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For the death metal band, see Hypocrisy (band). Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal. It typically employs fast tempos heavily distorted guitars deep growling vocals morbid lyrics Hypocrisy is a Death metal band from Sweden. It was formed in 1990 in Ludvika, Sweden by Peter Tägtgren

Hypocrisy (or the state of being a hypocrite) is the act of preaching a certain belief or way of life, but not, in fact, holding these same virtues oneself. Hypocrisy is frequently invoked as an accusation in debates, in politics, and in life in general. Debate ( American English) or debating ( British English) is a formal method of interactive and position representational Argument. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions

For linguist and social analyst Noam Chomsky, hypocrisy, defined as the refusal to ". Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political . . apply to ourselves the same standards we apply to others"[1][2] is one of the central evils of our society--promoting injustices such as war[3][4] and social inequalities in a framework of self-deception, which includes the notion that hypocrisy itself is a necessary or beneficial part of human behavior and society. [5] [6]

In other languages, including French, a hypocrite is one who hides his intentions and true personality. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people This definition is different from that of the English language.

Contents

Etymology

The word hypocrisy derives from the Greek ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis), which means "play-acting", "acting out", "feigning, dissembling" or "an answer"[7]. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The word hypocrite is from the Greek word ὑποκρίτης (hypokrites), the agentive noun associated with υποκρίνομαι (hypokrinomai), i. In Linguistics, an agent noun (or nomen agentis) is a word that is derived from another word denoting an action, and that identifies an entity that does e. "I play a part. " Both derive from the verb κρίνω, "judge" (»κρίση, "judgment" »κριτική (kritiki), "critics") presumably because the performance of a dramatic text by an actor was to involve a degree of interpretation, or assessment, of that text.

The word can be further understood as an amalgam of the Greek prefix hypo-, meaning "under", and the verb "krinein", meaning "to sift or decide". Thus the original meaning is given as a deficiency in the ability to sift or decide. This deficiency, as it pertains to one's own beliefs and feelings, does well to inform the word's contemporary meaning[8].

Whereas hypokrisis applied to any sort of public performance (including the art of rhetoric), hypokrites was a technical term for a stage actor and was not considered an appropriate role for a public figure. In Athens in the 4th Century BC, for example, the great orator Demosthenes ridiculed his rival Aeschines, who had been a successful actor before taking up politics, as a hypokrites whose skill at impersonating characters on stage made him an untrustworthy politician. For the Athenian general see Demosthenes (general. For the ancient physician see Demosthenes Philalethes. Aeschines (in Greek, 389&ndash314 BC Greek Statesman and one of the ten Attic orators. This negative view of the hypokrites, perhaps combined with the Roman disdain for actors, later shaded into the originally neutral hypokrisis. It is this later sense of hypokrisis as "play-acting," i. e. the assumption of a counterfeit persona, that gives the modern word hypocrisy its negative connotation. In all this, we do not find the modern idea that the hypocrite is unaware that his performance or argument stands in contradiction with his self: on the contrary, a hypocrite in antiquity was someone who intentionally tried to deceive others.

Hypocrisy and morality

Hypocrisy has been described, alongside lack of sincerity, as a characteristic which attracts particular opprobrium in the modern age. Sincerity is the Virtue of one who speaks truly about his or her own feelings thoughts desires [9]Many belief systems condemn behaviours related to hypocrisy. In some translations of the Book of Job, the Hebrew word chaneph is rendered as "hypocrite," though it usually means "godless" or "profane. The Book of Job ( איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. " In the Christian Bible, Jesus condemns the scribes and Pharisees as hypocrites in the passage known as the Woes of the Pharisees. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" [10] In the Buddhist text Dhammapada, Gautama Buddha condemns a man who takes the appearance of an ascetic but is full of passions within. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Dhammapada ( Pāli; Prakrit: Dhamapada; Sanskrit Dharmapada; sometimes translated into English as Path of the Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. [11] In Islam, the Qur'an rails against the munafiq - those who claim to be believers and peacemakers but are not. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Al-Munafiqun Munāfiq ( n, in Arabic: منافق plural munāfiqūn) is an Islamic Arabic term used to describe a religious [12]

Psychology of hypocrisy

In psychology, hypocritical behavior is closely related to the fundamental attribution error: individuals are more likely to explain their own actions by their environment, yet they attribute the actions of others to 'innate characteristics', thus leading towards judging others while justifying ones' own actions. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and In Attribution theory, the fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or overattribution effect) is the tendency for people to [13]

Also, some people genuinely fail to recognize that they have character faults which they condemn in others. This is called psychological projection. In Psychology, psychological projection (or projection bias) is a Defense mechanism in which one attributes one’s own unacceptable or unwanted thoughts This is self-deception rather than deliberate deception of other people. Self-deception is a process of denying or rationalizing away the relevance significance or importance of opposing Evidence and Logical argument In other words, "psychological hypocrisy" is usually interpreted by psychological theorists to be an unconscious defense mechanism rather than a conscious act of deception, as in the more classic connotation of hypocrisy. People understand vices which they are struggling to overcome or have overcome in the past. The software program VICE (all caps standing for V ersat' I' le C ommodore E mulator, is an Emulator for Commodore Efforts to get other people to overcome such vices may be sincere. There may be an element of hypocrisy as well if the actors do not readily admit to themselves or to others how far they are or have been subject to these vices.

Theoretical issues

Multiple theories of hypocrisy have been proposed. The conflict caused by contradiction can lead to differing outcomes. In Classical logic, a contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility between two or more Propositions It occurs when the propositions taken together yield

In organizational studies, theorists like Nils Brunsson have discussed the paradox of the morality of hypocrisy. A paradox is a true statement or group of statements that leads to a Contradiction or a situation which defies intuition; or inversely Brunsson reasons that, despite conventional social reactions to it, hypocrisy may be an essential guard against fanaticism, and may be to the benefit of high values and moral behaviour. Fanaticism is an Emotion of being filled with excessive uncritical Zeal, particularly for an extreme religious or political cause or in [14]

In the field of international relations scholars such as Krasner have suggested that sovereignty, specifically as brought about by the Peace of Westphalia, reaffirmed the principle cuius regio, eius religio, meaning that the ruler's faith became the official denomination of his state. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of Cuius regio eius religio is a phrase in Latin that means "Whose region his Religion " Krasner calls this a system of "organized hypocrisy. " [15]

A few business theorists have studied the utility of hypocrisy, and some have suggested that the conflicts manifested as hypocrisy are a necessary or beneficial part of human behavior and society. [14]

See also

References

  1. ^ Distorted Morality: America's War on Terror?, by Noam Chomsky (Talk delivered at Harvard University)
  2. ^ War on Terror ­ AI ­Dublin 1-06
  3. ^ A Just War? Hardly, by Noam Chomsky
  4. ^ Terror and Just Response, by Noam Chomsky
  5. ^ [1][2]
  6. ^ YouTube - Noam Chomsky's Manufacturing Consent: The Final Chapter
  7. ^ Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary, ed Morwood and Taylor, OUP 2002
  8. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
  9. ^ Melzer AM (1995). Tu quoque ( IPA: /tu ˈkwoʊkwɛ/ Latin for "You too" or "You also" is a Latin term used to mean an accusation of Moral absolutism is the Meta-ethical view that there are absolute standards against which Moral questions can be Judged, and that certain actions This article attempts to confine itself to discussion of relativism in morals and ethics The phrase " Pot calling the kettle black " is an Idiom, used to accuse another speaker of Hypocrisy, in that the speaker disparages the subject for a A " champagne socialist " is a pejorative political term originating in the United Kingdom. Tartuffe (full title Tartuffe or the Hypocrite, French fr ''Tartuffe ou l'Imposteur'' is a Comedy by Molière, and arguably his most famous Rousseau and the Modern Cult of Sincerity. Harvard Review of Philosophy. Spring 1995, pp. 4-21
  10. ^ Gospel of Luke 11:37-54 and Gospel of Matthew 23:1-36
  11. ^ "What is the use of platted hair, O fool! what of the raiment of goat-skins? Within thee there is ravening, but the outside thou makest clean. The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the The Gospel of Matthew (Gk Κατά Ματθαίον Ευαγγέλιον is one of the four Canonical gospels in the New Testament and is a Synoptic gospel The man who wears dirty raiments, who is emaciated and covered with veins, who lives alone in the forest, and meditates, him I call indeed a Brâhmana. I do not call a man a Brâhmana because of his origin or of his mother. He is indeed arrogant, and he is wealthy: but the poor, who is free from all attachments, him I call indeed a Brâhmana. Dhammapada 394-396, Translated from the Pâli by F. The Dhammapada ( Pāli; Prakrit: Dhamapada; Sanskrit Dharmapada; sometimes translated into English as Path of the Max Müller
  12. ^ "And of mankind are some who say, 'We believe in God and the Last Day,' when they believe not. They think to beguile God and those who believe, and they beguile none save themselves; but they perceive not. In their hearts is a disease, and God increases their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie. And when it is said to them, 'Make not mischief on the earth,' they say, 'We are only peacemakers. ' Behold they are indeed the mischief-makers but they perceive not. " Al-Baqara 8-12
  13. ^ Jones, E. Sura Al-Baqara ( سورة البقرة, Sūratu al-Baqarah, "The Cow" is the second and the longest Sura (chapter of the E. & Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 3, 1–24.
  14. ^ a b Nils Brunsson (2003). The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations. Copenhagen Business School Press; 2Rev Ed edition. ISBN 978-8763001069
  15. ^ Stephen D. Krasner (1999). Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton University Press ISBN 978-0691007113

Dictionary

hypocrisy

-noun

  1. The claim, pretense, or false representation of holding beliefs, feelings, or virtues that one does not actually possess.
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