| IBM mainframe | Architecture |
| 700/7000 series | varied |
| System/360 | |
| System/370 | System/370 |
| S/370-XA | |
| ESA/370 | |
| System/390 | ESA/390 |
| zSeries | z/Architecture |
| System z9 | |
| System z10 | |
IBM mainframes, though perceived as synonymous with mainframe computers in general due to their marketshare, are now technically and specifically IBM's line of business computers that can all trace their design evolution to the IBM System/360. Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron) are Computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications typically bulk data International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology The IBM System/360 ( S/360) is a Mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964.
Contents |
First and second generation
From 1952 into the late 1960s, IBM manufactured and marketed several large computer models, known as the IBM 700/7000 series. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of large scale ( mainframe) Computer systems made by IBM through The first-generation 700s were based on vacuum tubes, while the later, second-generation 7000s used transistors. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. In Electronics, a transistor is a Semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals These machines established IBM's dominance in electronic data processing. IBM had two model categories: one (701, 704, 709, 7090, 7040) for engineering and scientific use, and one (702, 705, 7080, 7070, 7010) for commercial or data processing use. The two categories, scientific and commercial, generally used common peripherals but had completely different instruction sets, and there were incompatibilities even within each category. An instruction set is a list of all the instructions and all their variations that a processor can execute
IBM initially sold its computers without any software, expecting customers to write their own; programs were manually initiated, one at a time. Later, IBM provided compilers for the newly developed higher-level programming languages Fortran and COBOL. A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. Fortran (previously FORTRAN) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative Programming language that is especially suited to COBOL (ˈkoʊbɒl is one of the oldest programming languages still in active use The first operating systems for IBM computers were written by IBM customers who did not wish to have their very expensive machines ($2M USD in the mid-1950s) sitting idle while operators set up jobs manually, and so they wanted a mechanism for maintaining a queue of jobs. It is generally thought that the first operating system used for real work was GM-NAA I/O, produced by General Motors' Research division in 1956. The GM-NAA I/O Input/output system of General Motors and North American Aviation was the first Operating system in the history of Computer General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. [1] IBM enhanced one of GM-NAA I/O's successors and provided it to customers under the name IBSYS. IBSYS was the tape based Operating system that IBM supplied with its IBM 7090 and [2][3] As software became more complex and important, the cost of supporting it on so many different designs became burdensome, and this was one of the factors which led IBM to develop System/360 and its operating systems. The IBM System/360 ( S/360) is a Mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964. [4]
The second generation (transistor-based) products were a mainstay of IBM's business and IBM continued to make them for several years after the introduction of the System/360. (Some IBM 7094s remained in service into the 1980s. The IBM 7090 was a second-generation Transistorized version of the earlier IBM 709 vacuum tube Mainframe computers and was designed for "large-scale )
Smaller machines
Prior to System/360, IBM also sold computers smaller in scale that were not considered mainframes, though they were still bulky and expensive by modern standards. These included:
- IBM 650 (vacuum tube logic, decimal architecture, business and scientific)
- IBM RAMAC 305 (vacuum tube logic, first computer with disk storage; see: Early IBM disk storage)
- IBM 1400 series (business data processing; very successful and many 1400 peripherals were used with the 360s)
- IBM 1620 (decimal architecture, engineering, scientific, and education)
IBM had difficulty getting customers to upgrade from the smaller machines to the mainframes because so much software had to be rewritten. The IBM 650 ( photo was one of IBM ’s early Computers and the world’s first mass-produced ( photo computer The IBM 305 RAMAC was the first commercial computer that used a moving head hard disk drive (magnetic Disk storage) for Secondary storage. The invention of magnetic Disk storage, pioneered by IBM in the 1950s was a critical component of the Computer revolution The IBM 1400 series were second generation ( Transistorized mid-range business Computers that IBM sold The IBM 1620 was announced by IBM on October 21, 1959 and marketed as an inexpensive "scientific computer" The 7010 was introduced in 1962 as a mainframe-sized 1410. The later Systems 360 and 370 could emulate the 1400 machines. A desk size machine with a different instruction set, the IBM 1130, was released concurrent with the System/360 to address the 1620's niche. The IBM 1130 Computing System was introduced in 1965. It was IBM 's least-expensive Computer to date and was aimed at price-sensitive computing-intensive It used the same EBCDIC character encoding as the 360 and was mostly programmed in Fortran, which was relatively easy to adapt to larger machines when necessary.
Midrange computer is a designation used by IBM for a class of computer systems which fall in between mainframes and microcomputers. Midrange computers, or midrange systems, are a class of Computer systems which fall in between Mainframe computers and Microcomputers The range
IBM System/360
All that changed with the announcement of the System/360 (S/360) in April, 1964[5]. The IBM System/360 ( S/360) is a Mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964. The System/360 was a single series of compatible models for both commercial and scientific use. The number "360" suggested a "360 degree," or "all-around" computer system. 360 ( three hundred and sixty) is the Natural number following 359 and preceding 361 This article describes the unit of angle For other meanings see Degree. System/360 incorporated features which had previously been present on only either the commercial line (such as decimal arithmetic and byte addressing) or the technical line (such as floating point arithmetic). In Computing, floating point describes a system for numerical representation in which a string of digits (or Bits represents a Real number. [6] The System/360 was also the first computer in wide use to include dedicated hardware provisions for the use of operating systems. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Among these were supervisor and application mode programs and instructions, as well as built-in memory protection facilities. [7] The new machine also had a larger address space than the older mainframes, 24 bits vs. In Computing, an address space defines a range of discrete addresses each of which may correspond to a physical or virtual Memory register, a network host a typical 18 bits.
The smaller models in the System/360 line (e. g. the 360/30) were intended to replace the 1400 series while providing an easier upgrade path to the larger 360s. To smooth the transition from second generation to the new line, IBM used the 360's microprogramming capability to emulate the more popular older models. Microprogramming (ie writing microcode) is a method that can be employed to implement Machine instructions in a CPU relatively easily often using less Thus 360/30s with this added cost feature could run 1401 programs and the larger 360/65s could run 7094 programs. To run old programs, the 360 had to be halted and restarted in emulation mode. Many customers kept using their old software and one of the features of the later System/370 was the ability to switch to emulation mode and back under operating system control.
Operating systems for the System/360 family and its successors included OS/360 (with PCP, MFT, and MVT), BOS, TOS, DOS, and SVS. See also History of IBM mainframe operating systems OS/360, officially known as IBM System/360 Operating System, was a group of Batch processing Disk Operating System/360, also DOS/360, or simply DOS, was an Operating system for IBM mainframes It was announced by IBM on the The original OS/360 and early MVS and VM/CMS versions did not include a copyright literal in the object code and therefore not protected by U. Multiple Virtual Storage, more commonly called MVS, was the most commonly used Operating system on the System/370 and System/390 IBM CP/CMS|History of CP/CMS VM (often VM/CMS) refers to a family of IBM Virtual machine Operating systems used on IBM System/370 S. Copyright Laws and are available for free use.
The System/360 later evolved into the System/370, the System/390, the zSeries, the System z9, and today's System z10. The IBM System/370 (often S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframes announced on June 30, 1970 ESA/390 (Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 was introduced in September 1990 and is IBM 's last 31-bit -address/ 32-bit -data mainframe computing IBM System z, or earlier IBM eServer zSeries, is a brand name designated by IBM to all its Mainframe computers In 2000 IBM rebranded the existing IBM System z9 is a line of IBM mainframes. It was announced on July 25 2005 and the first models IBM System z10 is the latest line of IBM mainframes. It was announced on February 26 2008 and represents the first model powered by the z10 quad core
Today's Systems
Processor units
The different processors on a current IBM mainframes are:
- CP, Central Processor: general-purpose processor
- IFL, Integrated Facility for Linux: dedicated to Linux OSes (optionally under z/VM)
- ICF, Integrated Coupling Facility: designed to support Parallel Sysplex operations
- SAP, System Assist Processor: designed to handle various system accounting, management, and I/O channel operations
- zAAP, System z9 Application Assist Processor: currently limited to run only Java and XML processing
- zIIP, System z9 Integrated Information Processor: dedicated to run specific workloads including DB2, XML, and IPSec
There are other supporting processors typically installed inside mainframes such as cryptographic accelerators (CryptoExpress), the OSA-Express networking processor, and FICON Express disk I/O processors. IBM System z10 is the latest line of IBM mainframes. It was announced on February 26 2008 and represents the first model powered by the z10 quad core The Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL is an IBM mainframe processor dedicated to running the Linux operating system with or without z/VM. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks See also VM (operating system z/VM is the current version in IBM's VM family of Virtual machine Operating systems. In IBM Mainframe computers a Coupling Facility or CF is a piece of Computer hardware which allows multiple processors to access the same data In computing a Parallel Sysplex is a cluster of IBM mainframes acting together in a single system image usually with Z/OS. In Computer science, channel I/O is a generic term that refers to a high-performance Input/output (I/O architecture that is implemented in various forms on a number The IBM System z Application Assist Processor ( zAAP) previously known as the ZSeries Application Assist Processor is a mainframe processor Don't change "Extensible" In IBM System z9 Mainframes z9 Integrated Information Processor ( zIIP) is a special purpose Processor, the main purpose of which is Don't change "Extensible" Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec) is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP communications by authenticating and/or encrypting Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" FICON ( Fiber Connectivity) is the IBM proprietary name for the ANSI FC-SB-3 Single-Byte Command Code Sets-3 Mapping Protocol for Fibre
Mainframes in General
Operating Systems
The primary operating systems in use on current IBM mainframes include z/OS (which followed MVS and OS/390), z/VM (previously VM/CMS), z/VSE, z/TPF, and Linux on zSeries. Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron) are Computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications typically bulk data An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination z/OS is a 64-bit Operating system for Mainframe computers, created by IBM. Multiple Virtual Storage, more commonly called MVS, was the most commonly used Operating system on the System/370 and System/390 IBM OS/390 is an IBM Operating system for the System/390 IBM mainframe computers. See also VM (operating system z/VM is the current version in IBM's VM family of Virtual machine Operating systems. CP/CMS|History of CP/CMS VM (often VM/CMS) refers to a family of IBM Virtual machine Operating systems used on IBM System/370 z/VSE (Virtual Storage Extended is an Operating system for IBM mainframe computers the latest one in the DOS/360 lineage, which originated in 1965 TPF is an IBM Real-time operating system for mainframes descended from the IBM System/360 family including ZSeries and System Linux on System z is the collective term for the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM mainframes especially System z machines A few systems run MUSIC/SP and UTS (Mainframe UNIX). MUSIC/SP (Multi-User System for Interactive Computing / System Product originally "McGill University System for Interactive Computing" was developed at McGill University UTS is an implementation of the UNIX Operating system for IBM mainframe (and compatible computers There are software-based emulators for the System/370, System/390, zSeries, and System z9 hardware, including FLEX-ES and the freely available Hercules emulator which runs under Linux and Microsoft Windows. The Hercules emulator is a computer program which allows software designed for IBM mainframe computers ( System/370, System/390 and ZSeries) to Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. As of mid-2007, Sine Nomine Associates expects to introduce OpenSolaris on System z. OpenSolaris for System z is the distribution of the OpenSolaris computer Operating system designed to run on the IBM System z line of Mainframe [8]
Middleware
Current IBM mainframes run all the major enterprise transaction processing environments and databases, including CICS, IMS, WebSphere Application Server, DB2, and Oracle. For other meanings see the disambiguation page at Transaction. A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system CICS ( Customer Information Control System) is a Transaction server that runs primarily on IBM mainframe systems under Z/OS and Z/VSE IBM Information Management System ( IMS) is a joint Hierarchical database and Information management system with extensive Transaction processing Headline text == WebSphere refers to a Brand of IBM software products that are mostly proprietary, although the term DB2 is one of IBM 's families of Relational database management system (RDBMS (or as IBM now calls it data server software products within IBM's broader Information Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply Oracle) is a Relational database management system (RDBMS produced and marketed by In many cases these software subsystems can run on more than one mainframe operating system.
See also
References
- Prasad, Nallur (1994). The following is a list of notable products from the International Business Machines (IBM Corporation and its predecessor corporations beginning in the 1890s and spanning Punched Amdahl Corporation was founded by Dr Gene Amdahl, a former IBM employee in 1970 and specializes in IBM mainframe -compatible computer products Midrange computers, or midrange systems, are a class of Computer systems which fall in between Mainframe computers and Microcomputers The range IBM Mainframes: Architecture and Design, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. ISBN 0-07-050691-4. [9]
External links
Notes
- ^ A Brief History of Linux
- ^ IBM 7090/94 IBSYS Operating System
- ^ Gray, G. (1999). "EXEC II" 1 (3).
- ^ Chuck Boyer, The 360 Revolution
- ^ IBM Archives: System/360 Announcement
- ^ Some of the arithmetic units and addressing features were optional on some models of the System/360. However, models were upward compatible and most were also downward compatible.
- ^ Hardware memory protection was provided to protect the operating system from the user programs (tasks) and the user tasks from each other.
- ^ http://www.sinenomine.net/node/607, retrieved September 12, 2007.
- ^ Now dated. For details on the significant 64-bit architectural changes, refer to IBM technical publications (see z/Architecture). '64-bit' CPUs have existed in Supercomputers since the 1960s and in RISC -based workstations and servers since the early 1990s. z/Architecture, initially called ESA Modal Extensions ( ESAME) refers to IBM 's 64-bit computing architecture for a current generation
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