| Asymptomatic hyperuricemia Classification and external resources |
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| Uric acid | |
| ICD-10 | E79.0 |
| ICD-9 | 790.6 |
| DiseasesDB | 5375 |
| eMedicine | med/1112 |
| MeSH | D033461 |
Hyperuricemia (American English), or hyperuricaemia (British English), is the presence of high levels of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases (E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone ( Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome ( The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 The upper end of the normal range is 360 micromol/L (6 mg/dL) for women and 400 micromol/L (6. 8 mg/dL) for men. [1]
Contents |
Causes
Hyperuricemia is caused either by accelerated generation of uric acid through purine metabolism or by impaired excretion in the kidney, or by high levels of fructose in the diet. Purine ( 1) is a heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound, consisting of a Pyrimidine ring fused to an Imidazole ring The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Fructose (also levulose or laevulose) is a simple reducing Sugar ( Monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three [2][3]. A common fructose found in processed food is high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which is the dominant ingredient in soft drinks, candy, fruit preserves, jam, and jelly [4]. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS is any of a group of Corn syrups that has undergone Enzymatic processing to increase its Fructose content and is then mixed
Consumption of purine-rich diets is one of the main causes of hyperuricemia. Other dietary causes are ingestion of high protein and fat, and starvation. Starvation results in the body metabolizing its own muscle mass for energy, in the process releasing purines into the bloodstream. Purine bases composition of foods varies. Foods with higher content of purine bases adenine and hypoxanthine are suggested to be more potent in exacerbating hyperuricemia. [5]
Humans lack urate oxidase, an enzyme which degrades uric acid. The enzyme urate oxidase, or UO, ( Aspergillus flavus enzyme,) catalyzes the Oxidation of Uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Increased levels predispose for gout and (if very high) renal failure. Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid. Renal failure or kidney Apart from normal variation (with a genetic component), tumor lysis syndrome produces extreme levels of uric acid, mainly leading to renal failure. In Medicine ( Oncology and Hematology) tumor lysis syndrome ( TLS) is a group of metabolic complications that can occur after treatment The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is also associated with extremely high levels of uric acid. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome ( LNS) also known as Nyhan’s syndrome or Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome, is a rare Inherited disorder caused by a deficiency The Metabolic syndrome often presents with hyperuricemia, while a hyperuricemic syndrome is also common in Dalmatian dogs. Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of developing Cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Treatment
- Aquaretics
- Allopurinol (200-300mg by mouth once daily) use is controversial. An aquaretic is a class of drug that is used to promote Aquaresis. Allopurinol is a drug used primarily to treat conditions arising from excess Uric acid, most notably chronic Gout. By reducing uric acid production in the body, uric acid stores in the body could be mobilized leading to nephrolithiasis or gout. Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in Urine; calculi typically form Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid.
- Alkalinizing the urine with sodium bicarbonate, Stohl's Solution, or Acetazolamide. Alkalinity or AT is a measure of the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the Equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox, is a Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat Glaucoma, Epileptic seizures Benign
- Low purine diet (see gout). Purine ( 1) is a heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound, consisting of a Pyrimidine ring fused to an Imidazole ring Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid.
- Febuxostat has been investigated. Febuxostat ( INN; brand name Adenuric is an inhibitor of Xanthine oxidase for the treatment for Gout. [6]
- Benemid (Probenecid) is an uricosuric that promotes uric acid excretion in the kidneys, lowering uric acid levels in blood. Probenecid is a Uricosuric drug primarily used in treating Gout or Hyperuricemia, that increases uric acid removal in the urine Following LeChatelier's principle, if the patient has suffered from chronic gout episodes, uric acid crystals in joints will be mobilized and will dissolve into blood as uric acid levels in blood keep decreasing while it is being excreted through the kidneys.
See also
External links
- REN87 at FPnotebook
- Purine Content of Food at dietaryfiberfood. Hypouricemia is a condition where the level of Uric acid is below a certain threshold (between 2 mg/dL and 4 mg/dL according to different sources Fructose (also levulose or laevulose) is a simple reducing Sugar ( Monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three The Family Practice Notebook is a medical database focused on Family practice. com
References
- ^ Chizyński K, Rózycka M (2005). "Hyperuricemia" (in Polish). Pol. Merkur. Lekarski 19 (113): 693-6. PMID 16498814.
- ^ Nakagawa T, Hu H, Zharikov S, et al (2006). "A causal role for uric acid in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 290 (3): F625-31. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16234313.
- ^ Mayes PA (1993). "Intermediary metabolism of fructose". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58 (5 Suppl): 754S-765S. PMID 8213607.
- ^ Johnson, Richard Joseph; Timothy Gower (2008). The Sugar Fix : The High-Fructose Fallout That is Making You Fat and Sick. US: Rodale, 304. ISBN 10 1-59486-665-1.
- ^ Brule, D. Sarwar, G. and Savoie (1992). "Changes in Serum Uric Acid Levels in Normal Human Subjects Fed Purine-Rich Foods Containing Different Amounts of Adenine and Hypoxanthine". Journal of American College of Nutrition 11 (3): 353-358.
- ^ Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Wortmann RL, et al (2005). "Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (23): 2450-61. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16339094.
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