For the utopian place see the entry for Étienne Cabet

Icaria Ικαρία
The village of Armenistis in the north between Nas and Evdilos
Geography
Coordinates:	37°35′N 26°10′E / 37.583, 26.167
Island Chain:	North Aegean
Area:[1]	255. Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the Étienne Cabet ( January 1, 1788 &ndash November 9, 1856) was a French philosopher and Utopian socialist. North Aegean is one of the thirteen Peripheries of Greece. It consists of the prefectures of Chios, Lesbos and Samos. 303 km² (99 sq.mi.)
Government
Greece
Periphery:	North Aegean
Prefecture:	Samos Prefecture
Capital:	Agios Kirykos
Statistics
Population:	8,312 (as of 2001)
Density:	33 /km² (84 /sq. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. North Aegean is one of the thirteen Peripheries of Greece. It consists of the prefectures of Chios, Lesbos and Samos. Samos Prefecture ( Greek Σάμος consists of the islands of Samos, Ikaria and the smaller islands of Fournoi Korseon. Agios Kirykos (Άγιος Κήρυκος is a municipality on the island of Icaria, Samos Prefecture, Greece. mi. )
Postal Code:	833 xx
Area Code:	22750
License Code:	MO
Website
www.icaria.gr

Icaria, also spelled Ikaria (Greek: Ικαρία), locally Nikaria or Nicaria (Νικαριά), ancient name: Doliche (Δολίχη), is a Greek island 10 nautical miles (19 km) south-west of Samos. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Samos (Σάμος is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off It derived its name from Icarus, the son of Daedalus in Greek mythology, who fell into the sea nearby. Icarus ( Greek:, Latin: Íkaros, Etruscan: Vicare) is a character in Greek mythology. This article is about the mythological character For other uses see Daedalus (disambiguation. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance

History

Icaria has been inhabited since at least 7000 B. C. when it was populated by the Neolithic pre-Hellenic people that Greeks called Pelasgians. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The name Pelasgians (from Ancient Greek grc Πελασγοί Pelasgoí, singular Πελασγός Pelasgós) was used by some ancient Greek Around 750 B. C. , Greeks from Miletus colonized Icaria establishing a settlement in the area of present day Campos, which they called Oenoe for its wine. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Icaria was absorbed by Samos and became part of Polycrates' sea empire. Polycrates (Πολυκράτης son of Aeaces, was the Tyrant of Samos from c At this time the temple of Artemis at Nas, on the northeast corner of the island, was built. In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister Nas is a small village on the Greek island of Icaria. Nas was a sacred spot to the pre-Greek inhabitants of the Aegean, and an important port of the island in antiquity, the last stop before testing the dangerous seas around Icaria. It was an appropriate place for sailors to make sacrifices to Artemis, who, among other functions, was a patron of seafarers. The temple stood in good repair until the middle of the 19th century when it was pillaged by the villagers of Christos, Raches, for marble for their local church. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar In 1939 it was excavated by the Greek archeologist Leon Politis. During the German and Italian occupation of Icaria in the Second World War many of the artifacts unearthed by Politis disappeared. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Local custom has it that there are still marble statues embedded in the sand off the coast.

Genoese Era

In the 14th century A. D. Icaria became part of a Genoese Aegean empire. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English At one stage, during this time, the Icarians actually destroyed their harbours to deter the aggressive visitors. According to local historians, the Icarians left to their own devices, built seven watchtowers around the coast. As soon as a hostile or unknown sail was seen, the watchers immediately lit a fire and then ran to a cistern that was always filled with water. For cisterns in Neuroanatomy, see Cistern (neuroanatomy.For the village in England see Syston. They pulled out a wooden bung in the bottom, and the water, of course, began to leak out. The garrisons of the other towers had been alerted by the fire to do the same thing at the same time. Inside each cistern in each castle were identical lines, like those on a measuring jar. Each of these calibrations had a different message attached to it: "pirates attacking", "unknown sail approaching", etc. When the water level reached the level of the appropriate message, the senders rebunged the cistern and put out the fire, and everyone in the other towers could read off the size and proximity of the danger.

During this time, the Icarians seldom built villages. Each house was remote from its neighbour, had only one door and was barricaded behind high walls. A working chimney could be a giveaway, so they endured smoke-filled rooms which were kept bare of lootable belongings. Tradition promises that everyone slept on the floor and hid their belongings in niches in the walls. Men and women wore much the same clothes: woven linen skirts for the women, kilts for the males. This lifestyle is said to have procured longevity and also classlessness.

Ottoman Era

Further information: Ottoman Greece

The Knights of St. John, who had their base in Rhodes, exerted some control over Icaria until 1521 when the Ottoman Empire incorporated Icaria into its realm. Most of Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821. The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( SMOM) Order of Malta Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Icarians hanged the first Turkish tax collector, but somehow managed to escape punishment.

The Turks imposed a very loose administration, not sending any officials to Icaria for several centuries. The best account we have of the island during these years is from the pen of the Bishop J. Georgirnees who in 1677 described the island with 1,000 inhabitants who were the poorest people in the Aegean. In 1827 Icaria broke away from the Ottoman Empire, but was forced to accept Turkish rule a few years later. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish It remained part of the Ottoman Empire until July 17, 1912 when the Icarians expelled a Turkish garrison and thereby achieved independence. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting

George Spanos (c. 1872 - 1912) of Evdilos, killed in a Turkish ambush on July 17, is honored as the hero of the Icarian Revolution. His bust, depicting him with bandoliers and defiant rifle in hand, may be seen in the National Resistance Square in Evdilos.

Free State of Icaria

Flag of the Free State of Icaria (1912)

On July 18, 1912 the Free State of Icaria was declared. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The neighboring islands of Fournoi Korseon were also liberated and became part of the Free State. Fourni Korseon (Φούρνοι Κορσέων more commonly Fourni, are a complex of small Greek islands that lie between Icaria, Samos Ioannis Malachias was the first and only president of the short-lived nation. For five months, it remained an independent state, with its own armed forces, flag, stamps, and anthem. These five months were difficult times. There were food shortages, the people were without regular transportation and postal service, and they were at risk of becoming part of the Italian Aegean empire. But in November 1912, after a delay due to the Balkan Wars, Icaria became part of Greece. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

The island suffered tremendous losses in property and lives during the Second World War as the result of the Italian and then German occupation. There are no exact figures on how many people starved, but, in the village of Karavostamo alone, over 100 perished from starvation. Karavostamo is a seaside village in Ikaria. It is composed of an upper and lower village and is situated in the northern part of the island east of the municipality of Evdilos

Red Rock

The ravages of W. W. II were followed by those of the Greek Civil War (1945-1947), fought between the nationalists and the communists. Subsequently, the Greek government used the island to exile about 13,000 communists. To this date, many of the islanders have remained sympathetic to communism, and, for this reason, Icaria is referred to by some as the Kokkino Nisi (Greek: Κόκκινο νησί) (Red Island) or the Kokkinos Vrahos (Greek: Κόκκινος Βράχος) (Red Rock). In his analysis, "Rebels and Radicals; Icaria 1600-2000," historian Anthony J. Papalas (East Carolina U. ) examines modern Icaria in light of such 20th-century questions as poverty, emigration to America, the nature of the Axis occupation, the rise of Communism, the Civil War, and the rightwing reaction to the radical post-war movements.

Modern Era

The quality of life improved greatly after 1960 when the Greek government began to invest in the infrastructure of the island to assist in the promotion of tourism. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel

In 2002 Greek authorities captured Icarian-born, Christodoulos Xiros, a member of Revolutionary Organization 17 November. Structure Overview The Hellenic Police force is headed in a de jure sense by the Minister for Internal Affairs, however although he or she sets the general Revolutionary Organization 17 November ( Greek: Επαναστατική Οργάνωση 17 Νοέμβρη Epanastatiki Organosi dekaefta Noemvri) (also known ^[2][3] A 58-year-old professor and economist, Alexandros Giotopoulos, was identified as the group's leader and was arrested on the nearby island of Lipsi. Alexandros Giotopoulos (born 1939 is serving a sentence of life imprisonment having been found guilty in 2003 of leading the Marxist Greek terrorist group November Leipsoi (Λειψοί also Lipsi) is an island south of Samos and to the north of Leros in Greece. ^[4]

Landmarks

Monastery in central Icaria

Agios Kyrikos, the capital of Icaria in the sixth century B.C.

Landmarks include the ancient temple of Artemis at Nas, the statue of Icarus at Agios Kyrikos, and a number of beautifully constructed ancient churches. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. Icarus ( Greek:, Latin: Íkaros, Etruscan: Vicare) is a character in Greek mythology. The most valuable asset of Icaria, are the hot mineral springs in the spa town of Therma, healing from arthritis to female infertility, and from gout to rheumatism. A hot spring is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated Groundwater from the earth's crust. The term spa is associated with water treatment which is also known as Balneotherapy, Spa towns or Spa resorts offering such treatment or the medication They had been known since 2000 BC, and nowadays they are surrounded by modern facilities ideal for a combination of healing and family vacations. These springs are the most radioactive in Europe. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation.

Geography

It is one of the middle islands of the northern Aegean, 255 km² (99 mi²) in area with 102 miles (160 km) in coastline and a population of 8,312 inhabitants. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The topography is a contrast between verdant slopes and barren steep rocks. The island is mountainous for the most part. It is traversed by Aetheras range, whose highest summit is 1,037m. Most of its villages are nestled in the plains near the coast, with only some of them on the mountains. Icaria has a tradition in the production of strong red wine. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Many parts of the island are covered by large bushes, especially ravines, making the landscape lush with green. There are no rare species of fauna on the island. Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time Besides pets, only small goat herds make their presence known, disturbing the serenity of the island with their bells. Icaria exhibits a typical Mediterranean climate. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide

Municipalities

Communities and settlements

Notable people

• Aris Poulianos (1924) anthropologist

References

External links

• The Official Web Page of Icaria Island
• Municipality of Aghios Kirikos
• Municipality of Evdilos
• North Aegean Prefecture website