A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filamentous cell of a fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. Penicillium (from Latin penicillus: paintbrush) is a Genus of Ascomyceteous Fungi that includes A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Actinobacteria or actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C ratio. [1] In fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Mycelium (plural mycelia) is the vegetative part of a Fungus, consisting of a mass of branching thread-like Hyphae The mass of hyphae is sometimes called
A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called A cell wall is a tough flexible and sometimes fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the Cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called septa (singular septum). A septum ( Latin: something that encloses; plural Septa) is a partition separating two cavities or spaces Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria and sometimes nuclei to flow among cells. Ribosomes ( from ribo nucleic acid and "Greek soma ( meaning body") are complexes of RNA and Protein that In Cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed The structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin (in contrast plants have cellulosic cell walls, and animal cells lack walls). Chitin ( C 8 H 13 O 5 N)n (ˈkaɪtən is a long-chain Polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Some Fungi however, have non septate hypha, meaning their hypha are not separated by septa.
Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, and the internal production of new cell membrane. The Spitzenkorper is an intracellular organelle associated with tip growth. It is composed of an aggregation of membrane-bound vesicles containing cell wall components. The vesicles travel to the cell membrane via the cytoskeleton, and dump their contents outside the cell by the process of exocytosis. cytoskeleton (also CSK is a cellular " Scaffolding " or " Skeleton " contained within the Cytoplasm. Exocytosis (ek-soh-sy-TOH-sis Greek: Έξω - external and κύτος - cell is the durable process by which a cell directs secretory vesicles out of the Cell Vesicle membranes contribute to growth of the cell membrane while their contents form new cell wall. As a hypha extends, septa may be formed behind the growing tip to partition each hypha into individual cells. The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA) is a regional public authority that operates various forms of public transit &mdash bus Hyphae can branch through bifurcation of a growing tip, or by the emergence of a new tip from an established hypha.
Hyphae may be modified in many different ways to serve specific functions. Some parasitic fungi form haustoria that function in absorption within the host cells. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. In botany a haustorium (plural haustoria) is the Hyphal tip of a parasitic Fungus or of the root of a Parasitic plant (such The arbuscules of mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi serve a similar function in nutrient exchange, so are important in assisting nutrient and water absorption by plants. An arbuscular mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas) is a type of Mycorrhiza in which the Fungus penetrates the cortical cells of the Mutualism is a Biological interaction between individuals of two different Species, where both individuals derive a fitness benefit for example increased A mycorrhiza (Greek for fungus roots coined by Frank 1885 typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic (occasionally Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Hyphae are found enveloping the gonidia in lichens, making up a large part of their structure. Lichens (ˈlaɪkən or /lɪtʃən/ are symbiotic associations of a Fungus (the mycobiont with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as In nematode-trapping fungi, hyphae may be modified into trapping structures such as constricting rings and adhesive nets. Cords can be formed to transfer nutrients over larger distances. Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae.
Contents |
Types of hyphae
Classification based on cell division
- Septate (with septa)
- Pseudohyphae are not true septate hyphae and are distinguished from "true hyphae" by their method of growth, relative frailty and lack of cytoplasmic connection between the cells. The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. They are most often found in yeasts as the result of a sort of incomplete budding where the cells remain attached after division. Budding (also called burgeoning) is the formation of a new Organism by the protrusion of part of another organism
- Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa). A coenocyte is a Multinucleate cell. It can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying Cell divisions or from cellular aggregation followed
Classification based on cell wall and overall form
Characteristics of hyphae can be important in fungal classification. In basidiomycete taxonomy, hyphae that comprise the fruiting body can be identified as generative, skeletal, or binding hyphae. Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla that together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called The sporocarp of a Basidiomycete is known as a Basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an Ascomycete is known as an Ascocarp. [2]
- Generative hyphae are relatively undifferentiated and can develop reproductive structures. They are typically thin-walled, occasionally developing slightly thickened walls, usually have frequent septa, and may or may not have clamp connections. A type of connection found within a single hyphal strand of a Basidiomycete Fungus. They may be embedded in mucilage or gelatinized materials.
- Skeletal hyphae are of two basic types, the classical form is thick-walled and very long in comparison to the frequently septate generative hyphae, unbranched or rarely branched, with little cell content. They have few septa and lack clamp connections.
- Fusiform skeletal hyphae are the second form of skeletal hyphae. Unlike typical skeletal hyphae these are swollen centrally and often exceedingly broad, hence giving the hypha a fusiform shape.
- Binding hyphae are thick-walled and frequent branched. Often they resemble deer antlers or defoliated trees because of the many tapering branches.
Based on the generative, skeletal and binding hyphal types, in 1932 E. J. H. Corner applied the terms monomitic, dimitic, and trimitic to hyphal systems, in order to improve the classification of polypores. Edred John Henry Corner ( 12 January 1906 - 14 September 1996) was a botanist who occupied the posts of assistant director at the Polypores are a group of tough leathery poroid Mushrooms similar to Boletes, but typically lacking a distinct stalk [3][4]
- Every fungus must contain generative hyphae. A fungus which only contains this type, as do fleshy mushrooms such as agarics, is referred to as monomitic. An agaric is a type of Fungal Fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus that is clearly differentiated from the stipe, with
- Skeletal and binding hyphae give leathery and woody fungi such as polypores their tough consistency. Polypores are a group of tough leathery poroid Mushrooms similar to Boletes, but typically lacking a distinct stalk If a fungus contains all three types (example: Trametes), it is called trimitic. Trametes versicolor, formerly known as Coriolus versicolor, is a common Polypore Mushroom of the genus Trametes.
- If a fungus contains generative hyphae and just one of the other two types, it is called dimitic. In fact dimitic fungi almost always contain generative and skeletal hyphae; there is one exceptional genus, Laetiporus that includes only generative and binding hyphae. Laetiporus is a genus of edible Polypores growing throughout much of the world
- Fungi that form fusiform skeletal hyphae bound by generative hyphae are said to have sarcodimitic hyphal systems. A few fungi form fusiform skeletal hyphae, generative hyphae, and binding hyphae. These are said to have sarcotrimitic hyphal systems. These terms were introduced by E.J.H. Corner in 1966 [5]
Classification based on refractive appearance
Hyphae are described as gloeoplerous (gloeohyphae) if their high refractive index gives them an oily or granular appearance under the microscope. Edred John Henry Corner ( 12 January 1906 - 14 September 1996) was a botanist who occupied the posts of assistant director at the These cells may be yellowish or clear (hyaline). The term hyaline (from the Greek ὕαλος ‘glassy’ literally refers to a substance with a glass-like appearance They can sometimes selectively be coloured by sulphovanillin or other reagents. Also the specialized cells termed cystidia can be gloeoplerous. cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the Hymenium of a Basidiomycete (for example on the surface of a mushroom gill often [6][7]
References
- ^ Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed. , Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131443291.
- ^ Hyphal System. Illinois Mycological Association. Retrieved on 2007-02-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
- ^ Corner EJH (1932). "A Fomes with two systems of hyphae". Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 17: 51-81.
- ^ Cunningham GH (1954-55). "Taxonomic Problems of some Hymenomycetes". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 82: 893–6.
- ^ Corner EJH (1966). "Monograph of cantharelloid fungi". Ann. Bot. Mem. 2: 1-255.
- ^ See glossary of Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant: Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Roger Phillips 1983) ISBN 0-9508486-0-3.
- ^ See section "Microscopic features . . . " of 2006 Summer Workshop in Fungal Biology for High School Teachers, Hibbett lab, Biology Department, Clark University, "Guidelines for collecting and identifying macrofungi (basidiomycetes)".
See also
External links
- Diagram of branching hyphae, emphasizing septa
- Close-up light micrograph of coenocytic hyphae
- MicrobiologyBytes: Introduction to Mycology
- Hyphal growth and branching movies by P. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described C. Hickey and N. Read, University of Edinburgh
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic