International Business Machines Corporation
Type	Public (NYSE: IBM)
Founded	1889, incorporated 1911
Headquarters	Armonk, New York, USA
Key people	Samuel J. Palmisano, Chairman & CEO Mark Loughridge SVP & CFO Dan Fortin, President (Canada) Frank Kern, President (Asia Pacific) Nick Donofrio, EVP (Innovation & Technology) Bruno Di Leo, President IOT Northeast Europe Dominique Cerutti, President IOT Southwest Europe
Industry	Computer hardware Computer software Consulting IT Services
Products	See products listing
Revenue	▲ $98. A public company usually refers to a company that is permitted to offer its registered securities ( Stock, bonds, etc The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Armonk is a census-designated place (CDP located in the town of North Castle in Westchester County New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Samuel J Palmisano (born July 29 1951 is the current chairman Chief executive officer, and president of IBM, one of the world's largest IT companies Mark Loughridge (born 1953 or 1954 is currently the Chief financial officer and senior vice president of International Business Machines Corporation. Dan Fortin is president of IBM Canada Ltd and thus is responsible for strategic and day-to-day operations of IBM in Canada Nicholas M Donofrio (born 1945 is the Executive Vice President of Innovation and Technology at the IBM Corporation For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Typical PC hardware A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop and the following parts Motherboard A consultant (from the Latin consultare means "to discuss" from which we also derive words such as consul and counsel) is a Professional IT Service Management ( ITSM) is a discipline for managing Information technology (IT systems philosophically centered on the customer's perspective of IT's In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need The following is a list of notable products from the International Business Machines (IBM Corporation and its predecessor corporations beginning in the 1890s and spanning Punched In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services 8 billion USD (+4% FY '07 to '08)
Net income	▲ $10. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is a period used for calculating annual ("yearly" Financial statements in Businesses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Net income is equal to the Income that a firm has after subtracting costs and Expenses from the total Revenue. 8 billion USD (+18% FY '07 to '08)
Employees	386,558 (2007)
Subsidiaries	ADSTAR FileNet Informix Iris Associates Lotus Software Rational Software Sequent Computer Systems Tivoli Systems, Inc.
Website	www.ibm.com

International Business Machines Corporation, abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue," NYSE: IBM, is a multinational computer technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is a period used for calculating annual ("yearly" Financial statements in Businesses Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A subsidiary, in business matters is an entity that is controlled by a bigger and more powerful entity ADSTAR was a hardware storage division of IBM. ADSTAR was sold to Tivoli Systems Inc FileNet, a company now owned and assimilated by IBM, developed software to help enterprises manage their content and Business processes The FileNet P8 platform Informix is a family of Relational database management system (RDBMS products by IBM. Iris Associates was a Software development company founded in Littleton Massachusetts on December 7, 1984 by Ray Ozzie to build the Lotus Software (called Lotus Development Corporation before its acquisition by IBM) is a Software company with headquarters in Westford, Rational Machines was founded by Paul Levy and Mike Devlin in 1981 to provide tools to expand the use of modern software engineering practices particularly explicit modular Sequent Computer Systems, or Sequent, was a computer company that designed and manufactured Multiprocessing Computer systems They were among the pioneers Tivoli Software is the Systems management brand of the IBM Software Group. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Armonk is a census-designated place (CDP located in the town of North Castle in Westchester County New York. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The company is one of the few information technology companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and offers infrastructure services, hosting services, and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. Typical PC hardware A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop and the following parts Motherboard An Internet hosting service is a service that runs Internet servers allowing organizations and individuals to serve content to the Internet or in newbie terms a way for you A consultant (from the Latin consultare means "to discuss" from which we also derive words such as consul and counsel) is a Professional Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron) are Computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications typically bulk data Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular ^[1]

IBM has been known through most of its recent history as the world's largest computer company; with over 388,000 employees worldwide, IBM is the largest information technology employer in the world. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Despite falling behind Hewlett-Packard in total revenue since 2006, it remains the most profitable. IBM holds more patents than any other U. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an S. based technology company. ^[2] It has engineers and consultants in over 170 countries and IBM Research has eight laboratories worldwide. IBM Research, a division of IBM, is a research and advanced development organization and currently consists of eight locations throughout the world and hundreds of ^[3] IBM employees have earned three Nobel Prizes, four Turing Awards, five National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature The A M Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly known as the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the President of the United States to American The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the President of the United States to individuals in Science and Engineering who have made important ^[4] As a chip maker, IBM has been among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders in past years, and in 2007 IBM ranked second in the list of largest software companies in the world. This article lists the top 20 largest semiconductor companies by sales leaders over the past 20 years ^[5]

Contents 1 History 2 Current projects 2.1 Eclipse 2.2 developerWorks 2.3 alphaWorks 2.4 Semiconductor design and manufacturing 2.5 Open Client Offering 2.6 UC2: Unified Communications and Collaboration 2.7 Internal programs 3 IBM Software Group 4 Environmental Record 5 Corporate culture of IBM 5.1 Sales 5.2 The uniform 5.3 IBM company values and "Jam" 5.4 Open source 5.5 Project Management Center of Excellence 6 Corporate affairs 6.1 Diversity and workforce issues 6.1.1 Gay rights 6.2 Logos 6.3 Board of directors 7 See also 8 References and footnotes 9 Further reading 10 External links

History

Main article: History of IBM

See also: Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR) and Herman Hollerith

See also: List of IBM products

The company which became IBM was founded in 1896 as the Tabulating Machine Company^[6] by Herman Hollerith, in Broome County, New York (Endicott, New York, Where it still maintains very limited operations). Timeline For issues and trends that span particular time periods see major events trends and technologies, below The Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR was incorporated on June 15 1911 in Endicott New York a few miles west of Binghamton Herman Hollerith ( February 29, 1860 &ndash November 17, 1929) was a German-American statistician who developed a The following is a list of notable products from the International Business Machines (IBM Corporation and its predecessor corporations beginning in the 1890s and spanning Punched Herman Hollerith ( February 29, 1860 &ndash November 17, 1929) was a German-American statistician who developed a Broome County is a County located in the US state of New York. Endicott is a Village in Broome County, New York, United States. It was incorporated as Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR) on June 16, 1911, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1916. The Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR was incorporated on June 15 1911 in Endicott New York a few miles west of Binghamton Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. IBM adopted its current name in 1924, when it became a Fortune 500 company. Please do not add the complete list of fortune 500 companies The list is copyrighted by Fortune which makes money by selling the content

The author Edwin Black has alleged that, during World War II, IBM CEO Thomas J. Watson used overseas subsidiaries to provide the Third Reich with unit record data processing machines, supplies and services that helped the Nazis to efficiently track down European Jews, with sizable profits for the company. Edwin Black is an award-winning New York Times bestselling American Author and Journalist specializing in corporate and historical investigations World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Thomas John Watson Sr ( February 17, 1874 &ndash June 19, 1956) was the American president of International Business Machines Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Before the advent of electronic Computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German IBM denies that they had control over these subsidiaries after the Nazis took control of them. A lawsuit against IBM based on these allegations was dismissed. It should also be noted that in support of the War effort in WWII from 1943 to the end of the War IBM produced approximately 346,500 M1 Carbine (Caliber . 30 carbine) light rifles for the U. S. Military^[7]

In the 1950s, IBM became the dominant vendor in the emerging computer industry with the release of the IBM 701 and other models in the IBM 700/7000 series of mainframes. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. The IBM 701, known as the Defense Calculator while in development was announced to the public on April 29, The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of large scale ( mainframe) Computer systems made by IBM through Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron) are Computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications typically bulk data The company's dominance became even more pronounced in the 1960s and 1970s with the IBM System/360 and IBM System/370 mainframes, however antitrust actions by the United States Department of Justice, the rise of minicomputer companies like Digital Equipment Corporation and Data General, and the introduction of the microprocessor all contributed to dilution of IBM's position in the industry, eventually leading the company to diversify into other areas including personal computers, software, and services. The IBM System/360 ( S/360) is a Mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964. The IBM System/370 (often S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframes announced on June 30, 1970 For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department A minicomputer (colloquially mini) is a class of multi-user Computers that lies in the middle range of the computing spectrum in between the largest Multi-user Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the Computer industry Data General was one of the first Minicomputer firms from the late 1960s A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated

In 1981 IBM introduced the IBM Personal Computer which is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. In Computing, a platform describes some sort of Hardware architecture or Software framework (including Application frameworks, that allows Descendants of the IBM PC compatibles make up the majority of microcomputers on the market today, though IBM sold its PC division to the Chinese company Lenovo on May 1, 2005 for $655 million in cash and $600 million in Lenovo stock. microcomputer is a Computer with a Microprocessor as its Central processing unit. Lenovo Group Limited (,) is China's largest and the world's fourth largest Personal computer manufacturer after Hewlett-Packard and Dell of the U Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

On January 25, 2007, Ricoh announced purchase of IBM Printing Systems Division for $725 million and investment in 3-year joint venture to form a new Ricoh subsidiary, InfoPrint Solutions Company; Ricoh will own a 51% share, and IBM will own a 49% share in InfoPrint. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ( or Ricoh, is a Japanese company that was established on 6 February 1936 as Riken Kankoshi Co InfoPrint Solutions Company (InfoPrint is a provider of Digital printing and output solutions hardware software and services for production and enterprise print environments

Current projects

Eclipse

Main article: Eclipse (software)

Eclipse is a platform-independent, Java-based software framework. In Computing, Eclipse is a Software platform comprising extensible Application frameworks tools and a Runtime library for Software A software framework, in Computer programming, is an abstraction in which common code providing generic functionality can be selectively overridden or specialized by user Eclipse was originally a proprietary product developed by IBM as a successor of the VisualAge family of tools. The word proprietary indicates that a party or proprietor exercises private Ownership, control or use over an item of Property. VisualAge was the name of a family of computer Integrated development environments from IBM, which included support for a few popular (and not so popular computer Eclipse has subsequently been released as free/open source software under the Eclipse Public License. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified Open source is a development methodology which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge The Eclipse Public License ( EPL) is an Open source software license used by the Eclipse Foundation for its software.

developerWorks

Main article: developerWorks

developerWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals. developerWorks is a website run by IBM for Software developers and IT professionals A software developer is a person or organization concerned with facets of the software development process wider than design and coding a somewhat broader scope of It contains a large number of how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-standard technologies like Java, Linux, SOA and web services, web development, Ajax, PHP, and XML to IBM's products (WebSphere, Rational, Lotus, Tivoli and DB2). Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks Service-oriented architecture ( SOA) is a method for Systems development and integration where functionality is grouped around Business processes A Web service (also Web Service) is defined by the W3C as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction Web development is a broad term for any activity related to developing a Web site for the World Wide Web or an Intranet. PHP is a computer Scripting language. Originally designed for producing Dynamic web pages it has evolved to include a Command line interface capability Don't change "Extensible" Headline text == WebSphere refers to a Brand of IBM software products that are mostly proprietary, although the term Rational Machines was founded by Paul Levy and Mike Devlin in 1981 to provide tools to expand the use of modern software engineering practices particularly explicit modular Lotus Software (called Lotus Development Corporation before its acquisition by IBM) is a Software company with headquarters in Westford, Tivoli Software is the Systems management brand of the IBM Software Group. DB2 is one of IBM 's families of Relational database management system (RDBMS (or as IBM now calls it data server software products within IBM's broader Information In 2007 developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame. ^[8]

alphaWorks

Main article: alphaWorks

alphaWorks is IBM's source for emerging software technologies. alphaWorks is IBM 's "emerging technology portal" It is a web community for Early adopters to preview and collaborate on prototype technology from IBM Research These technologies include:

• Flexible Internet Evaluation Report Architecture - A highly flexible architecture for the design, display, and reporting of Internet surveys.
• IBM History Flow Visualization Application - A tool for visualizing dynamic, evolving documents and the interactions of multiple collaborating authors. IBM's History Flow tool is a visualization tool for a time-sequence of snapshots of a document in various stages of its creation
• IBM Linux on POWER Performance Simulator - A tool that provides users of Linux on Power a set of performance models for IBM's POWER processors. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks
• Database File Archive And Restoration Management - An application for archiving and restoring hard disk files using file references stored in a database.
• Policy Management for Autonomic Computing - A policy-based autonomic management infrastructure that simplifies the automation of IT and business processes.
• FairUCE - A spam filter that verifies sender identity instead of filtering content.
• Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) SDK - A Java SDK that supports the implementation, composition, and deployment of applications working with unstructured information.
• Accessibility Browser - A web-browser specifically designed to assist people with visual impairments, to be released as open-source software. Also known as the "A-Browser," the technology will aim to eliminate the need for a mouse, relying instead completely on voice-controls, buttons and predefined shortcut keys.

Semiconductor design and manufacturing

Virtually all modern console gaming systems use microprocessors developed by IBM. Integrated circuit design, or IC design, is a subset of Electrical engineering, encompassing the particular logic and Circuit design techniques The Xbox 360 contains the Xenon tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months. The Xbox 360 is the second Video game console produced by Microsoft, and was developed in cooperation with IBM, ATI, and SiS. Xenon is a CPU that is used in the Xbox 360 game console The processor internally codenamed "Waternoose" by IBM and "XCPU" ^[9] Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. Cell is a Microprocessor architecture jointly developed by Sony Computer Entertainment, Toshiba, and IBM, an ( is a multinational conglomerate manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Kyoto Japan founded on In the History of video games, the seventh generation, which is also the current generation primarily focuses on the consoles released since by Nintendo, Broadway is the name of the Central Processing Unit (CPU used in Nintendo's Wii Video game console. The older Nintendo GameCube also utilizes the Gekko processor, designed by IBM. The, often abbreviated as GCN, is Nintendo 's fourth home Video game console and is part of the sixth generation console era. Gekko is a 32-bit PowerPC Microprocessor custom made by IBM in 2000 for Nintendo to use as the CPU in their sixth

In May 2002, IBM and Butterfly. net, Inc. announced the Butterfly Grid, a commercial grid for the online video gaming market. Grid computing is a form of Distributed computing whereby a "super and virtual computer" is composed of a cluster of networked loosely-coupled ^[10] In March 2006, IBM announced separate agreements with Hoplon Infotainment, Online Game Services Incorporated (OGSI), and RenderRocket to provide on-demand content management and blade server computing resources. Blade servers are self-contained/ all inclusive computer servers, designed for high density ^[11]

Open Client Offering

IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Microsoft's Windows, Linux and Apple's Macintosh. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operations since the operations will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One of Microsoft's office alternatives is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor – the Firefox web browser. Lotus Notes is a Client-server, collaborative application developed and sold by IBM Software Group Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer abbreviated MSIE) commonly abbreviated to IE, is a series of graphical IBM plans to install Open Client on 5 percent of its desktop PCs.

UC2: Unified Communications and Collaboration

UC2 (Unified Communications and Collaboration) is an IBM and Cisco joint project based on Eclipse and OSGi. In Computing, Eclipse is a Software platform comprising extensible Application frameworks tools and a Runtime library for Software The OSGi Alliance (formerly known as the Open Services Gateway initiative now an obsolete name is an open Standards organization founded in March 1999 It will offer the numerous Eclipse application developers a unified platform for an easier work environment.

The software based on UC2 platform will provide major enterprises with easy-to-use communication solutions, such as the Lotus based Sametime. IBM Lotus Sametime is an enterprise Instant messaging and web conferencing application sold by the Lotus Software division of IBM. In the future the Sametime users will benefit from such additional functions as click-to-call and voice mailing. Click-to-call (CTC refers to the process of converting web-based traffic into direct telephony communication between an end user and some other entity Voicemail (or voice mail voice-mail vmail or VMS, sometimes called messagebank) is a centralized system of managing Telephone messages for a large group ^[12]

Internal programs

Extreme Blue is a company initiative that uses experienced IBM engineers, talented interns, and business managers to develop high-value technology. Extreme Blue is IBM 's premier Internship program for both graduate and undergraduate students; it also serves as an excellent placement opportunity The project is designed to analyze emerging business needs and the technologies that can solve them. These projects mostly involve rapid-prototyping of high-profile software and hardware projects.

In May 2007, IBM unveiled Project Big Green -- a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency. In May 2007 IBM unveiled Project Big Green -- a re-direction of $1 billion USD per year across its businesses to increase Energy efficiency.

IBM Software Group

This group is one of the major divisions of IBM. The various brands include:

• Information Management Software — database servers and tools, text analytics, content management, business process management and business intelligence. Information Management Software is one of the brands within IBM 's Software Group division
• Lotus Software — Groupware, collaboration and business software. Lotus Software (called Lotus Development Corporation before its acquisition by IBM) is a Software company with headquarters in Westford, Acquired in 1995.
• Rational Software — Software development and application lifecycle management. Rational Machines was founded by Paul Levy and Mike Devlin in 1981 to provide tools to expand the use of modern software engineering practices particularly explicit modular Acquired in 2002.
• Tivoli Software — Systems management. Tivoli Software is the Systems management brand of the IBM Software Group. Acquired in 1996.
• WebSphere — Integration and application infrastructure software. Headline text == WebSphere refers to a Brand of IBM software products that are mostly proprietary, although the term

Environmental Record

IBM has a long history of dealing with its environmental problems. It established a corporate policy on environmental protection in 1971, with the support of a comprehensive global environmental management system. According to IBM’s stats, its total hazardous waste decreased by 44 percent over the past five years, and has decreased by 94. 6 percent since 1987. IBM's total hazardous waste calculation consists of waste from both non-manufacturing and manufacturing operations. Waste from manufacturing operations includes waste recycled in closed-loop systems where process chemicals are recovered and for subsequent reuse, rather than just disposing and using new chemical materials. Over the years, IBM has redesigned processes to eliminate almost all closed loop recycling and now uses more environmental-friendly materials in their place. ^[13]

IBM was recognized as one of the "Top 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters" by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2005. This was to recognize the Fortune 500 companies that provided their employees with excellent commuter benefits that helped reduce traffic and air pollution. ^[14]

However, the birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered IBM's pollution for decades. Endicott is a Village in Broome County, New York, United States. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in its circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks incidents were recorded, including one recorded 1979 leak of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Trace elements of volatile organic compounds have been identified in the Endicott’s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, Freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the villagers. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Despite the amount of pollutant, state health officials cannot say whether air or water pollution in Endicott has actually caused any health problems. Village officials say tests show that the water is safe to drink. ^[15]

Corporate culture of IBM

Big Blue is a nickname for IBM; several theories exist regarding its origin. One theory, substantiated by people who worked for IBM at the time, is that IBM field reps coined the term in the 1960s, referring to the color of the mainframes IBM installed in the 1960s and early 1970s. "All blue" was a term used to describe a loyal IBM customer, and business writers later picked up the term. ^[16][17] Another theory suggests that Big Blue simply refers to the Company's logo. A logo ( Greek el λογότυπος = el-Latn logotypos is a graphical element ( Ideogram, Symbol, Emblem, Icon, Sign) A third theory suggests that Big Blue refers to a former company dress code that required many IBM employees to wear only white shirts and many wore blue suits. ^[18][16] In any event, IBM keyboards, typewriters, and some other manufactured devices, have played on the "Big Blue" concept, using the color for enter keys and carriage returns.

Sales

IBM has often been described as having a sales-centric or a sales-oriented business culture. Traditionally, many IBM executives and general managers are chosen from the sales force. The current CEO, Sam Palmisano, for example, joined the company as a salesman and, unusually for CEOs of major corporations, has no MBA or postgraduate qualification. Samuel J Palmisano (born July 29 1951 is the current chairman Chief executive officer, and president of IBM, one of the world's largest IT companies Middle and top management are often enlisted to give direct support to salesmen when pitching sales to important customers.

The uniform

A dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie^[19] was the public uniform for IBM employees for most of the 20th Century. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO Lou Gerstner relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees to resemble their counterparts in other large technology companies. Louis V Gerstner Jr KBE (born March 1, 1942 in Mineola New York) was chairman of the board and chief executive officer of

IBM company values and "Jam"

In 2003, IBM embarked on an ambitious project to rewrite company values. Using its Jam technology, the company hosted Intranet-based online discussions on key business issues with 50,000 employees over 3 days. The discussions were analyzed by sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) to mine online comments for themes. As a result of the 2003 Jam, the company values were updated to reflect three modern business, marketplace and employee views: "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters - for our company and for the world", "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships". ^[20]

In 2004, another Jam was conducted during which 52,000 employees exchanged best practices for 72 hours. They focused on finding actionable ideas to support implementation of the values previously identified. A new post-Jam Ratings event was developed to allow IBMers to select key ideas that support the values. The board of directors cited this Jam when awarding Palmisano a pay rise in the spring of 2005. ^[21]

In July and September 2006, Palmisano launched another jam called InnovationJam. InnovationJam was the largest online brainstorming session ever with more than 150,000 participants from 104 countries. The participants were IBM employees, members of IBM employees' families, universities, partners, and customers. InnovationJam was divided in two sessions (one in July and one in September) for 72 hours each and generated more than 46,000 ideas. In November 2006, IBM declared that they will invest $US 100 million in the 10 best ideas from InnovationJam. ^[22]

Open source

IBM has been influenced by the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998. The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting Open-source software. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks ^[23] The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks The IBM Linux Technology Center (LTC is an organization focused on development for the Linux kernel and related Open-source software projects Linux is an operating system kernel used by a family of Unix-like Operating systems These are popularly termed Linux operating systems and ^[24] IBM has also released code under different open-source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation)^[25] and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. An open source license is a copyright License for Computer software that makes the source code available under terms that allow for modification and redistribution In Computing, Eclipse is a Software platform comprising extensible Application frameworks tools and a Runtime library for Software A Relational database management system (RDBMS is a Database management system (DBMS that is based on the Relational model as introduced by E IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM). SCO v IBM is a civil Lawsuit in the United States District Court of Utah.

Project Management Center of Excellence

The IBM Project Management Center of Excellence (PM COE) is a program dedicated to defining and executing the steps IBM must take to strengthen its project management capabilities. Functioning as IBM's think tank, the PM COE combines external industry trends and directions with IBM business, organizational, and geographic requirements and insight. A think tank (also called a policy institute) is an organization institute corporation or group that conducts Research and engages in advocacy in areas such Upon this foundation deliverables (such as project management policy, practices, methods, and tools) are developed.

All IBM Project Managers (PMs) on the Project Management track (dimension) must complete either accreditation or IBM certification. Junior PMs (Associate PM and Advisory PM) are accredited after self-assessment and authorization from supervisors. Senior PMs (Senior PM and Executive PM) must go through a stringent IBM certification process. By validating project managers' expertise and skills against consistent worldwide standards, certification helps maintain customer confidence in the high quality of IBM professionals and it recognizes IBM professionals for their skills and experience.

Becoming certified is public recognition of achieving a significant career milestone and demonstrating expertise in the profession. Prior to applying for IBM certification each individual must have:

1. successfully passed PMI exam (i. e. be a certified PMP).
2. verifiable documentation and approval for mastery/expertise in a well-defined set of PM skills.
3. several years of PM experience spanning at least 3 verifiable projects within the immediate 5 years (including specific role, team size, and budget requirements).
4. verifiable documentation and proof of at least one area of specialty.
5. demonstrated the use of IBM's Worldwide Project Management Method (WWPMM).
6. completed extensive classroom and online education and testing.

IBM PM Certification is a well-defined review and verification process with many intricate details. In its most simplified form, it broadly involves:

1. Candidate preparing a detailed package with proof of above requirements.
2. Package review, approval, and support by at least two levels of Senior Management.
3. Package review and re-verification by PM COE expert.
4. Personal interviews with the PM COE Certification board.
5. Candidates whose experience, skills, knowledge and education are deemed valid, verifiable and accurate, are certified by the board as either Certified Senior Project Manager (CSPM) or Certified Executive Project Manager (CEPM).

IBM PM Certification is a significant achievement for any IBMer. It is a deliberately long process with multiple checkpoints designed to ensure the integrity, fairness and validity of the certification.

Corporate affairs

Diversity and workforce issues

IBM's efforts to promote workforce diversity and equal opportunity date back at least to World War I, when the company hired disabled veterans. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All IBM was the only technology company ranked in Working Mother magazine's Top 10 for 2004, and one of two technology companies in 2005 (the other company being Hewlett-Packard). ^[26][27]

On September 21, 1953, Thomas J. Watson, the CEO at the time, sent out a very controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Thomas John Watson Sr ( February 17, 1874 &ndash June 19, 1956) was the American president of International Business Machines In 1984, IBM added sexual preference. He stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people its competitors would turn down. ^[28]

The company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing, although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming

In the 1990s, two major pension program changes, including a conversion to a cash balance plan, resulted in an employee class action lawsuit alleging age discrimination. A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. In Law, a class action or a representative action is a form of Lawsuit where a large group of people collectively bring a claim to court Ageism is Stereotyping and Prejudice against individuals or groups because of their age IBM employees won the lawsuit and arrived at a partial settlement, although appeals are still underway. IBM also settled a major overtime class-action lawsuit in 2006. ^[29]

Historically IBM has had a good reputation of long-term staff retention with few large scale layoffs. In more recent years there have been a number of broad sweeping cuts to the workforce as IBM attempts to adapt to changing market conditions and a declining profit base. After posting weaker than expected revenues in the first quarter of 2005, IBM eliminated 14,500 positions from its workforce, predominantly in Europe. In May 2005, IBM Ireland said to staff that the MD(Micro-electronics Division) facility was closing down by the end of 2005 and offered a settlement to staff. However, all staff that wished to stay with the Company were redeployed within IBM Ireland. The production moved to a company called Amkor in Singapore who purchased IBM's Microelectronics business in Singapore and is widely agreed that IBM promised this Company a full load capacity in return for the purchase of the facility. On June 8, 2005, IBM Canada Ltd. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. eliminated approximately 700 positions. IBM projects these as part of a strategy to "rebalance" its portfolio of professional skills & businesses. IBM India and other IBM offices in China, the Philippines and Costa Rica have been witnessing a recruitment boom and steady growth in number of employees due to lower wages. IBM India is the Indian subsidiary of IBM. It has facilities in Bangalore, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in

On October 10, 2005, IBM became the first major company in the world to formally commit to not using genetic information in its employment decisions. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Genetic testing allows the genetic Diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited Diseases, and can also be used to determine a person's Ancestry. This came just a few months after IBM announced its support of the National Geographic Society's Genographic Project. Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural The Genographic Project, launched in April 2005, is a five-year genetic anthropology study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing

Gay rights

IBM provides employees' same-sex partners with benefits and provides an anti-discrimination clause. The Human Rights Campaign has consistently rated IBM 100% on its index of gay-friendliness since 2003 (in 2002, the year it began compiling its report on major companies, IBM scored 86%). ^[30]

Logos

The logo that was used from 1924 to 1946. A logo ( Greek el λογότυπος = el-Latn logotypos is a graphical element ( Ideogram, Symbol, Emblem, Icon, Sign) The logo is in a form intended to suggest a globe, girdled by the word "International". [31]

The logo that was used from 1947 to 1956. The familiar "globe" was replaced with the simple letters "IBM" in a typeface called "Beton Bold. "[32]

The logo that was used from 1956 to 1972. The letters "IBM" took on a more solid, grounded and balanced appearance. [33]

In 1972, the horizontal stripes now replaced the solid letters to suggest "speed and dynamism. " This logo (in two versions, 8-bar and 13-bar), as well as the previous one, was designed by graphic designer Paul Rand. Paul Rand (born Peretz Rosenbaum, August 15 1914 &ndash November 26 1996 was an American Graphic designer best known for his corporate logo designs [34]

Logos designed in the 1970s tended to be sensitive to the technical limitations of photocopiers, which were then being widely deployed. A logo ( Greek el λογότυπος = el-Latn logotypos is a graphical element ( Ideogram, Symbol, Emblem, Icon, Sign) A logo with large solid areas tended to be poorly copied by copiers in the 1970s, so companies preferred logos that avoided large solid areas. The 1972 IBM logos are an example of this tendency. With the advent of digital copiers in the mid-1980s this technical restriction had largely disappeared; at roughly the same time, the 13-bar logo was abandoned for almost the opposite reason – it was difficult to render accurately on the low-resolution digital printers (240 dots per inch) of the time.

Board of directors

Current members of the board of directors of IBM are:

• Cathleen Black President, Hearst Magazines
• William Brody President, Johns Hopkins University
• Ken Chenault Chairman and CEO, American Express Company
• Juergen Dormann Chairman of the Board, ABB Ltd
• Michael Eskew Chairman and CEO, United Parcel Service, Inc. Hearst Communications Inc is a privately-held American -based Media conglomerate based in the Hearst Tower in New York City, USA William R Brody is the current President of the Johns Hopkins University, a position which he has held since 1996 Kenneth Irvine Chenault (born Long Island, June 2, 1951, IPA:ʃenoː has been the CEO and Chairman of American Express American Express ( sometimes known as " AmEx " or " Amex " is a diversified global Financial services company headquartered in Michael L Eskew is the former chairman and Chief Executive Officer of UPS from 2002-2007 United Parcel Service Inc ( commonly referred to as UPS, is one of the world's largest Package delivery companies
• Shirley Ann Jackson President, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
• Minoru Makihara Senior Corporate Advisor and former Chairman, Mitsubishi Corporation
• Lucio Noto Managing Partner, Midstream Partners LLC
• James W. Owens Chairman and CEO, Caterpillar Inc.
• Samuel J. Palmisano Chairman, President and CEO, IBM
• Joan Spero President, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
• Sidney Taurell, Chairman and CEO, Eli Lilly and Company
• Lorenzo Zambrano Chairman and CEO, Cemex SAB de CV

See also

References and footnotes

Further reading

External links

• IBM official website
• IBM Archives Site

Business data

• IBM Corp. at Google Finance
• IBM Corp. at Yahoo Finance
• IBM Corp. at Hoover's
• IBM Corp. at Reuters
• IBM Corp. SEC filings at EDGAR Online
• IBM Corp. SEC filings at the Securities and Exchange Commission

Thomas John Watson Sr ( February 17, 1874 &ndash June 19, 1956) was the American president of International Business Machines Google Finance is a website launched on March 21, 2006 by Google. Hoover's Inc is a business research company that has provided information on U This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson An SEC filing is a Financial statement or other formal document submitted to the U EDGAR, the Electronic Data-Gathering Analysis and Retrieval system performs automated collection validation indexing acceptance and forwarding of submissions by companies An SEC filing is a Financial statement or other formal document submitted to the U The US Securities and Exchange Commission (commonly known as the SEC) is an independent agency of the United States government which holds primary responsibility

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