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IEEE 802. 11 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication, developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802) in the 5 GHz and 2. A wireless LAN or WLAN is a Wireless Local area network, which is the linking of two or more computers or devices without using wires The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing with Local area networks and Metropolitan area networks More specifically the IEEE 802 standards are The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. 4 GHz public spectrum bands. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second.

Although the terms 802. 11 and Wi-Fi are often used interchangeably, the Wi-Fi Alliance uses the term "Wi-Fi" to define a slightly different set of overlapping standards. Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used The Wi-Fi Alliance is a Trade group that owns the Trademark to Wi-Fi. In some cases, market demand has led the Wi-Fi Alliance to begin certifying products before amendments to the 802. Supply and demand is an Economic model describing effects on price and quantity in a Market. 11 standard are completed.

Contents

General description

A Linksys Residential gateway with an 802.11b radio and a 4-port ethernet switch.
A Linksys Residential gateway with an 802. Linksys, founded in 1988 and acquired by Cisco Systems in 2003, is the leader in sales of home and small office network products This article is about the types of network routers and modems found in many homes known colloquially as "residential gateways" 11b radio and a 4-port ethernet switch.
A Compaq 802.11b PCI card
A Compaq 802. 11b PCI card

The 802. 11 family includes over-the-air modulation techniques that use the same basic protocol. In Telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying a periodic Waveform, i The most popular are those defined by the 802. 11b and 802. 11g protocols, and are amendments to the original standard. 802. 11a was the first wireless networking standard, but 802. 11b was the first widely accepted one, followed by 802. 11g and 802. 11n. Security was originally purposefully weak due to export requirements of some governments,[1] and was later enhanced via the 802. 11i amendment after governmental and legislative changes. 802. 11n is a new multi-streaming modulation technique that is still under draft development, but products based on its proprietary pre-draft versions are being sold. Other standards in the family (c–f, h, j) are service amendments and extensions or corrections to previous specifications.

802. 11b and 802. 11g use the 2. 4 GHz ISM band, operating in the United States under Part 15 of the US Federal Communications Commission Rules and Regulations. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. The industrial scientific and medical (ISM Radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial scientific and medical The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In the US, Part 15 is an often-quoted section of Federal Communications Commission (FCC rules and Regulations mainly regarding un Licensed Because of this choice of frequency band, 802. 11b and g equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens and cordless telephones. In physics interference is the addition ( superposition) of two or more Waves that result in a new wave pattern A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating. A cordless telephone or portable telephone is a Telephone with a Wireless handset that communicates via Radio waves with a Base station Bluetooth devices, while operating in the same band, in theory do not interfere with 802. Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices creating wireless 11b/g because they use a frequency hopping spread spectrum signaling method (FHSS) while 802. Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which Energy generated in a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the Frequency domain, resulting Frequency-hopping spread spectrum ( FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using 11b/g uses a direct sequence spread spectrum signaling method (DSSS). In Telecommunications direct-sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS) is a Modulation technique 802. 11a uses the 5 GHz U-NII band, which offers 8 non-overlapping channels rather than the 3 offered in the 2. The Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure ( U-NII) Radio band is part of the Radio frequency spectrum used by IEEE-802 4GHz ISM frequency band.

The segment of the radio frequency spectrum used varies between countries. Radio frequency ( RF) is a Frequency or rate of Oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz In the US, 802. 11a and 802. 11g devices may be operated without a license, as explained in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. Frequencies used by channels one through six (802. 11b) fall within the 2. 4 GHz amateur radio band. Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a Hobby and a service in which participants called "hams" use various types of Radio communications Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802. See also Amateur radio An amateur radio operator is an individual who typically uses equipment at an Amateur radio station to engage in two-way 11b/g devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and Regulations, allowing increased power output but not commercial content or encryption. In the US, Part 97 is the section of Federal Communications Commission (FCC rules and Regulations that pertains to Amateur radio [2]

Protocols

Summary

Wireless networking standards
802. 11
Protocol		 Release[3] Freq.
(GHz)		 Thru.
(Mbit/s)		 Data
(Mbit/s)		 Mod. rin.
(m)		 rout.
(m)
– 1997 2. IEEE 80211 (legacy mode — or more correctly IEEE 80211-1997 or IEEE 802 4 00. 9 002 ~20 ~100
a 1999 5 23 054 OFDM ~35 ~120
b 1999 2. IEEE 80211a-1999 or 80211a, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that added a higher throughput of up to 54 Mbit/s by using the 5 GHz Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( OFDM) — essentially identical to Coded OFDM ( COFDM) and Discrete multi-tone modulation ( IEEE 80211b-1999 or 80211b, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that extended throughput to up to 11 Mbit/s using the same 2 4 04. 3 011 DSSS ~38 ~140
g 2003 2. In Telecommunications direct-sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS) is a Modulation technique IEEE 80211g-2003 or 80211g, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that extended throughput to up to 54 Mbit/s using the same 2 4 19 054 OFDM ~38 ~140
n 2009 2. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( OFDM) — essentially identical to Coded OFDM ( COFDM) and Discrete multi-tone modulation ( IEEE 80211n is a proposed amendment to the IEEE 80211-2007 Wireless networking standard to significantly improve network throughput over previous standards such 4, 5 74 248 ~70 ~250[4]
y 2008 3. 7 23 054 ~50 ~5000

802. 11-1997 (802. 11 legacy)

Main article: IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)

The original version of the standard IEEE 802. IEEE 80211 (legacy mode — or more correctly IEEE 80211-1997 or IEEE 802 11, released in 1997 and clarified in 1999, specified two raw data rates of 1 and 2 megabits per second (Mbit/s) to be transmitted in Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2. In Telecommunication, data signaling rate (DSR also known as Gross bit rate, is the aggregate rate at which Data pass a point in the transmission In Telecommunications and Computing, bitrate (sometimes written bit rate, data rate or as a Variable R or f b The industrial scientific and medical (ISM Radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial scientific and medical 4 GHz.

Legacy 802. 11 was rapidly supplemented (and popularized) by 802. 11b.

802. 11a

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)
October 1999 5 GHz 23 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s ~35 m
Main article: IEEE 802.11a-1999

The 802. IEEE 80211a-1999 or 80211a, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that added a higher throughput of up to 54 Mbit/s by using the 5 GHz 11a standard uses the same core protocol as the original standard, operates in 5 GHz band with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s.

Since the 2. 4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded, using the relatively un-used 5 GHz band gives 802. 11a a significant advantage. However, this high carrier frequency also brings a slight disadvantage: The effective overall range of 802. 11a is slightly less than that of 802. 11b/g; 802. 11a signals cannot penetrate as far as those for 802. 11b because they are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path.

802. 11b

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)
October 1999 2. 4 GHz 4. 5 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s ~35 m
Main article: IEEE 802.11b-1999

802. IEEE 80211b-1999 or 80211b, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that extended throughput to up to 11 Mbit/s using the same 2 11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the same media access method defined in the original standard. 802. 11b products appeared on the market in early 2000, since 802. 11b is a direct extension of the modulation technique defined in the original standard. The dramatic increase in throughput of 802. 11b (compared to the original standard) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of 802. 11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology.

802. 11b devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2. 4 GHz band. Devices operating in the 2. 4 GHz range include: microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors and cordless telephones.

802. 11g

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)
June 2003 2. 4 GHz 23 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s ~35 m
Main article: IEEE 802.11g-2003

In June 2003, a third modulation standard was ratified: 802. IEEE 80211g-2003 or 80211g, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that extended throughput to up to 54 Mbit/s using the same 2 11g. This works in the 2. 4 GHz band (like 802. 11b) but operates at a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, or about 19 Mbit/s net throughput. 802. 11g hardware is fully backwards compatible with 802. 11b hardware.

The then-proposed 802. 11g standard was rapidly adopted by consumers starting in January 2003, well before ratification, due to the desire for higher speeds, and reductions in manufacturing costs. By summer 2003, most dual-band 802. 11a/b products became dual-band/tri-mode, supporting a and b/g in a single mobile adapter card or access point. An expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in Computing is a Printed circuit board that can be inserted Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process; in an 802. 11g network, however, activity by a 802. 11b participant will reduce the speed of the overall 802. 11g network.

Like 802. 11b, 802. 11g devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2. 4 GHz band. Devices operating in the 2. 4 GHz range include: microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors and cordless telephones.

802. 11-2007

In 2003, task group TGma was authorized to "roll up" many of the amendments to the 1999 version of the 802. 11 standard. REVma or 802. 11ma, as it was called, created a single document that merged 8 amendments (802.11a,b,d,e,g,h,i,j) with the base standard. IEEE 80211a-1999 or 80211a, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that added a higher throughput of up to 54 Mbit/s by using the 5 GHz IEEE 80211b-1999 or 80211b, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that extended throughput to up to 11 Mbit/s using the same 2 IEEE 80211d-2001 or 80211d, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that adds support for "additional regulatory domains" IEEE 80211e-2005 or 80211e is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802 IEEE 80211g-2003 or 80211g, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that extended throughput to up to 54 Mbit/s using the same 2 IEEE 80211h-2003, or just 80211h, refers to the amendment added to the IEEE 802 IEEE 80211i-2004, or 80211i, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 standard specifying security mechanisms for wireless networks The amendment has been 80211j-2004 or 80211j is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 standard designed specially for Japanese market Upon approval on March 08, 2007, 802. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 11REVma was renamed to the current standard IEEE 802. 11-2007. [5] This is the single most modern 802. 11 document available that contains cumulative changes from multiple sub-letter task groups.

802. 11n

Main article: IEEE 802.11n
Release Date Op. IEEE 80211n is a proposed amendment to the IEEE 80211-2007 Wireless networking standard to significantly improve network throughput over previous standards such Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)
June 2009 (est. ) 5 GHz and/or 2. 4 GHz 74 Mbit/s 300 Mbit/s (2 streams) ~70 m

802. 11n is a proposed amendment which improves upon the previous 802. 11 standards by adding multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and many other newer features. In Radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (pronounced mee-moh or my-moh) is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter Though there are already many products on the market based on Draft 2. 0 of this proposal, the TGn workgroup is not expected to finalize the amendment until November 2008. [3]

Channels and international compatibility

See also: Wi-Fi Technical Information

802. Evolution of Wi-Fi standards The IEEE standard that governs Wi-Fi technology is IEEE 802 11 divides each of the above-described bands into channels, analogously to how radio and TV broadcast bands are carved up but with greater channel width and overlap. For example the 2. 4000-2. 4835 GHz band is divided into 13 channels each of width 22 MHz but spaced only 5 MHz apart, with channel 1 centered on 2412 MHz and 13 on 2472, to which Japan adds a 14th channel 12 MHz above channel 13.

Availability of channels is regulated by country, constrained in part by how each country allocates radio spectrum to various services. The Electromagnetic spectrum is an aspect of the physical world which like land water and air is subject to usage limitations At one extreme Japan permits the use of all 14 channels (with the exclusion of 802. 11g/n from channel 14), while at the other Spain allowed only channels 10 and 11 (later all of the 14 channels have been allowed[6] ), to which France adds 12 and 13. Most other European countries are almost as liberal as Japan, disallowing only channel 14, while North America and some Central and South American countries further disallow 12 and 13. For more details on this topic, see List of WLAN channels. The List of WLAN channels is the legally allowed IEEE 80211 or more commonly Wi-Fi Wireless LAN channels

Besides specifying the center frequency of each channel, 802. 11 also specifies (in Clause 17) a spectral mask defining the permitted distribution of power across each channel. In Telecommunications, a spectral mask, also known as a transmission mask is a Mathematically defined set of lines applied to the levels of Radio The mask requires that the signal be attenuated by at least 30 dB from its peak energy at ± 11 MHz from the center frequency, the sense in which channels are effectively 22 MHz wide. In Physics, attenuation (in some context also called extinction) is the gradual loss in intensity of any kind of Flux through a medium The decibel ( dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity relative to One consequence is that stations can only use every fourth or fifth channel without overlap, typically 1, 6 and 11 in the Americas, 1-13 in Europe, etc. Another is that channels 1-13 effectively require the band 2401-2483 MHz, the actual allocations being for example 2400-2483. 5 in the UK, 2402-2483. 5 in the US, etc.

Since the spectral mask only defines power output restrictions up to ± 22 MHz from the center frequency to be attenuated by 50 dB, it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits. It is more correct to say that, given the separation between channels 1, 6, and 11, the signal on any channel should be sufficiently attenuated to minimally interfere with a transmitter on any other channel. Due to the near-far problem a transmitter can impact a receiver on a "non-overlapping" channel, but only if it is close to the victim receiver (within a meter) or operating above allowed power levels. The near-far problem or hearability problem is a situation that is common in wireless communication systems in particular CDMA.

Although the statement that channels 1, 6, and 11 are "non-overlapping" is limited to spacing or product density, the 1–6–11 guideline has merit. If transmitters are closer together than channels 1, 6, and 11 (for example, 1, 4, 7, and 10), overlap between the channels may cause unacceptable degradation of signal quality and throughput. [7]

Standard and amendments

Within the IEEE 802. 11 Working Group,[3] the following IEEE Standards Association Standard and Amendments exist:

There is no standard or task group named "802. 11x". Rather, this term is used informally to denote any current or future 802. 11 amendment, in cases where further precision is not necessary. (The IEEE 802.1x standard for port-based network access control is often mistakenly called "802. IEEE 8021X is an IEEE Standard for port-based Network Access Control; it is part of the IEEE 802 11x" when used in the context of wireless networks. )

802. 11F and 802. 11T are recommended practices rather than standards, and are capitalized as such.

Standard or amendment?

Both the terms "standard" and "amendment" are used when referring to the different variants of IEEE 802. 11.

As far as the IEEE Standards Association is concerned, there is only one current standard, it is denoted by- IEEE 802. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization 11 followed by the date that it was published. IEEE 802. 11-2007 is the only version currently in publication. The standard is updated by means of amendments. Amendments are created by task groups (TG). Both the task group and their finished document are denoted by 802. 11 followed by a non-capitalized letter. For example IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b. IEEE 80211a-1999 or 80211a, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that added a higher throughput of up to 54 Mbit/s by using the 5 GHz IEEE 80211b-1999 or 80211b, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 specification that extended throughput to up to 11 Mbit/s using the same 2 Updating 802. 11 is the responsibility of task group m. In order to create a new version, TGm combines the previous version of the standard and all published amendments. TGm also provides clarification and interpretation to industry on published documents. New versions of the IEEE 802. 11 were published in 1999 and 2007.

The working title of 802. 11-2007 was 802. 11-REVma. This denotes a third type of document, a "revision". The complexity of combining 802. 11-1999 with 8 amendments made it necessary to revise already agreed upon text. As a result, additional guidelines associated with a revision had to be followed.

Nomenclature

Various terms in 802. 11 are used to specify aspects of wireless local-area networking operation, and may be unfamiliar to some readers.

For example, Time Unit (usually abbreviated TU) is used to indicate a unit of time equal to 1024 microseconds. In the IEEE 80211 standard a unit of time equal to 1024 microseconds is used in the definition of a number of intervals Numerous time constants are defined in terms of TU (rather than the nearly-equal millisecond).

Also the term "Portal" is used to describe an entity that is similar to an IEEE 802.1D bridge. 8021D is the IEEE MAC Bridges standard which includes Bridging, Spanning Tree, interworking for 802 A Portal provides access to the WLAN by non-802. 11 LAN STAs.

Community networks

With the proliferation of cable modems and DSL, there is an ever-increasing market of people who wish to establish small networks in their homes to share their high speed Internet connection. A cable modem is a type of Modem that provides access to a data signal sent over the Cable television infrastructure The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

Many hotspot or free networks frequently allow anyone within range, including passersby outside, to connect to the Internet. There are also efforts by volunteer groups to establish wireless community networks to provide free wireless connectivity to the public. Wireless community networks or wireless community projects are the organizations that attempt to take a grassroots approach to providing a viable alternative to Municipal

Security

In 2001, a group from the University of California, Berkeley presented a paper describing weaknesses in the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) security mechanism defined in the original standard; they were followed by Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir's paper entitled "Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4". The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP) is a deprecated Algorithm to secure IEEE 802 In Cryptography, the Fluhrer Mantin and Shamir attack allows an attacker to recover the key in an RC4 encrypted stream from a large number of messages in that stream In Cryptography, RC4 (also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR meaning Alleged RC4 see below is the most widely-used software Not long after, Adam Stubblefield and AT&T publicly announced the first verification of the attack. Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and In the attack they were able to intercept transmissions and gain unauthorized access to wireless networks.

The IEEE set up a dedicated task group to create a replacement security solution, 802. 11i (previously this work was handled as part of a broader 802. 11e effort to enhance the MAC layer). The Media Access Control (MAC Data communication protocol sub-layer also known as the Medium Access Control is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the The Wi-Fi Alliance announced an interim specification called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) based on a subset of the then current IEEE 802. The Wi-Fi Alliance is a Trade group that owns the Trademark to Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA and WPA2) is a certification program administered by the Wi-Fi Alliance to indicate compliance with the security protocol created by the Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA and WPA2) is a certification program administered by the Wi-Fi Alliance to indicate compliance with the security protocol created by the 11i draft. These started to appear in products in mid-2003. IEEE 802.11i (also known as WPA2) itself was ratified in June 2004, and uses government strength encryption in the Advanced Encryption Standard AES, instead of RC4, which was used in WEP. IEEE 80211i-2004, or 80211i, is an amendment to the IEEE 80211 standard specifying security mechanisms for wireless networks The amendment has been Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA and WPA2) is a certification program administered by the Wi-Fi Alliance to indicate compliance with the security protocol created by the In Cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES) also known as Rijndael, is a Block cipher adopted as an Encryption In Cryptography, RC4 (also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR meaning Alleged RC4 see below is the most widely-used software The modern recommended encryption for the home/consumer space is WPA2 (AES PreShared Key) and for the Enterprise space is WPA2 along with a radius server the strongest is EAP-TLS. Remote Authentication Dial In User Service ( RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized access authorization and accounting management for people or computers Extensible Authentication Protocol, or EAP, is a universal Authentication framework frequently used in wireless networks and Point-to-Point connections

In January 2005, IEEE set up yet another task group TGw to protect management and broadcast frames, which previously were sent unsecured. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization See IEEE 802.11w

Non-standard 802. IEEE 80211w is a proposed amendment to the IEEE 80211 standard to increase the security of its management frames 11 extensions and equipment

Many companies implement wireless networking equipment with non-IEEE standard 802. 11 extensions either by implementing proprietary or draft features. These changes may lead to incompatibilities between these extensions.

For more details on this topic, see 802.11 non-standard equipment. 80211 non-standard equipment is equipment that seeks to extend the Wi-Fi standard 802

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Looking for 802.11g Wireless Internet Access information, definitions and technology descriptions?
  2. ^ ARRLWeb: Part 97 - Amateur Radio Service. Ultra-wideband (aka UWB, ultra-wide band, ultraband, etc is a radio technology that can be used at very low energy levels for short-range high-bandwidth Wibree is a Digital radio technology (intended to become an Open standard of Wireless communications designed for ultra low power consumption ( button Spectral efficiency, spectrum efficiency or bandwidth efficiency refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a IEEE 80215 is the 15 th Working group of the IEEE 802 which specializes in Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network standards The IEEE 80216 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards, which was established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999 aims to prepare formal specifications IEEE 80220 or Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA is an IEEE Standard to enable worldwide deployment of multi-vendor interoperable mobile broadband wireless access IEEE 80222 is a new Working group of IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards committee which aims at constructing Wireless Regional Area Network ( WRAN) utilizing white spaces This is a list of device bandwidths: the Net bit rate (or more informally Digital bandwidth) of some computer devices employing methods of data transport is quantified The Wi-Fi Alliance is a Trade group that owns the Trademark to Wi-Fi. The List of WLAN channels is the legally allowed IEEE 80211 or more commonly Wi-Fi Wireless LAN channels American Radio Relay League.
  3. ^ a b c Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines (2007-11-15). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull
  4. ^ 802.11n Delivers Better Range. Wi-Fi Planet (2007-05-31). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  5. ^ IEEE 802. 11 Working Group (2007-06-12). IEEE 802.11-2007: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. ISBN 0-7381-5656-9.  
  6. ^ Cuadro nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias CNAF. Secretaría de Estado de Telecomunicaciones. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a
  7. ^ Channel Deployment Issues for 2.4 GHz 802.11 WLANs. Cisco Systems, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-02-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince
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