom make a music box noise rather than actual music.

Dietary

Ice cream may have the following composition: Greater than 10% milkfat and usually between 10% and as high as 16% fat in some premium ice creams: 9 to 12% milk solids-not-fat: this component, also known as the serum solids, contains the proteins (caseins and whey proteins) and carbohydrates (lactose) found in milk: 12 to 16% sweeteners: usually a combination of sucrose and glucose-based corn syrup sweeteners: 0. 2 to 0. 5% stabilizers and emulsifiers: 55% to 64% water which comes from the milk or other ingredients. [1] These compositions are percentage by weight. Since ice cream can contain as much as half air by volume, these numbers may be reduced by as much as half if cited by volume. In terms of dietary considerations, however, the percentages by weight are more relevant. Even the low fat products have high caloric content: Ben and Jerry's No Fat Vanilla Fudge weighs in at 150 calories per half cup due to its high sugar content [[2]] .

History

Precursors of ice cream

Ancient civilizations had saved ice for cold foods for thousands of years. Mesopotamia has the earliest icehouses in existence, 4,000 years ago, beside the Euphrates River, where the wealthy stored items to keep them cold. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The pharaohs of Egypt had ice shipped to them. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. In the fifth century BC, ancient Greeks sold snow cones mixed with honey and fruit in the markets of Athens. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Persians, having mastered the storage of ice, ate chilled desserts well into summer. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Roman emperor Nero (37–68) had ice brought from the mountains and combined with fruit toppings. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called These were some early chilled delicacies. ^[4]

Ancient Persians mastered the technique of storing ice inside giant naturally-cooled refrigerators known as yakhchals. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox yakh-chāl (meaning "ice pit" ( Persian Language:یخچال is an ancient type of refrigerator These structures kept ice brought in from the winter, or from nearby mountains, well into the summer. They worked by using tall windcatchers that kept the sub-level storage space at frigid temperatures. A windcatcher ( Persian: بادگیر Bâdgir, Arabic: بارجيل Baarjiil) is a traditional Persian architectural device

In 400 BC, Persians invented a special chilled pudding-like dish, made of rosewater and vermicelli which was served to royalty during summers. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia thumb|right|250px|Rose water Rose water or rose syrup (گلاب Golâb, Gül suyu ماء ورد Māʾ ward, Urdu: گلاب رس Vermicelli (ˌvɜrmɪˈtʃɛli in English, Arabic: شعريه from Italian /veɾmiˈtʃɛlːi/ lit The ice was mixed with saffron, fruits, and various other flavors. Saffron ( Kurdish/Persian زَعْفَرَان is a Spice derived from the dried Stigma of the Flower of the saffron crocus ( Crocus sativus The treat, widely made in Iran today, is called "faloodeh", and is made from starch (usually wheat), spun in a sieve-like machine which produces threads or drops of the batter, which are boiled in water. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Fālūde ( or Pālūde ( is a Persian or Pakistani Sorbet made of thin Vermicelli noodles frozen with Corn starch, The mix is then frozen, and mixed with rosewater and lemons, before serving. [3][4]

In 62 AD, the Roman emperor Nero sent slaves to the Apennine mountains to collect snow to be flavored with honey and nuts.

Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat asserts in her History of Food, "the Chinese may be credited with inventing a device to make sorbets and ice cream. They poured a mixture of snow and saltpetre over the exteriors of containers filled with syrup, for, in the same way as salt raises the boiling-point of water, it lowers the freezing-point to below zero. Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 "^[5] Toussaint-Samat gives no ancient Chinese historical source for this claim.

In the sixteenth century, the Mughal emperors used relays of horsemen to bring ice from the Hindu Kush to Delhi where it was used in fruit sorbets. The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population ^[6]

When Italian duchess Catherine de' Medici married the duc d’Orléans in 1533, she is said to have brought with her Italian chefs who had recipes for flavored ices or sorbets and introduced them in France. Catherine de' Medici (April 13 1519 &ndash January 5 1589 was born in Florence, Italy as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. ^[7] One hundred years later Charles I of England was supposedly so impressed by the "frozen snow" that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be a royal prerogative. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. ^[8] There is, however, no historical evidence to support these legends, which first appeared during the 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

The first recipe for flavored ices in French appears in 1674, in Nicholas Lemery’s Recueil de curiositéz rares et nouvelles de plus admirables effets de la nature. ^[7]

Recipes for sorbetti saw publication in the 1694 edition of Antonio Latini's Lo Scalco alla Moderna (The Modern Steward). ^[7]

Recipes for flavored ices begin to appear in François Massialot's Nouvelle Instruction pour les Confitures, les Liqueurs, et les Fruits starting with the 1692 edition. Massialot's recipes result in a coarse, pebbly texture. However, Latini claims that the results of his recipes should have the fine consistency of sugar and snow. ^[7]

True ice cream

Ice cream recipes first appear in 18th century England and America. A recipe for ice cream was published in Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts in 1718. Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts was published in London in 1718 and again in 1733, the second time also under the title of The compleat confectioner (ISBN 0-907325-25-4)

To ice CREAM. Take Tin Ice-Pots, fill them with any Sort of Cream you like, either plain or sweeten'd, or Fruit in it; shut your Pots very close; to six Pots you must allow eighteen or twenty Pound of Ice, breaking the Ice very small; there will be some great Pieces, which lay at the Bottom and Top: You must have a Pail, and lay some Straw at the Bottom; then lay in your Ice, and put in amongst it a Pound of Bay-Salt; set in your Pots of Cream, and lay Ice and Salt between every Pot, that they may not touch; but the Ice must lie round them on every Side; lay a good deal of Ice on the Top, cover the Pail with Straw, set it in a Cellar where no Sun or Light comes, it will be froze in four Hours, but it may stand longer; than take it out just as you use it; hold it in your Hand and it will slip out. When you wou'd freeze any Sort of Fruit, either Cherries, Rasberries, Currants, or Strawberries, fill your Tin-Pots with the Fruit, but as hollow as you can; put to them Lemmonade, made with Spring-Water and Lemmon-Juice sweeten'd; put enough in the Pots to make the Fruit hang together, and put them in Ice as you do Cream.

The earliest reference to ice cream given by the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1744, reprinted in a magazine in 1877. 1744 in Pennsylvania Mag. Hist. & Biogr. (1877) I. 126 Among the rarities. . was some fine ice cream, which, with the strawberries and milk, eat most deliciously. ^[9]

The 1751 edition of The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy by Hannah Glasse features a recipe for ice cream. Written in 1747 Hannah Glasse 's (1708-1770 The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy represents one of the most important references for culinary practice in England Hannah Glasse (1708 &ndash 1770 was a cookery writer of the eighteenth century OED gives her recipe: H. GLASSE Art of Cookery (ed. 4) 333 (heading) To make Ice Cream. . set it [sc. the cream] into the larger Bason. Fill it with Ice, and a Handful of Salt. ^[10]

1768 saw the publication of L'Art de Bien Faire les Glaces d'Office by M. Emy, a cookbook devoted entirely to recipes for flavored ices and ice cream. ^[7]

Ice cream was introduced to the United States by Quaker colonists who brought their ice cream recipes with them. Confectioners sold ice cream at their shops in New York and other cities during the colonial era. Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were known to have regularly eaten and served ice cream. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence First Lady Dolley Madison is also closely associated with the early history of ice cream in the United States. First Lady is a term used in the United States to describe the wife of an elected male Head of state. Dorothea Payne Todd "Dolley" Madison (May 20 1768 &ndash July 12 1849 was the wife of the 4th President of the United States, James Madison, and was One respected history of ice cream states that, as the wife of U. S. President James Madison, she served ice cream at her husband's Inaugural Ball in 1813.

Around 1832, Augustus Jackson, an African American confectioner, not only created multiple ice cream recipes, but he also invented a superior technique to manufacture ice cream. Breyers Ice Cream is a brand of Ice cream owned by Unilever (part of their United States Good Humor-Breyers unit A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. [5]

In 1843, Nancy Johnson of Philadelphia was issued the first U. S. patent for a small-scale handcranked ice cream freezer. The invention of the ice cream soda gave Americans a new treat, adding to ice cream's popularity. "Black Cow" redirects here For the 1977 song by Steely Dan, see Aja (album. This cold treat was probably invented by Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim.

The ice cream sundae originated in the late 19th century. The sundae is an Ice cream dessert It typically consists of a scoop of ice cream topped with sauce or syrup (often Chocolate, Caramel, Butterscotch Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no conclusive evidence to back up any of their stories. Some sources say that the sundae was invented to circumvent blue laws, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. A blue law is a type of law in the United States and Canada designed to enforce moral standards particularly the observance of Sunday as a day of worship Towns claiming to be the birthplace of the sundae include Buffalo, New York; Two Rivers, Wisconsin; Ithaca, New York; and Evanston, Illinois. Both the ice cream cone and banana split became popular in the early 20th century. An ice-cream cone or cornet is a cone-shaped pastry usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a Waffle, in which Ice cream is served allowing A banana split is an Ice cream -based Dessert. In its classic form it is served in a long dish called a "boat" Several food vendors claimed to have invented the ice cream cone at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, MO, and reliable evidence proves that the ice cream cone was popularized at the fair. However, Europeans were eating cones long before 1904. [6] [7]

In the UK, ice cream remained an expensive and rare treat, until large quantities of ice began to be imported from Norway and the US in the mid Victorian era. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional A Swiss-Italian businessman, Carlo Gatti, opened the first ice cream stall outside Charing Cross station in 1851, selling scoops of ice cream in shells for one penny. Carlo Gatti (1817 &ndash 1878 was a Swiss Entrepreneur in the Victorian era. [8] The penny lick soon became popular, remaining on sale until banned in 1926, by which time it had been replaced by the ice cream cone. A penny lick was a small glass for serving Ice cream from the mid nineteenth century to the early twentieth century An ice-cream cone or cornet is a cone-shaped pastry usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a Waffle, in which Ice cream is served allowing

The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increases in availability and popularity. In the United States in the early 20th century, the ice cream soda was a popular treat at the soda shop, the soda fountain, and the ice cream parlor. "Black Cow" redirects here For the 1977 song by Steely Dan, see Aja (album. Soda shop is a business akin to an Ice cream parlor and a drugstore Soda fountain. During American Prohibition the soda fountain to some extent replaced the outlawed alcohol establishments, including bars and saloons. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol A bar (also called a Pub or Tavern) is a business that serves drinks especially Alcoholic beverages such as beer liquor and mixed drinks for consumption A bar (also called a Pub or Tavern) is a business that serves drinks especially Alcoholic beverages such as beer liquor and mixed drinks for consumption

Ice cream became popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th century after cheap refrigeration became common. Refrigeration is the process of removing Heat from an enclosed space or from a substance and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable There was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavors and types. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety. Howard Johnson's restaurants advertised "a world of 28 flavors. Howard Johnson's is a chain of restaurants and Hotels, located primarily throughout the United States and Canada. " Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavors ("one for every day of the month") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy. Baskin-Robbins is a global chain of Ice cream parlors founded by Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins in 1945 in Glendale California. The company now boasts that it has developed over 1000 varieties.

One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream. Soft serve or creemee in parts of the northeastern United States is a type of frozen dessert that is softer than Ice cream. A chemical research team in Britain (of which a young Margaret Thatcher was a member)^[11][12] discovered a method of doubling the amount of air in ice cream, which allowed manufacturers to use less of the actual ingredients, thereby reducing costs. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 This ice cream was also popular amongst consumers who preferred the lighter texture, and most major ice cream brands now use this manufacturing process. It also made possible the soft ice cream machine in which a cone is filled beneath a spigot on order. In the United States, Dairy Queen, Carvel, and Tastee Freez pioneered in establishing chains of soft-serve ice cream outlets.

Technological innovations such as these have introduced various food additives into ice-cream, notably the stabilizing agent gluten,^[13] to which some people have an intolerance. Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance Gluten is a composite of the proteins Gliadin and Glutenin. These exist conjoined with Starch, in the Endosperms of some Gluten sensitivity (GS encompasses a collection of medical conditions in which Gluten has an adverse effect Recent awareness of this issue has prompted a number of manufacturers to start producing gluten-free ice-cream. ^[14]

The 1980s saw a return of the older, thicker ice creams being sold as "premium" and "superpremium" varieties under brands such as Ben and Jerry's and Häagen-Dazs. B&J redirects here For the beverage company see Bartles and Jaymes. Häagen-Dazs is an American brand of Ice cream, established by Polish immigrants Reuben and Rose Mattus in The Bronx, New

Ice cream throughout the world

Argentina

The tradition of ice cream making was taken to Argentina by the Italian immigrants and the helado (ice cream) has become one of the most popular desserts in the country. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Among the most famous manufacturers are Freddo, one of the oldest, Pérsico and Munchi's, all of them located in Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern However, each city has its own heladería (ice cream house) which offer creamy ice creams. There are hundreds of flavors but Argentina's most traditional and popular one is dulce de leche, which has become a favorite abroad, especially in the US. Dulce de leche in Spanish or doce de leite in Portuguese ("milk candy" is a milk-based syrup

Australia and New Zealand

Per capita, Australians and New Zealanders are among the leading ice cream consumers in the world, eating 18 litres and 20 litres each per year respectively, behind the United States of America where people eat 23 litres each per year. Batemans Bay is a town and a Bay in the South Coast region of the state of New South Wales, Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[15] Brands include Streets, Peters, Sara Lee, New Zealand Natural, Cadbury and Baskin-Robbins. Streets Ice-cream is the Australian ice-cream brand owned by the multi-national company Unilever. Peters Ice Cream is an Australian Ice cream brand developed by American expatriate Fred Peters in 1907 using his mother's recipe New Zealand Natural is a chain of franchise Ice cream and juice shops in shopping centres in Australia, New Zealand and other countries Baskin-Robbins is a global chain of Ice cream parlors founded by Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins in 1945 in Glendale California.

Finland

The first ice cream manufacturer in Finland were the Italian Magi family, who opened the Helsingin jäätelötehdas in 1922 and Suomen Eskimo Oy. Other manufacturers soon spawned, like Pietarsaaren jäätelötehdas (1928-2002).

Finland's first ice cream bar opened at the Lasipalatsi in 1936, and at the same time another manufacturer, Maanviljelijäin Maitokeskus started their production. Lasipalatsi ( Finnish) or Glaspalatset in Swedish (meaning literally "the Glass palace" is a functionalist office building designed

Today, the two largest ice cream manufacturers are Ingman and Nestlé (who bought Valiojäätelö). Incorporated in 1907 the Ingman Group is one of the largest food manufacturers in Scandinavia holding a leading position in the Dairy sector in Finland, Sweden Nestlé is a multinational packaged food company founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland Valio is one of the biggest companies in Finland and mostly produces Dairy products such as Cheese, powdered ingredients Butter, Yoghurt Finland is also the leading consumer of ice cream in Europe, with 13. 7 liters per person in 2003. ^[16]

France

In 1651 Italian Francesco dei Coltelli opened an ice cream café in Paris and the product became so popular that during the next 50 years another 250 icecafés opened in Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Some "French Style" ice creams are made with butter in place of cream.

Germany

Italian ice-cream parlours (Eisdielen) have been popular in Germany since the 1920s, when many Italians immigrated and set up business. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. As in Italy itself, ice cream is considered a traditional dessert and the ice-cream at an Eisdiele is still mostly hand-made.

Ghana

In 1962^[17], the popular Ghanaian treat FanMilk was created by the Fan Milk Limited company. FanIce comes in strawberry, chocolate and vanilla. Garden strawberries are a common variety of strawberry cultivated worldwide Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. FanMilk also makes additional products, though FanIce is the closest to Western ice cream. Pouches of FanIce and other FanMilk products can be bought from men on bikes equipped with chill boxes in any moderately sized town, and in cities large enough for grocery stores, FanMilk can be bought in tubs for eating at home.

Greece

Ice cream in its modern form is a relatively new invention. Ice treats have been enjoyed since ancient times. During the 5th century BC, ancient Greeks ate snow mixed with honey and fruit in the markets of Athens. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, encouraged his ancient Greek patients to eat ice "as it livens the lifejuices and increases the well-being. Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca "^[18] In the 4th century BC, it was well known that a favorite treat of Alexander the Great was snow ice mixed with honey and nectar. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Nectar is a Sugar -rich liquid produced by plants It is produced either by the Flowers in which it attracts pollinating animals or by extrafloral ^[19] In modern times Greek ice cream recipes have some unique flavors such as Pagoto Kaimaki, (Greek: Παγωτό Καϊμάκι), made from mastic-resin which gives it an almost chewy texture, and salepi, used as a thickening agent to increase resistance to melting; both give the ice cream a unique taste; Olive Oil Ice Cream with figs; Pagoto Kataifi Chocolate, (Greek: Παγωτό Καταΐφι-κακάο), made from the shredded filo dough pastry that resembles angel's hair pasta or vermicelli; and Mavrodaphne Ice Cream, (Greek: Μαυροδάφνη Παγωτό), made from a Greek dessert wine. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Mastic ( Greek:μαστίχα( Pistacia lentiscus) is an Evergreen Shrub or small Tree of the Pistacio family growing Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. Ficus is a Genus of about 850 Species of woody Trees Shrubs Vines Epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes in the family Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Vermicelli (ˌvɜrmɪˈtʃɛli in English, Arabic: شعريه from Italian /veɾmiˈtʃɛlːi/ lit Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Fruity Greek Sweets of the Spoon are usually served as toppings with Greek-inspired ice cream flavors. Spoon sweets are sweet preserves, served in a spoon as a gesture of hospitality in the Balkans, the Middle East, and in Russia.

Italy

Ice cream is a traditional dessert in Italy. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Much is still hand-made by individual gelateria (look for the sign 'produzione propria', meaning 'our own make' in the ice cream shops). Italian ice cream or gelato is made from whole milk, eggs, sugar, and natural flavorings. Gelato, or the plural Gelati, is Italian ice cream made from a liquid milk or water a solid sugar fats or sweeteners flavorings pastes fruit powders stabilizers guar Gelato typically contains 7-8% fat, less than ice cream's minimum of 10%.

Before the cone became popular for serving ice cream, in English speaking countries, Italian street vendors would serve the ice cream in a small glass dish referred to as a "penny lick" or wrapped in waxed paper and known as a hokey-pokey (possibly a corruption of the Italian "ecco un poco" - "here is a little"). A penny lick was a small glass for serving Ice cream from the mid nineteenth century to the early twentieth century Hokey pokey is a flavour of Ice cream consisting of plain vanilla ice cream with small solid lumps of either honeycomb ( Australia) or solid toffee Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. ^[20]

Some of the most known ice cream machine makers are Italian companies Carpigiani, Crm-Telme, Corema-Telme, Technogel, Cattabriga, Matrix, Promag. Carpigiani, Italian industry specialised in producing Ice cream machines located near Bologna.

Japan

Ice cream is also a popular dessert in Japan , with almost two in five adults eating some at least once a week, according to a recent survey. Mochi ice cream is a Japanese confection made from mochi (pulverized Sticky rice) with an Ice cream filling Green tea is a type of Tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis, that has undergone minimal Oxidation during processing Red bean paste or Azuki bean paste is a sweet dark Red bean paste originating from China. ^[21] Since 1999, the Japanese Ice Cream Association has been publishing the Ice Cream White Paper once a year, and the four most popular ice cream flavors in Japan has not changed (including their orders) since 1999 according to the Paper. A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that often addresses problems and how to solve them ^[22] The top four flavors are vanilla, chocolate, matcha (powdered green tea) and strawberry. Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree is a variety of fine powdered Green tea used particularly in the Japanese tea ceremony, as well as to flavour and dye foods such as mochi and Soba noodles Green tea is a type of Tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis, that has undergone minimal Oxidation during processing Garden strawberries are a common variety of strawberry cultivated worldwide Other notable popular flavors are milk, caramel and azuki (Red Bean) also according the Paper. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Caramel (pronounced /ˈkærəmɛl/ or /ˈkɑrməl/ refers to a range of confections that are Beige to dark brown in Color, derived from the The azuki bean (also spelled adzuki or aduki) is an annual vine widely grown throughout East Asia and the Himalayas for its small ^[22] Azuki is particularly favored by people in their 50s and older. ^[22] While matcha is a truly Japanese flavor favored by Japanese and well-known among non-Japanese outside of Japan, plum and ginger, tastes often presented as Japanese flavors outside of Japan, did not make the cut in the top 17 favorite flavor list in 2006. ^[22] In Japan, a soft serve ice cream is called softcream which is also very popular. Soft serve or creemee in parts of the northeastern United States is a type of frozen dessert that is softer than Ice cream. As a seasonal treat during the cherry blossom season, ice cream is available that is actually flavored with cherry blossoms.

Turkey

See Dondurma for Turkish ice cream. Dondurma (Dondurma "freezing" is the name used for Ice cream in Turkey.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, per capita consumption of ice cream is 6 litres per year. Much of the lower-priced ice cream sold, including that from some ice cream vans, has little milk or milk solids content, being made with vegetable oil, usually hydrogenated palm kernel oil. Hydrogenation is the Chemical reaction that results in addition of Hydrogen (H2 Ice cream sold as dairy ice cream must contain milk fat, and many companies make sure that dairy is prominently displayed on their packaging or businesses.

The Ice Cream Alliance Ltd, a trade association for the UK ice-cream industry, says that: "It is necessary for a manufacturer to be aware of the compositional requirements of the country in which he intends to sell his ice cream. In the UK this is a minimum of 5% fat and a minimum of 2. 5% milk protein. There is also an Italian ice cream dessert known as Tartufo. (Schedule 8, the Food Labelling Regulations 1996). ^[23]

United States

Ice cream is an extremely popular dessert in the United States. Americans consume about 15 quarts (more than 13 litres) of ice cream per person per year—the most in the world. ^[24] Although chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry are the traditional favorite flavors of ice cream, and once enjoyed roughly equal popularity, vanilla has grown to be far and away the most popular. According to the International Ice Cream Association (1994), supermarket sales of ice cream break down as follows: vanilla, 28%; fruit flavors, 15%; nut flavors, 13. 5%; candy mix-in flavors, 12. 5%; chocolate, 8%; cake and cookie flavors, 7. 5%; Neapolitan, 7%; and coffee/mocha, 3%. Other flavors combine for 5. 5%. Sales in ice cream parlors are more variable, as new flavors come and go, but about three times as many people call vanilla their favorite than chocolate, the runner-up.

Federal government regulations pertaining to the process of making ice cream, allowable ingredients, and standards, may be found in Part 135 of Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations^[25] As a rule, ice cream must contain not less than 10 percent milkfat, nor less than 10 percent nonfat milk solids. ^[26]

Ice cream cone

Main article: Ice-cream cone

Mrs Marshall's Cookery Book, published in 1888, endorsed serving ice cream in cones, but the idea definitely predated that. An ice-cream cone or cornet is a cone-shaped pastry usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a Waffle, in which Ice cream is served allowing Agnes Marshall was a celebrated cookery writer of her day and helped to popularise ice cream. A list of some prominent writers on Food, Cooking, dining, and cultural history related to food She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first person to suggest using liquefied gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the Royal Institution. The Royal Institution of Great Britain is an organization devoted to scientific education and research based in London.

Reliable evidence proves that ice cream cones were served in the 19th century, and their popularity increased greatly during the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the Saint Louis World's Fair, was an international exposition held in St According to legend, at the World's Fair an ice cream seller had run out of the cardboard dishes used to put ice cream scoops in, so they could not sell any more produce. Next door to the ice cream booth was a Syrian waffle booth, unsuccessful due to intense heat; the waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles and the new product sold well, and was widely copied by other vendors. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية A waffle is a light batter cake cooked in a Waffle iron patterned to give a distinctive and characteristic shape [9] [10]

Other frozen desserts

The following is a partial list of ice-cream-like frozen desserts and snacks:

• Ais kacang: a dessert in Malaysia and Singapore made from shaved ice, syrup, boiled red bean and topped with chocolate sauce and evaporated milk. Ais kacang or ice kacang ( is a Dessert served in Malaysia and Singapore. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and
• Dondurma: Turkish ice cream, made of salep and mastic resin
• Frozen custard: at least 10% milk fat and at least 1. Dondurma (Dondurma "freezing" is the name used for Ice cream in Turkey. Salep (salep - sahlep from سحلب saḥlab referring to both orchid as well as the salep drink Mastic ( Greek:μαστίχα( Pistacia lentiscus) is an Evergreen Shrub or small Tree of the Pistacio family growing Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. Frozen custard is a cold dessert similar to Ice cream, made with eggs in addition to cream and Sugar. 4% egg yolk and much less air beaten into it, similar to Gelato, fairly rare. Known in Italy as Semifreddo. Semifreddo is an Italian word that refers to a class of semi-frozen desserts typically ice-cream cakes semi-frozen custards and certain fruit tarts
• Frozen yogurt: a low fat or fat free alternative made with yogurt
• Gelato: an Italian frozen dessert having a lower milk fat content than ice cream and stabilized with ingredients such as eggs. Frozen yogurt (also frozen yoghurt or frogurt) is a frozen Dessert made from or containing yogurt or dairy analogues. Gelato, or the plural Gelati, is Italian ice cream made from a liquid milk or water a solid sugar fats or sweeteners flavorings pastes fruit powders stabilizers guar
• Ice milk: less than 10% milk fat and lower sweetening content, once marketed as "ice milk" but now sold as low-fat ice cream in the United States. Ice milk or iced milk is a frozen Dessert with less than 10 percent milk Fat and the same sweetener content as Ice cream.
• Ice pop (or lolly): frozen fruit puree, fruit juice, or flavored sugar water on a stick or in a flexible plastic sleeve. An ice pop is a frozen water-based dessert on a stick It is made by freezing colored flavored liquid (such as fruit juice around a stick
• Kulfi: Believed to have been introduced to South Asia by the Mughal conquest in the 16th century; its origins trace back to the cold snacks and desserts of Arab and Mediterranean cultures. Kulfi or Qulfi is a popular flavoured frozen Dessert found in the Indian subcontinent made with Milk. ^[27]
• Mellorine: non-dairy, with vegetable fat substituted for milk fat
• Sherbet: 1-2% milk fat and sweeter than ice cream. Mellorine is a lower cost alternative to Ice cream, wherein other fats are used instead of butterfat Şerbet ( Turkish) (Soda powder Etymology Turkish & Persian Turkish şerbet from Persian & Urdu شربت Hindi sharbat from Arabic
• Sorbet: fruit puree with no dairy products
• Snow cones, made from balls of crushed ice topped with sweet syrup served in a paper cone, are consumed in many parts of the world. Sorbet is a frozen Dessert made from sweetened Water flavored with iced Fruit (typically Juice or Puree) Chocolate, Dairy products are generally defined as Foodstuffs produced from Milk. A snow cone (or sno cone. Spanish raspado) is a dessert item usually made of crushed or shaved ice flavored with brightly colored Sugary syrup usually The most common places to find snow cones in the United States are at amusement parks. Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group
• Maple toffee: A popular springtime treat in maple-growing areas is maple toffee, where maple syrup boiled to a concentrated state is poured over fresh snow congealing in a toffee-like mass, and then eaten from a wooden stick used to pick it up from the snow. Toffee is a Confection made by boiling Molasses or Sugar (creating inverted sugar) along with Butter, and occasionally Flour Acer ( maple) is a Genus of Trees or Shrubs They are variously classified in a family of their own the Aceraceae, or Toffee is a Confection made by boiling Molasses or Sugar (creating inverted sugar) along with Butter, and occasionally Flour Maple syrup is a sweetener made from the sap of Maple trees In Canada and the United States it is most often eaten with waffles and pancakes

Using liquid nitrogen

Using liquid nitrogen to freeze ice cream is an old idea and has been used for many years to harden ice cream. Dippin' Dots is an Ice cream snack invented by Southern Illinois University Carbondale graduate Curt Jones in 1987. Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the Triple point is 0707 g/mL is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by Fractional distillation of However, the use of liquid nitrogen in the primary freezing of ice cream, that is to effect the transition from the liquid to the frozen state without the use of a conventional ice cream freezer, has only recently started to see commercialization. Some commercial innovations have been documented in the National Cryogenic Society Magazine "Cold Facts" [11]. The most noted brands are Dippin' Dots [12], Blue Sky Creamery [13], Project Creamery [14], and Sub Zero Cryo Creamery [15]. Dippin' Dots is an Ice cream snack invented by Southern Illinois University Carbondale graduate Curt Jones in 1987. The preparation results in a column of white condensed water vapor cloud, reminiscent of popular depictions of witches' cauldrons. Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers The ice cream, dangerous to eat while still "steaming," is allowed to rest until the liquid nitrogen is completely vaporized. Sometimes ice cream is frozen to the sides of the container, and must be allowed to thaw.

Making ice cream with liquid nitrogen has advantages over conventional freezing. Due to the rapid freezing, the crystal grains are smaller, giving the ice cream a creamier texture, and allowing one to get the same texture by using less milkfat. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating However, such ice crystals will grow very quickly via the processes of recrystallization thus obviating the original benefits unless steps are taken to inhibit ice crystal growth.

See also

Notes

External links

• History of Ice Cream
• Another History of Iced Beverages and Ice Cream
• Ice Cream sculptures
• Ice Cream Reviews
• The Complete Guide To Ice Cream
• Ice cream history and "who really invented the ice cream cone?"
• Cooking with Chemistry, Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream
• HowStuffWorks's How Ice-Cream Works.
• Popular culture, Laurel & Hardy Sketch
• The words for Ice Cream, the famous novelty song by Johnson, Moll and King, sung by Walter Williams (with Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians), which is the source of the refrain "I scream, you scream, we all scream, for ice cream!". A recording of their performance is available on Jasmine Music, ASIN: B0000659OZ, the title of the compilation is We All Scream for Ice Cream.
• The Structure of Ice Cream

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