- This article is an expansion of a section entitled Hypomania from within the main article: Bipolar disorder.
Hypomania (literally, below mania) is a mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elevated or irritable mood, and thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with such a mood state. Mania (from Greek μανία and that from μαίνομαι - mainomai, "to rage to be furious" is a severe medical condition A mood is a relatively long lasting affective or emotional state It is distinguished from mania by the absence of psychotic symptoms and by its lower degree of impact on functioning. Mania (from Greek μανία and that from μαίνομαι - mainomai, "to rage to be furious" is a severe medical condition Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic Hypomania is a feature of two mood disorders: bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia. A mood disorder is the term given for a group of diagnoses in the DSM IV TR classification system where a disturbance in the person's emotional mood is hypothesised Cyclothymia (pronounced /ˌsaɪkləˈθaɪmiə ˌsɪklə-/ is a Mood disorder. [1]
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Episodes
According to the DSM-IV-TR, a hypomanic episode includes, over the course of at least 4 days, elevated mood plus three of the following symptoms OR irritable mood plus four of the following symptoms:
- pressured speech; rapid talking
- inflated self-esteem or grandiosity;
- decreased need for sleep;
- flight of ideas or the subjective experience that thoughts are racing;
- easy distractibility and attention-deficit (superficially similar to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder);
- increase in psychomotor agitation; and
- steep involvement in pleasurable activities that may have a high potential for negative psycho-social or physical consequences. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' ( DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association Pressure of speech is a tendency to speak rapidly and frenziedly as if motivated by an urgency not apparent to the listener In Psychology, self-esteem reflects a Person 's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own worth Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder affecting about 3-5% of the world's population Psychomotor agitation is a series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension of an individual [2]
In the hypomanic state, people may feel like they can't slow their mind down, and that all these speeding thoughts are amazingly perfectly crafted. Some examples are speaking or writing in rhyme or alliteration without planning it first; quick responses to people talking; or the ability to improvise easily on the spot. This article is about the poetic technique For the form of ice see Rime ice. Alliteration is the repetition of the first Consonant sound in a phrase Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of In more severe cases, hypomanic people may actually hear constant music in their head, or see images in their mind racing by.
Another type of behavioral response sometimes included as a symptom is emotional flattening or blunted affect. Blunted affect is the scientific term describing a lack of Emotional reactivity on the part of an individual A person may seem unusually cold, uncaring, or arrogant, showing little or no emotional responsiveness.
The less severe form of high in bipolar disorder is hypomania. People with this form have increased energy and tend to become more active than usual. They do not, however, have delusions or hallucinations. They do not lose touch with reality in the sense that they know who they are and what is real. What can be a problem, however, is that they tend to overestimate their capabilities and fail to see the obvious risks involved in their ventures. For example, if they are in business, they may suddenly decide to expand in a way that is not really practical or set up schemes for which they are ill prepared. Other forms of less inhibited behavior include reckless driving, gambling, spending sprees and sexual adventures. They may also have lots of new ideas but do not follow them through. They are often very jolly to be with but can quickly become very impatient or unpleasant if they cannot get what they want.
Possible benefits
People with hypomania are generally perceived as being energetic, euphoric, overflowing with new ideas, and sometimes highly confident and charismatic, and unlike full-blown mania, they are sufficiently capable of coherent thought and action to participate in everyday activities. A person in the state of hypomania might be immune to fear and doubt and have little social inhibition. Social inhibition is what keeps humans from becoming involved in potentially objectionable actions and/or expressions in a social setting They may talk to strangers easily, offer solutions to problems, and find pleasure in small activities.
Relationship to mood disorders
Cyclothymia is a condition of continued mood fluctuations between hypomania and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode. Cyclothymia (pronounced /ˌsaɪkləˈθaɪmiə ˌsɪklə-/ is a Mood disorder. Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression Major depressive episode is a key symptom of Major depressive disorder. These are often interspersed with periods of normal moods. [3]
When a patient presents with a history of one or more hypomanic episodes and one or more depressive episodes that meet the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode, Bipolar II Disorder is diagnosed. Major depressive episode is a key symptom of Major depressive disorder. Bipolar II Disorder is a Bipolar spectrum disorder that is characterized by at least one Hypomanic episode and at least one Major depressive episode; with [4]
If left untreated, hypomania can slip deeper and deeper into mania (and sometimes psychosis), in which case, Bipolar I Disorder is often diagnosed. Mania (from Greek μανία and that from μαίνομαι - mainomai, "to rage to be furious" is a severe medical condition Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic
Treatment
It is unknown to what degree hypomanic symptoms can occur without a depressive component. Patients may be relatively unlikely to seek psychiatric treatment for hypomania alone. However, many hypomanic patients experience:
- lower need for sleep
- racing thoughts
- obsessive behavior, whether mild or severe
- poor judgment relative to a particular situation's judgment call
- uncontrollable, or only partially controllable, impulsivity
- excessive sexual activity
Plus other out-of-character behaviors that the person may regret following the conclusion of the mood episode.
Hypomania can signal the beginning of a more severe manic episode, and often does result in a more severe manic episode if the hypomanic episode remains untreated. A hypomanic episode can also directly precede a depressive episode.
Virtually all clinical trials of medications for the non-depressive phases of bipolar illnesses involve treating patients for psychotic mania during the initial, or acute, phase of mania. Mania (from Greek μανία and that from μαίνομαι - mainomai, "to rage to be furious" is a severe medical condition Such trials are the basis upon which appropriate medication is recommended; high doses are justified in the case of mania, in order to remove the patient from immediate danger. This is in direct contrast to hypomania, however, which involves different considerations and almost always demands much greater case-by-case clinical judgment. Typical prescribed medications for hypomania include mood stabilizers such as Depakote and lithium carbonate as well as atypical antipsychotics such as Zyprexa and Seroquel. This article refers to the medication For other uses see Stabilizer. See also Valproic acid Valproate semisodium ( INN) or divalproex sodium ( USAN) consists of a compound of Sodium valproate and Lithium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the formula Li2CO3 The atypical antipsychotics (also known as second generation antipsychotics) are a group of Antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychiatric conditions Olanzapine ( Zyprexa, Zyprexa Zydis, Zalasta, Zolafren, Olzapin, or in combination with Fluoxetine Symbyax) is Quetiapine ( kwe-TYE-a-peen marketed by AstraZeneca as Seroquel and by Orion Pharma as Ketipinor, is an Atypical antipsychotic
Famous people with hypomanic symptoms
Radiohead front man Thom Yorke reportedly responded, "Hypomania? Yes, that's exactly what it was," when asked about his mental state after the release of the group's classic album OK Computer. Radiohead Thomas Edward Yorke (born 7 October 1968 is a Grammy -winning English Musician, best known as the lead singer and principal songwriter of the OK Computer is the third album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 16 June 1997 Iggy Pop was diagnosed with hypomania during his stay in a mental hospital in the mid 1970's. James Newell Osterberg Jr (born April 21, 1947) better known by his Stage name Iggy Pop, is an American rock singer Songwriter It has also been suggested that Richey Edwards, the "fatalistic Manic Street Preacher" (Mojo magazine, 2003) and the late Syd Barrett of the band Pink Floyd have experienced hypomania. Richard "Richey" James Edwards (born 22 December 1967 in Blackwood, Wales, UK) (also known as Richey James Manic Street Preachers (often known colloquially as the " Manics " or " MSP " are a Welsh rock band consisting of James Mojo is a popular Music Magazine published by Bauer, monthly in the United Kingdom. Syd Barrett (born Roger Keith Barrett; 6 January 1946 - 7 July 2006 was an English singer songwriter guitarist and artist Pink Floyd are In the biographical documentary An Unreasonable Man, it is speculated that Ralph Nader is also hypomanic. An Unreasonable Man is a 2007 Documentary film that traces the life and career of political activist Ralph Nader, the founder of modern Ralph Nader (born February 27 1934 is an American Attorney, Author, Lecturer, political activist, and independent candidate for President Honoré de Balzac, French author of the Human Comedy, is attributed with having hypomania; his writing sessions continued from midnight to noon, functioning on four hours of sleep. Intermittently during these episodes, Balzac would consume massive amounts of coffee. However, it is far from apparent whether these are based on psychiatric diagnosis: bipolar symptoms are frequently misunderstood, misattributed and glamorized in popular culture.
John Gartner's unverified book The Hypomanic Edge claims notable people including Christopher Columbus, Alexander Hamilton, Andrew Carnegie, Howard Zinn and Louis B. Mayer owe their innovativeness and drive, as well as their eccentricities, to hypomanic temperaments; critics, however, assert that Gartner vastly overstates his case. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Andrew Carnegie (properly kɑrˈneɪgi but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨgi/ or /kɑrˈnɛgi/ (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919 was a Scottish -born American Industrialist Howard Zinn (born August 24 1922 is an American Historian, political scientist, social critic, activist and Playwright, best known Louis Burt Mayer (born Lazar Meir July 4, 1884 &ndash October 29, 1957) was an early Film producer, most Within the book, though, Gartner does point out that the constructive behaviors associated with hypomania may contribute to bipolar disorder's evolutionary survival.
References
- ^ Hypomania. BehaveNet Clinical Capsules. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
- ^ Hypomanic Episode. BehaveNet Clinical Capsules. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
- ^ Cyclothymia. BehaveNet Clinical Capsules. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
- ^ Bipolar II Disorder. BehaveNet Clinical Capsules. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
See also
External links
- Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance - Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance
- DSM-IV definition
- Hypomanic Nation
- Bipolar infidelity and hypersexuality
- Bipolar disorder and spending sprees
- Hypomania- often missed , often troublesome
Dictionary
hypomania
-noun
- (medicine) A mild form of mania, especially the phase of several mood disorders characterized by euphoria or hyperactivity
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