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IG Farben Building

South façade of the Poelzig Building showing the main entrance
Building Information
Name IG Farben Building
Location Frankfurt am Main
Country Germany
Architect Hans Poelzig
Client IG Farben
Construction Start Date 1928
Completion Date 1930
Cost 24 Million Reichsmark
Structural System Steel Frame with concrete floors
Style New Objectivity

The IG Farben Building or the Poelzig Building, was built from 1928 to 1930[1] as the corporate headquarters of the IG Farben conglomerate in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hans Poelzig ( 30 April, 1869 Berlin &ndash June 14, 1936 Berlin) was a German architect painter and set IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, "syndicate of dyestuff corporations" and also called I For a detailed discussion of the English translation of Reich, see Reich. The New Objectivity, or Neue Sachlichkeit (new dispassion was an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as an outgrowth of and in opposition to IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, "syndicate of dyestuff corporations" and also called I Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It is also known as the Poelzig Ensemble or Poelzig Complex, and previously as the IG Farben Complex, and the General Creighton W. Abrams Building. A competition to design the building was won by the architect Hans Poelzig. Hans Poelzig ( 30 April, 1869 Berlin &ndash June 14, 1936 Berlin) was a German architect painter and set

On its completion, the complex was the largest office building in Europe and remained so until the 1950s. This list of largest buildings in the world ranks Buildings from around the world by usable space ( Volume) and floor space ( Area) [2] The IG Farben Building's six square wings retain a modern, spare elegance, despite its mammoth size. It is also notable for its paternoster elevators. A paternoster or paternoster lift is a passenger Elevator which consists of a chain of open compartments (each usually designed for two persons that move [3]

The building was the headquarters for research projects relating to the development of Nazi wartime synthetic oil and rubber, and the production administration of magnesium, lubricating oil, explosives, methanol, and Zyklon B, the lethal gas used in concentration camps. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Synthetic oil is Oil consisting of Chemical compounds which were not originally present in Crude oil ( Petroleum) but were Artificially Elastomer Synthetic rubber is any type of artificially made Polymer material which acts as an Elastomer. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Zyklon B (tsykloːn ˈbeː also spelled Cyclon B or Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial [4][5] After WWII, the IG Farben Building served as the headquarters for the Supreme Allied Command and became the principal location for implementing the Marshall Plan, which largely financed the post-war reconstruction of Europe. Supreme Allied Commander is the title held by the most senior commander within certain multinational military alliances The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger The state apparatus of the Federal German Government was devised there. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The IG Farben Building served as the headquarters for the US Army's V Corps and the Northern Area Command (NACOM) until 1995. The V Corps ( Fifth Corps)—nicknamed the Victory Corps —is a Corps of the United States Army. The US Army renamed the building the General Creighton W. Abrams Building in 1975. Creighton Williams Abrams Jr ( September 15 1914 – September 4 1974) was a United States Army General who commanded military [1]

The US Army returned control of the IG Farben Building to the German government in 1995. It was purchased on behalf of the University of Frankfurt by the state of Hesse, which committed €25 million to the restoration. The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (also known as Frankfurt University) was founded in 1914 as a Citizens' University which means that while it was Hesse (Hessen is a state of Germany with an area Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e [2][3] In recognition of the original architect, the University renamed the main building the Poelzig Building (Poelzig-Bau) and its ancillary buildings and surroundings the Poelzig Complex (Poelzig Ensemble). The restoration work started in March 1998, and the formal reopening as the Poelzig-Bau was celebrated on October 26, 2001. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. During the ceremony a plaque was unveiled at the building's entrance to commemorate the slave labour victims of the IG Farben factory at Auschwitz III and all those murdered by Zyklon B gas. The IG Farben Building or the Poelzig Building, was built from 1928 to 1930 as the corporate headquarters of the IG Farben conglomerate in Frankfurt am Main Monowitz (also called Monowice or Auschwitz III) is a subcamp or one of the three main camps of Nazi concentration camp in Auschwitz. [2]

Contents

History

The site

The IG Farben Building was developed on land known as the Grüneburggelände in Frankfurt's Westend District. Westend area of Frankfurt contains the two districts of Westend-Nord and Westend-Süd. In 1837, the property belonged to the Rothschild family. The Rothschild family (often referred to simply as the Rothschilds) is an international Banking and Finance Dynasty of German In 1864, the city's psychiatric hospital known as "Affenfelsen" or "Affenstein" (ape rock), was erected on the site. A psychiatric hospital (previously called insane asylum, mental hospital; or derogatorily looney bin, nut house or Funny Farm) is [2] Here, Dr Heinrich Hoffman hired Alois Alzheimer to work in the hospital, where they both explored progressive methods of treating the mentally ill. Heinrich Hoffmann ( June 13 1809 in Frankfurt am Main - September 20 1894 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German psychiatrist Aloysius "Alois" Alzheimer (14 June 1864 - 19 December 1915 was a German Psychiatrist and Neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin [3] The Grüneburgpark was established in 1880 on the larger western part of the site. The Grüneburgpark is a park in the Westend district of Frankfurt, whose name derives from the "Green castle" which used to stand on the site from the 14

Early history

IG Farben acquired the property in 1927 to establish its headquarters there. IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, "syndicate of dyestuff corporations" and also called I In the 1920s, IG Farben (full German name Interessen Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft) was the world's largest drug, chemical and dye conglomerate. Frankfurt was chosen because of its centrality and its accessibility by air and land[2][6][7]

In August 1928, Professor Hans Poelzig won a limited competition among five selected architects, notably beating Ernst May, the then Head of Urban Design for Frankfurt. Hans Poelzig ( 30 April, 1869 Berlin &ndash June 14, 1936 Berlin) was a German architect painter and set Ernst May ( 27 July 1886, Frankfurt am Main &mdash 11 September 1970, Hamburg) was a German architect and [1]

Work on the foundations began in late 1928, and the summer of 1929 saw construction start on the steel frame. The building was completed in 1930 after only 24 months, by employing rapid-setting concrete, new construction materials and a round-the-clock workforce. [1][2][7] Later in 1930, the Frankfurt director of horticulture Max Bromme and the artists' group Bornimer Kreis developed designs for the 14 hectares of parkland that surrounded the building. Max Bromme (born 18 August 1878 in Grünberg; died 9 September 1974 in Frankfurt) was a German architect and The grounds, and the complex as a whole, were completed in 1931. [2]

Second World War

Front of the Poelzig Building from the southeast, with its temple-like portico entrance and rotunda
Front of the Poelzig Building from the southeast, with its temple-like portico entrance and rotunda
Main article: IG Farben

IG Farben subsequently became an indispensable part of the Nazi industrial base. A portico is a Porch that is leading to the entrance of a building or extended as a Colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway supported by Columns A rotunda is any building with a circular ground plan often covered by a Dome. IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, "syndicate of dyestuff corporations" and also called I [8] The building was the headquarters for research projects for the development of wartime synthetic oil and rubber, as well as the production administration of magnesium, lubricating oil, explosives, methanol, and Zyklon B, the lethal gas used in concentration camps. Synthetic oil is Oil consisting of Chemical compounds which were not originally present in Crude oil ( Petroleum) but were Artificially Elastomer Synthetic rubber is any type of artificially made Polymer material which acts as an Elastomer. Zyklon B (tsykloːn ˈbeː also spelled Cyclon B or [4] The building was used by IG Farben for 15 years. [1]

During World War II, the surrounding neighbourhood was devastated, but the building itself was left largely intact (and inhabited by homeless citizens of bomb-ravaged Frankfurt). In March 1945, Allied troops occupied the area and the IG Farben Building became the American headquarters of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general [3] Eisenhower's office was where he received many important guests; including General de Gaulle, Field Marshal Montgomery and Marshal Zhukov. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, (məntˈgʌmərɪ əv ˈæləmeɪn [7] It was there that he signed the “Proclamation No. 2”, which determined which parts of the country would be within the American zone. The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country west of the Oder-Neisse line into four occupation zones for administrative Eisenhower vacated the building in December 1945 but his office was still used for special occasions: the constitution of the state of Hesse was signed there, the West German Ministerpräsident received his commission to compile the Grundgesetz (German constitution) and the administration of the Wirtschaftsrat der Bizone (Economic Council of the Bizone) was also located there. The Hesse constitution signed on the December 1, 1946 is the constitution for the Hesse state A minister-president (Ministerpräsident is the Head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments who presides over the council of ministers The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland is the Constitution of Germany. BiZone (formerly "The Bisexual Network of New Jersey" is a statewide member-based organization created to foster a visible community for Bisexual

Cold War

View of the IG Farben Building from the Maintower skyscraper
View of the IG Farben Building from the Maintower skyscraper

From 1945 to 1947, the IG Farben Building was the location of the Supreme Headquarters, Allied European Forces, and was the headquarters for the US occupation forces and Military Governor. Maintower is a 200 Metre (656 foot) skyscraper in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country west of the Oder-Neisse line into four occupation zones for administrative On May 10, 1947, permanent orders to military personnel prohibited further reference to the building as the "IG Farben Building", and instead called for it to be referred to as "The Headquarters Building, European Command". Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [6]

The United States High Commissioner for Germany (HICOG) and his staff occupied the building from 1949 to 1952.

After 1952, the building served as the European centre of the American armed forces and the headquarters of the 5th US-Corps. The V Corps ( Fifth Corps)—nicknamed the Victory Corps —is a Corps of the United States Army. It later became the headquarters for the Northern Area Command until 1994. The IG Farben Building was also the headquarters of the CIA in Germany, which led to its sobriquet 'the Pentagon of Europe'. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all On April 16, 1975, the US army renamed the building the General Creighton W. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Abrams Building. [6] The renaming did not have full authority in law, because the US was technically leasing the building from the German government and thus was not the rightful owner.

On May 11, 1972, the terrace area in front of the 'Casino', was the scene of a bombing by the Rote Armee Fraktion (Red Army Faction, i. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. e. , the Baader-Meinhof Group). The Red Army Faction or RAF ( German Rote Armee Fraktion) (in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Group ''Gang'' was one The building was attacked again by the same group in 1976 and 1982. [2][9] Consequently, the publicly accessible adjoining park, became part of a restricted military zone which also included the military living quarters and work areas at the rear of the building.

Recent years

Panorama of the Poelzig building from the south, demonstrating how the curved shape of the building's façade reduces the impact of its scale
Panorama of the Poelzig building from the south, demonstrating how the curved shape of the building's façade reduces the impact of its scale

Following German reunification, the US government announced plans to fully withdraw its troops from Frankfurt, Germany by 1995, at which time control of the entire site would be restored to the German Federal Government. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany [1] It was suggested that the building could become the location for the European Central Bank. The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the The British, however, competing to secure the location of the Bank in London, successfully defeated the proposal by arguing that the building had been tainted by its Nazi associations. [10] In 1996, the state of Hesse bought the building and associated land for the University of Frankfurt. The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (also known as Frankfurt University) was founded in 1914 as a Citizens' University which means that while it was The buildings were refurbished at a cost of DM 50M (about US $26M), by the Copenhagen architect's office 'Dissing+Weitling'[11] and were handed over to the university. The complex now houses the Westend Campus of the university,[5][7] which includes the departments of Philosophy, History, Theology, Classical Philosophy, Art and Music, Modern Languages and Linguistics, Cultural and Civilization Studies, the Center for North American Studies[12] and the Fritz-Bauer-Institute. [13]

Renaming controversy

The university's tenancy of the building sparked a debate regarding the name of the building. Former University President Werner Meissner had started the controversy by renaming it the "Poelzig-Ensemble" (Poelzig-Complex); to him, renaming the building would free it from associations with Nazism. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Students and, in increasing numbers, members of the faculty insisted on confronting the building's history by retaining its original name, the "IG Farben Building". Meissner's successor, Rudolf Steinberg, upheld the university's decision to retain the name; however, he did not enforce a uniform nomenclature within the university's administration. Rudolf Steinberg (born 23 June, 1943 in Cochem, Germany) was professor for public rights and since 2000 has been president of the Johann After the grand opening of the building in 2001, AStA chairman Wulfila Wido Walter objected to the "misuse of Hans Poelzig" [sic][14] and proposed leaving the name of the main building unchanged, and calling the smaller casino building the "Poelzig Casino"; this proposal won little support. The General Students' Committee (German Allgemeiner Studierendenausschuss) or AStA, is the acting executive board and the external representing agency of the (constituted By 2004, the “Poelzig-Ensemble” proposal had become a moot point—the debate was overtaken by strong political lobbying for an appropriate commemoration and memorial of remembrance: Vice President Brita Rank set up a permanent exhibition inside the building, and a memorial plaque—for the slave labourers of IG Farben and those who had perished by Zyklon B gas—was installed on the front of the building. The IG Farben Building or the Poelzig Building, was built from 1928 to 1930 as the corporate headquarters of the IG Farben conglomerate in Frankfurt am Main As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another [2] The Senate of the University agreed on a joint initiative by the student senator of the German Green Party, David Profit, and Angelika Marx the senator of the United Services Union, to name a place on the new campus's western end after the former slave labourer Norbert Wollheim. The Alliance '90/The Greens ( Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) the German Green party, is a Political party in Germany whose regional TemplateInfobox Union for usage --> verdi is a large German Trade union. Norbert Wollheim (born 1913 in Berlin; died 1998 in New York) was a chartered accountant tax advisor previously a director of Central Council of the Jews in [2]

Despite the renamings by the University and the American military administration, the building is still usually called the IG Farben Building by the general public. The association of the building with Nazism has been hard to shake off, partly because of the close involvement of IG Farben with the Nazi regime and partly because of the building's imposing and monumental appearance. [5] Der Spiegel wrote of its “Smell of Guilt”. Der Spiegel (pronounced /deːɐ ˈʃpiːɡəl/ German for "The Mirror" is a German weekly Magazine, published in Hamburg [15] Only with the departure of the Americans, the subsequent renovations, and the use of the building by the university has the building's association with the third Reich in the popular consciousness receded.

Future

Behind the IG Farben Building, the state of Hessen intends to build "Europe's most modern campus" to accommodate the remaining departments of the University's old Bockenheim campus: law, business, social sciences, child development, and the arts. The new buildings will be completed in 2014. [16] The University will then move out of the old campus in Frankfurt-Bockenheim, which was designed by Ferdinand Kramer in the 1950s and 1960s. Ferdinand Kramer ( January 22 1898, Frankfurt, Germany &ndash November 4 1985, Frankfurt was an important German Architect

Building

Plan of the IG Farben Building, showing the six wings, the curving central corridor and the 'Casino' building to the rear
Plan of the IG Farben Building, showing the six wings, the curving central corridor and the 'Casino' building to the rear

In 1928, IG Farben was the world's fourth largest company and its largest chemical company. [17] Consequently, the space requirements for the building were for one of the largest office buildings ever constructed. It was designed in the New Objectivity style. The New Objectivity, or Neue Sachlichkeit (new dispassion was an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as an outgrowth of and in opposition to

IG Farben did not want a specifically 'Bauhaus' styled building—it wanted:

A symbol, in iron and stone, of German commercial and scientific manpower. ("House of Building" or "Building School" is the common term for the, a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts and was famous [18] Baron von Schnitzler, IG Farben Director, 1930. [15]

The 250-metre long and 35-metre tall building has nine floors, but the height of the ground floor varies (4. 6–4. 2 m). This variation is reflected in the roof line which looks taller at the wings than the spine. The volume of the building is 280,000 m³, constructed from 4,600 tonnes of steel frame with brick infill and floors constructed of hollow blocks to provide over 55740 m² of usable office space". Steel frame usually refers to a building technique with a " Skeleton frame" of vertical Steel Columns and horizontal I-beams constructed [2][19] The façade is clad with 33,000 m² Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt Travertine marble, which the windows punctuate in bands. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Travertine is a Sedimentary rock. It is a natural chemical precipitate of Carbonate minerals; typically Aragonite, but often recrystallized to Only at the corners are the glazed strips interrupted for emphasis. The top storey is lit from skylights rather than banded glazing and has a very low ceiling height. It forms a clear building conclusion. Until the 1950s, the building was the largest and most modern office building in Europe. [2]

The pool with the Klimsch Sculpture "Am Wasser" (at the water). The Casino is in the background.
The pool with the Klimsch Sculpture "Am Wasser" (at the water). The Casino is in the background.

The IG Farben Building consists of six wings, connected by a gently curved, central corridor. This arrangement provides all of the offices with sufficient natural light and ventilation. This design approach for large complexes offers an alternative to the "hollow rectangle" schemes of the time, with their typical inner courtyards. The prototype of this form is the General Motors Building in Detroit (1917–21) by Albert Kahn. For the downtown Detroit Michigan Office tower known as "Cadillac Tower" see Cadillac Tower. Albert Kahn ( March 21, 1869 in Rhaunen, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany – December 8, 1942 in The building presents a very large and weighty façade to the front; however, this effect is reduced by the concave form. [10]

The main entrance is at the axial centre of the building, comprising a temple-like portico standing in front of the doors—a relatively common motif of administration buildings of the time. A portico is a Porch that is leading to the entrance of a building or extended as a Colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway supported by Columns The entrance arrangement is regarded by some people as slightly pompous: the entrance and lift doors are of bronze, and the ceiling and walls of the porch are clad in bronze plate and copper friezes. In Architecture the frieze is the wide central section part of an Entablature and may be plain or &ndash in the Ionic or Corinthian order &ndash The inner lobby has two curved staircases with a sheet aluminum treatment, and marble walls with a zigzag pattern. The axial centre at the rear of the building has a round glazed façade; here, the view of the buildings at the rear of the site (the "casino") is maximised by the curved walls that afford vistas to the subsidiary buildings 100 m distant, separated from the main building by parkland and a pool. During the American occupation of the building, this rotunda housed a small kiosk; later, it was used as a conference room. Nowadays, it is called the Dwight D. Eisenhower room and accommodates a café. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general [1]

The paternoster lifts that serve the nine floors are famous, and are popular with the university students. A paternoster or paternoster lift is a passenger Elevator which consists of a chain of open compartments (each usually designed for two persons that move After the recent restoration, the university has pledged to preserve them in perpetuity. [3]

Behind the rotunda is an oblong pool with a Nymphenskulptur (German:Nymph sculpture) at the water's edge created by Fritz Klimsch entitled "Am Wasser". Behind it stands a flat building on a hill with a terrace—the casino of IG Farben, which now houses a refectory and lecture-rooms. [1]

Rumours

A number of unconfirmed rumours concern the complex:

Text of memorial plaque

Translated inscription from the plaque placed in front of the IG Farben Building main entrance on October 26, 2001:

This building was designed by the architect Hans Poelzig and erected in the years 1928 to 1931 as the headquarters of IG Farben Industries. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
Between 1933 and 1945, as one of the largest chemical concerns in the world, the company put its scientific knowledge and production technologies increasingly into the service of the war preparations and warfare of the National Socialist terror regime. From 1942 to 1945 IG Farben, together with the SS, maintained the concentration camp at Buna-Monowitz beside the IG Farben factory at Auschwitz.
Of the ten thousand prisoners made to work for the company there, most were murdered.
In the National Socialist extermination camps many hundreds of thousands of people, particularly Jews, were killed by the gas Zyklon B, which was sold by an IG Farben company.
From 1945 the building was the seat of the American military government and the High Commissioner for Germany. On 19 September 1945 the establishment of the State of Hesse was proclaimed here. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar From 1952 to 1995 the building was the headquarters of the 5th Corps of US Army.
Aware of the history of the building, the State of Hesse acquired it in 1996 for the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University. In the future it will be used for teaching and research.
"Nobody can withdraw from the history of one's people.
One should know that the past may not be based on forgetting
because otherwise it will come again and become the present. "
—Jean Améry, 1975[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Linke, Vera (2002-03-02). Jean Améry ( October 31, 1912 – October 17 1978) born Hans Mayer, was an Austrian born essayist whose work was often IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, "syndicate of dyestuff corporations" and also called I The United States of America vs Carl Krauch et al, also known as the IG Farben Trial, was the sixth of the twelve trials for War crimes the Hans Poelzig ( 30 April, 1869 Berlin &ndash June 14, 1936 Berlin) was a German architect painter and set The New Objectivity, or Neue Sachlichkeit (new dispassion was an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as an outgrowth of and in opposition to The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country west of the Oder-Neisse line into four occupation zones for administrative See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Das I.G. Farbenhaus - Ein Bau der, deutsche Geschichte widerspiegelt (The IG Farben Building - A building that reflects German History) (German). Transcript of lecture given in Frankfurt Archive No. K20840. Hausarbeiten. de.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l IG Farben-Haus, Geschichte und Gegenwart (IG Farben Building, History and Present) (German). Fritz Bauer institute.
  3. ^ a b c d e Johnson, Dirk (Summer 2005). Modern Languages: Professor Johnson Continues Research in Germany (English). Hampden-Sydney College.
  4. ^ a b Robertson, Staun. Zyklon B Poison Gas (English). A History of Jews in Hamburg. University of Hamburg.
  5. ^ a b c Poelzig Building / Westend Campus (English). Historical Frankfurt. Tourismus+Congress GmbH.
  6. ^ a b c Public Affairs Office, V Corps (1987). U.S. Army Installations - Frankfurt (English). U. S. Army in Germany.
  7. ^ a b c d History of the I.G. Farben Haus (Poelzig-Bau) (English). Tenth International Symposium on Experimental Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemstry. University of Frankfurt, Institute of Minerology (2004-04-04). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
  8. ^ See IG Farben and the IG Farben Trial
  9. ^ Huffman, Richard (2003-11-03). IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, "syndicate of dyestuff corporations" and also called I The United States of America vs Carl Krauch et al, also known as the IG Farben Trial, was the sixth of the twelve trials for War crimes the Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. This is baader-meinhof / timeline (English). Germany in the post-war decade of terror. This is Baader-Meinhof.
  10. ^ a b c Chapin, Chip (2002). I. G. Farben Building, now Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität's Humanities Building... (English). US Veteran's illustrated appreciation of the IG Farben Building.
  11. ^ Dissing+Weitling website (English). Dissing+Weitling.
  12. ^ Frankfurt University - Westend campus (English). About the university. Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität (2004-10-26). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
  13. ^ The Fritz Bauer Institute - A short survey (English). The Fritz Bauer Institute.
  14. ^ Exact translation of "Missbrauch Hans Poelzigs"
  15. ^ a b Info-Spaziergang auf dem Campus des IG-Farben-Komplexes (Tour information on the campus of the IG Farben complexes) (German). Reprinted article from Democracy Magazine. BUKO Pharma-Kampagne (2002-05-02). BUKO Pharma-Kampagne is an independent organization based in Bielefeld, Germany, which watches over the marketing practices of German pharmaceutical companies See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  16. ^ Werz, Michael (Autumn 2005). Not Getting Lost in Translation (English). Studentenservice International.
  17. ^ Sutton, Antony C. (1976). Chapter 2: The Empire of I.G. Farben (English). Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler. The Modern History Project.
  18. ^ Translated from "Ein eisernes und steinernes Sinnbild deutscher kaufmännischer und wissenschaftlicher Arbeitskraft"
  19. ^ Varga, George. Cold War's demise closes book on U.S. Military in Frankfurt (English). Reprinted article from the San Diego Union-Tribune. Frankfurt American High School Alumni Association.
  20. ^ I.G. Farben Building, Frankfurt/M, post-war, 1946 (English). 3rd Army Division History Website.
  21. ^ Zur Geschichte des IG Farben-Hauses - Gedenktafel für die Opfer von Buna/Monowitz (The history of the IG Farben Building - Plaque of remembrance for the victims of Buna/Monwitz) (German). The Fritz Bauer Institute.

Further reading

External links

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