| Iberian | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Modern Spain and France | |
| Region: | Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula | |
| Language extinction: | 1st-2nd century AD | |
| Language family: | Language isolate | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | – | |
| ISO 639-3: | xib | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
- For other uses, see Iberian languages. Iberian languages is a generic term for the languages currently or formerly spoken in the Iberian peninsula.
The Iberian language was the language of a people identified by Greek and Roman sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian peninsula. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The ancient Iberians can be identified as a rather nebulous local culture between the 7th century BC and the 1st century BC. The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. The Iberian language, like the rest of paleohispanic languages, became extinct by the 1st to 2nd centuries AD, after being gradually replaced by Latin. The Paleohispanic languages were the languages used in the Iberian peninsula before Latin became the dominant language According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Iberian seems to be a language isolate and while its different scripts have been deciphered to various extents, the language itself remains unknown. A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is
Links with other languages have been claimed, but they have not been clearly demonstrated. One such proposed link was with the Basque language, but this theory is disputed and has not been supported by modern scholarship. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain [1][2]
Contents |
Geographic distribution
The Iberian language spread along the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. The Paleohispanic languages were the languages used in the Iberian peninsula before Latin became the dominant language The Paleohispanic scripts are the writing systems created in the Iberian peninsula before the Latin alphabet became the dominant script
In the north, the Iberian language reached the south of France up to the Hérault river. The Hérault ( Occitan: Erau) is a River of southern France. Its length is. Important written remains have been found in Ensérune, between Narbonne and Béziers in France, in an oppidum with mixed Iberian and Celtic elements. Narbonne ( Narbona in Catalan and in Occitan, the Roman Narbo) is a commune in southwestern France in the Béziers ( Besièrs in Occitan, and Besiers in Catalan) is a town in Languedoc, in the southwest of France. Oppidum (plural oppida) is a Latin word meaning the main settlement in any administrative area of Ancient Rome. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The southern limit would be Porcuna, in Jaén (Spain), where splendid sculptures of Iberian riders have been found. Porcuna is a village and Municipality in the province of Jaén in Andalusia, Spain, 42 km from Jaén and 50 km Jaén is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
Towards inland the exact distribution of the Iberian language is uncertain. It seems that the culture reached the inland through the Ebro river (Iberus in Latin) up to Salduie (Zaragoza) but not farther. The Ebro ( Ebre) is Spain 's most voluminous river Its source is in Fontibre ( Cantabria)
Among the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula it is believed that the following spoke Iberian languages: Ausetani (northeastern Catalonia), Ilergetes (Lleida and Huesca up to the Pyrenees), Indigetes (coast of Girona), Laietani (Barcelona), Cassetani (Tarragona), Ilercavones (Murcia and Levante up to Tarragona), Edetani (Valencia, Castellón and Teruel), Contestani (Valencia, Alicante, Cartagena and Albacete), Bastetani (Granada, Almería and Murcia) and Oretani (Jaén, Ciudad Real, Albacete and Cuenca). The Ausetani were an ancient Iberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Ilergetes were an ancient Iberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) Lleida ( Spanish: Lérida) is a province of north-eastern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Catalonia Huesca ( Spanish: Huesca, Aragonese: Uesca) is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. The Indigetes (latin indigetes or indigetae or Indiketes) were an ancient Iberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula The Laietani were an ancient Iberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) Barcelona is a province of eastern Spain, in the center of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The Cessetani were an ancient Iberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) Tarragona is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The Ilercavones were an ancient Iberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) The Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia (Spanish Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia) is one of Spain 's seventeen autonomous communities Levante, also referred to as El Levante ( Spanish) is a name used to refer to the eastern Mediterranean coastal region of the Iberian Peninsula The Edetani were an ancient Iberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) Valencia ( Spanish: Valencia /ba'lenθja/ Valencian: València /va'łen Castellón ( Spanish) or Castelló ( Valencian / Catalan) is a province in the northern part of the Valencian Community, Teruel is a province of Aragon, in the northeast of Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Castellón, Valencia The Contestani were an ancient Iberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) Alicante in Spanish or Alacant (in Valencian) is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the Valencian Cartagena ( is a Spanish Mediterranean city and naval station in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in the autonomous community of Region of Murcia Albacete is a province of central Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. The Bastetani were an ancient Iberian (Pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) Granada is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. Almería is a province of southern Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Granada, Murcia, and the Mediterranean Sea. The Oretani were a pre- Roman Iberian or Celtic people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) in La Mancha, eastern Ciudad Real is a province of central Spain, in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. Cuenca is a province of central Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. Turduli and Turdetani are believed to be of Tartessian language. The Turduli were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, living in the south of modern Portugal,in the east of the The Turdetani were an ancient (pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) living in the valley of the Guadalquivir in what The Tartessian language, also known as southwestern or South Lusitanian is a paleohispanic language once spoken in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula
History
The origin of the language is unknown. There are three main hypotheses to explain the origin of the language:
- Native hypothesis: assumes that Iberian language was the language of the native people who settled in the Iberian peninsula during the Neolithic. [3]
- African hypothesis: proposes that the language arrived from the north of Africa. This hypothesis links Iberian with the Berber languages. Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today
- European hypothesis: a recent theory, links the arrival of Basques/Aquitani and Iberians to the Pyrenees and the Iberian peninsula with the arrival of the urnfield culture. The Aquitani ( Latin for Aquitanians) were a people living in what is now southwestern France, between the Pyrenees and the Garonne The Urnfield culture (c 1300 BC - 750 BC) was a late Bronze Age culture of central Europe.
Writing
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Main Article: Iberian scripts
The oldest Iberian inscriptions date to the 4th century BC or maybe the 5th century BC and the latest ones date from the end of the 1st century BC or maybe the beginning of the 1st century AD. The Iberian scripts are the Paleohispanic scripts that were used to represent the extinct Iberian language. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. The currently known Iberian inscriptions are more than two thousand; most of them short texts over ceramic with personal names, which are usually interpreted as ownership marks. The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) The longest Iberian texts were made over lead plaques; among them the longest one is from Yátova (València) with more than six hundred signs. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Yátova is a municipality in the ''comarca'' of Hoya de Buñol in the Valencian Community, Spain. Valencia ( Spanish: Valencia /ba'lenθja/ Valencian: València /va'łen
Three different scripts have remained for the Iberian language:
- Northeastern Iberian script
- Dual variant (4th century BC and 3rd century BC)
- Non-dual variant (2nd century BC and 1st century BC)
- Southeastern Iberian script
- Greco-Iberian alphabet (most of the aforementioned Leads of La Serreta are written in this version). The northeastern Iberian script is also known as Levantine Iberian or Iberian, because it is the Iberian script that was most frequently used and The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. The southeastern Iberian script, also known as Meridional Iberian, was one of the means of written expression of the Iberian language, which was written mainly
Northeastern (or Levantine) Iberian Script
The northeastern Iberian script is also known as the Iberian script, because it is the Iberian script most frequently used (95% of the remaining texts (Untermann 1990)). The northeastern Iberian script is also known as Levantine Iberian or Iberian, because it is the Iberian script that was most frequently used and The Iberian scripts are the Paleohispanic scripts that were used to represent the extinct Iberian language. The northeastern Iberian inscriptions had been found mainly in the northeastern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula: mainly on the coast from Languedoc-Roussillon to Alicante, but with a deep penetration on the Ebro valley. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Languedoc-Roussillon ( Occitan: Lengadòc-Rosselhon; Catalan: Llenguadoc-Rosselló) is one of the 26 regions of France. ||-||} Alicante ( Spanish language) or Alacant ( Valencian) is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Alicante and of the The Ebro ( Ebre) is Spain 's most voluminous river Its source is in Fontibre ( Cantabria) This script is almost completely deciphered.
All the paleohispanic scripts, with the exception of the Greco-Iberian alphabet, share a common distinctive typological characteristic: they present signs with syllabic value, for the occlusives and signs with monofonematic value for the rest of consonants and vowels. The Paleohispanic scripts are the writing systems created in the Iberian peninsula before the Latin alphabet became the dominant script A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract From the writing systems point of view they are neither alphabets nor syllabaries; they are mixed scripts that normally are identified as semi-syllabaries. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate Syllables which make up Words A symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional A semi-syllabary is a Writing system that behaves partly as an Alphabet and partly as a Syllabary. About its origin there is no agreement among researchers: for some they are linked only to the Phoenician alphabet, while for others the Greek alphabet played a part. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early
Southeastern (or Meridional) Iberian Script
The southeastern Iberian script is a semi-syllabary too, but it is more similar to the Tartessian script than to the northeastern Iberian script. The southeastern Iberian script, also known as Meridional Iberian, was one of the means of written expression of the Iberian language, which was written mainly A semi-syllabary is a Writing system that behaves partly as an Alphabet and partly as a Syllabary. The southwest script or southwestern script, also known as Tartessian or South Lusitanian is a paleohispanic script that was the mean of written The northeastern Iberian script is also known as Levantine Iberian or Iberian, because it is the Iberian script that was most frequently used and The southeastern Iberian inscriptions had been found mainly in the southeastern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula: eastern Andalusia, Murcia, Albacete, Alicante and Valencia. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain. Albacete is a city and Municipality in southeastern Spain, 278 km southeast of Madrid the capital of the province of Albacete in the autonomous ||-||} Alicante ( Spanish language) or Alacant ( Valencian) is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Alicante and of the Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous This script is not completely deciphered.
Greco-Iberian Alphabet
The Greco-Iberian alphabet is a direct adaptation of an Ionic variant of a Greek alphabet to the specificities of the Iberian language. An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The inscriptions that use the Greco-Iberian alphabet have been found mainly in Alicante and Murcia. ||-||} Alicante ( Spanish language) or Alacant ( Valencian) is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Alicante and of the Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain.
Description
Current extent of linguistic knowledge
Very little is known for certain about Iberian. The investigation of the language is past its initial phase of transcription and compiling of material, and is currently in the phase of identifying grammatical elements in the texts.
The hypotheses currently held are unconfirmed, and will remain so with some degree of certainty unless the discovery of a bilingual text allows linguists to confirm these deductions.
Phonology
Vowels
Iberian has five vowels, the same as in Spanish or Basque, /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, the front vowels (a, e, i) appearing more frequently than the back vowels. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain Although there are indications of a nasal vowel (<ḿ>), this is thought to be an allophone. In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. It does not seem that there were differences in vowel length if judged by Greek transcriptions; if this is correct then Iberian uses the long ē (Greek ῆτα ēta) as opposed to the short epsilon (Greek ἔψιλόν épsilón). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly
Diphthongs
It seems that diphthongs were declined by [vowel] + [closed vowel], attesting to the /ai/ (śaitabi), /ei/ (neitin), and /au/ (lauŕ). In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with Untermann observed that the diphthong /ui/ could only be found in the first cluster.
Semivowels
The possibility has been found for the semivowels /j/ (in words such as aiun o iunstir) and /w/, although this only in loanwords such as diuiś from Gaulish. Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels Gaulish or Gallic is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became This has cast doubt that semivowels really existed in Iberian outside of foreign borrowings (and diphthongs).
Consonants
- Vibrants: the vibrants <r> = /r/ and <ŕ> = /ɾ/. There is unanimity among linguists studying Iberian that <ŕ> is a simple vibrant, or flap. In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Correa has advanced the hypothesis that <ŕ> is a simple vibrant and <r> a compound vibrant, or trill. More recent hypotheses have proposed that <r> is an uvular fricative (Ballestar) or a retroflex vibrant (Rodriguez). Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants Neither r appears at the start of a word, the same as with Basque. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain
- Sibilants: there are two sibilants <s> = /s/ and <ś> = /ɕ/. The distinction is unclear. Ballester theorizes that <s> is the simple, alveolar "s" and <ś> is the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative. The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Rodriguez proposes that <ś> is the alveolar "s" and <s> is an affricate, either dental /ʦ̪/ or palatal /ʧ/ (similar to English "ch" as in "chat"). This theory coincides with the observation made by Correa that follows the adaptions made of Gallic names in Iberian texts. <ś> would be an alveolar or apical fricative while <s> would correspond to a fricative. It is worth noting that Basque also has two sibilants: s as apical alveolar and z as laminal alveolar, which could correspond to <ś> and <s>. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain A laminal consonant is a Phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue which is the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the
- Laterals: the lateral: <l>, is normally interpreted as /l/. This is extremely rare in final position and it could be that the distribution is on occasions complementary with <ŕ>: (aŕika'l-er / aŕikaŕ-bi).
- Nasals:
- The <n> is a normal alveolar /n/
- The <m> rarely appears in initial position. Velaza proposes that it could be a variant of /n/, backed by the example of iumstir/iunstir. José A. Correa advances the possibility that it may be a geminated or strong nasal. In Phonetics, gemination happens when a spoken Consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a short Consonant. Rodríguez Ramos notes the idea that it could be a variant of /n/ in cases that it nasalizes the preceding vowel.
- There is a certain controversy over the letter <ḿ>. While it's thought that it's some type of nasal, there is no certainty as to the exact value. Several linguists have proposed the value /na/, based on similarities with texts written in the Greek Alphabet, as there are similarities between the suffixs -ḿi / -nai, and in the onomastic elements -ḿbar- / -nabar-. Onomastics or onomatology is the study of proper Names of all kinds and the origins of names Another part of this theory seems to contradict itself with the transcription of ḿbar-beleś into Latin as VMARBELES. Correa proposes that this is a labialized nasal. "Lip rounding" redirects here See Roundedness for the lip rounding of vowels It is not even clear that the sign is always pronounced in the same form. Ramos considers it a nasalized vowel, produced by progressive nasalization.
- Plosives: there are five plosives.
| unvoiced | voiced | |
| velar | /k/ | /ɡ/ |
| dental | /t/ | /d/ |
| labial | /b/ |
- The evidence indicates the non-existence of the phoneme /p/ as it is not documented in either the Greek alphabet nor in the dual Iberian systems. It is only found in Latin inscriptions naming native Iberians and is thought to be an allophone of /b/.
- It has been indicated that the phoneme /b/ would on occasions be pronounced similar to /w/ (this would be explained by the frequency of the sign /bu/), as such it could have a nasalized pronunciation.
Morphology
There are a number of known affixes, especially applied to last names. An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word For the Iberian language these seem to be postpositional, and apparently more agglutinative than declined. An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word In Linguistics, agglutination is the morphological process ofadding Affixes to the base of a Word. In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating
The best-known are the following.
- -ar: applied to proper names to mark possession.
- -en: of a similar or identical use to -ar. -en or aren are used for Basque genitives.
- -ka: seems to indicate the person who receives something
- -te: seems to indicate the agent, or ablative
- -sken: found on coins, applied to the names of a city or tribe to indicate origin or a plural genitive
- -k: has been proposed on occasions to mark the plural. -k is a plural mark in Basque.
People's Names
Thanks to the Latin Inscription of the plaque of Ascoli, which includes a list of Iberian leaders which was analyzed by Hugo Schuchardt, the forms of Iberian proper names have been unraveled. Iberian names are formed by two interchangeable elements, each usually formed of two syllables, which are written together. For example, the element "iltiŕ" can be found in the following names: iltiŕaŕker, iltiŕbaś, iltiŕtikeŕ, tursiltiŕ, baiseiltiŕ or bekoniltiŕ. This discovery was a giant step: from this moment it was possible to indicate with confidence the names of persons in the texts.
The components of names are: abaŕ, aibe, aile, ain, aitu, aiun, aker, albe, aloŕ, an, anaŕ, aŕbi, aŕki, aŕs, asai, aster, atin, atun, aunin, auŕ, austin, baiser, balaŕ, balke, bartaś, baś, bastok, bekon, belauŕ, beleś, bels, bene, beŕ, beri, beŕon, betan, betin, bikir, bilos, bin, bir, bitu, biuŕ, bolai, boŕ, bos, boton, ekes, ekaŕ, eler, ena, esto, eten, eter, iar, iaun, ibeś, ibeis, ike, ikoŕ, iltiŕ, iltur, inte, iskeŕ, istan, iunstir, iur, kaisur, kakeŕ, kaltuŕ, kani, kaŕes, kaŕko, katu, keŕe, kibaś, kine, kitaŕ, kon, koŕo, koŕś, kuleś, kurtar, lako, lauŕ, leis, lor, lusban, nalbe, neitin, neŕse, nes, niś, nios, oŕtin, sakaŕ, sakin, saltu, śani, śar, seken, selki, sike, sili, sine, sir, situ, soket, sor, sosin, suise, taker, talsku, tan, tanek, taneś, taŕ, tarban, taŕtin, taś, tautin, teita, tekeŕ, tibaś, tikeŕ, tikirs, tikis, tileis, tolor, tuitui, tumar, tuŕś, turkir, tortin, ulti, unin, uŕke, ustain, ḿbaŕ, nḿkei.
In some cases linguists have encountered simple names, with only one element for a suffix: BELES, AGER-DO and BIVR-NO are not in the plaque of Ascoli, neitin in Ullastret and lauŕ-to, bartas-ko or śani-ko in other Iberian texts. More rarely there have been indications of an infix, which can be -i-, -ke- or -ta- (Unterman used oto-iltiŕ in front of oto-ke-iltiŕ or with AEN-I-BELES). An infix is an Affix inserted inside a stem (an existing word In rare cases Untermann also encountered an element is- or o- prefacing a proper name (is-betartiker; o-tikiŕtekeŕ; O-ASAI).
In the elements that formed Iberian names it's common to encounter patterns of variation: as in eter/eten/ete with the same variations as iltur/iltun/iltu; kere/keres as lako/lakos ; or alos/alor/alo and bikis/bikir/biki).
Known Terms
Further reading
- Anderson, James, M. (1988): Ancient Languages of the Hispanic Peninsula, University Press of America, New-York, ISBN 978-0819167316.
- Ballester, Xaverio (2005): «Lengua ibérica: hacia un debate tipológico»,, Palaeohispanica 5, pp. 361-392.
- Correa, José Antonio (1994): «La lengua ibérica», Revista Española de Lingüística 24/2, pp. 263-287.
- Gorrochategui Churruca, Joaquín María (1993): La onomástica aquitana y su relación con la ibérica, Lengua y cultura en Hispania prerromana : actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas de la Península Ibérica : (Colonia 25-28 de Noviembre de 1989) (Francisco Villar and Jürgen Untermann, eds. ), ISBN 84-7481-736-6 , pp. 609-634
- Hoz, Javier de (2001): «Hacia una tipología del ibérico», Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania, pp. 335-362.
- Moncunill Martí, Noemí (2007): Lèxic d'inscripcions ibèriques (1991 - 2006), doctoral dissertation, UB-Barcelona.
- Orduña Aznar, Eduardo (2005): Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos, Palaeohispanica 5, pp. 491-506.
- Orduña Aznar, Eduardo (2006): Segmentación de textos ibéricos y distribución de los segmentos, doctoral dissertation, UNED-Madrid (unpublished doctoral dissertation ).
- Quintanilla Niño, Alberto (1998): Estudios de Fonología Ibérica, Vitoria-Gasteiz, ISBN 84-8373-041-3.
- Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2002): Acerca de los afijos adnominales de la lengua íbera, Faventia 24/1, pp. 115-134, ISSN 0210-7570.
- Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2002): La hipótesis del vascoiberismo desde el punto de vista de la epigrafía íbera, Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta, 90, pp. 197-218, ISSN 0046-435X.
- Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2004): Análisis de Epigrafía Íbera, Vitoria-Gasteiz, ISBN 84-8373-678-0.
- Silgo Gauche, Luis (1994): Léxico Ibérico Estudios de lenguas y epigrafía antiguas - ELEA, ISSN 1135-5026, Nº. 1, pags. 1-271.
- Untermann, Jürgen (1990): Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. III Die iberischen Inschriften aus Spanien, Wiesbaden.
- Untermann, Jürgen (1998): La onomástica ibérica, Iberia 1, pp. 73-85.
- Velaza, Javier (1996): Epigrafía y lengua ibéricas, Barcelona.
See also
External links
- Iberian Epigraphy by Jesús Rodríguez Ramos
- Searcher of regular expressions in Iberian texts by Eduardo Orduña Aznar
- Interesting reproductions of many different inscriptions and its transcription. Iberian alphabets. In Spanish
- Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
Notes
The Paleohispanic languages were the languages used in the Iberian peninsula before Latin became the dominant language The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo The Iberian scripts are the Paleohispanic scripts that were used to represent the extinct Iberian language. The Paleohispanic scripts are the writing systems created in the Iberian peninsula before the Latin alphabet became the dominant script Celtiberian (also known as northeastern Hispano-Celtic) is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians
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