Heat stroke Classification and external resources
ICD-10	T67.0
ICD-9	992.0
DiseasesDB	5690
MedlinePlus	000056
eMedicine	med/956

Heat exhaustion Classification and external resources
ICD-10	T67.3- T67.5
ICD-9	992.3-992.5
DiseasesDB	5690
eMedicine	emerg/236

Hyperthermia in its advanced state referred to as heat stroke or sunstroke, is an acute condition which occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings S00-T14 - Injury (S00-S09 Head ( Superficial Injury of head ( Superficial injury of The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. MedlinePlus, with the MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, is a website network containing Health information from the world's largest medical Library eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings S00-T14 - Injury (S00-S09 Head ( Superficial Injury of head ( Superficial injury of S00-T14 - Injury (S00-S09 Head ( Superficial Injury of head ( Superficial injury of The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature It is usually due to excessive exposure to heat. The heat-regulating mechanisms of the body eventually become overwhelmed and unable to effectively deal with the heat, therefore the body temperature climbs uncontrollably. Core temperature, also called core body temperature, is the operating Temperature of an Organism, specifically in deep structures of the body such as the This is a medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention.

Hyperthermia can be created artificially by drugs or medical devices. In these instances it may be used to treat cancer and other conditions. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Malignant hyperthermia is a rare complication of some types of general anesthesia. Malignant hyperthermia ( MH or MHS for "malignant hyperthermia syndrome" or "malignant Hyperpyrexia due to anaesthesia" is a rare life-threatening In modern medical practice general anaesthesia ( AmE: anesthesia) is a state of total unconsciousness resulting from General anaesthetic drugs

The opposite of hyperthermia is hypothermia, when an organism's temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism. Hypothermia is a condition in which an organism's temperature drops below that required for normal Metabolism and bodily functions

Contents 1 Difference between hyperthermia and fever 2 Progression 3 Signs and symptoms 4 First aid 5 Prevention 5.1 Especially susceptible populations 6 See also 7 External links 8 References

Difference between hyperthermia and fever

A fever is when the body recognizes its normal core temperature at a higher temperature, mainly by the pre-optic region of the anterior hypothalamus, as to optimize the efficiency of bodily operations. Hypothermia is a condition in which an organism's temperature drops below that required for normal Metabolism and bodily functions Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris Core temperature, also called core body temperature, is the operating Temperature of an Organism, specifically in deep structures of the body such as the The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis ^[1] One example of this is when one gets a bacterial/viral infection, where the body will raise its temperature to allow the immune system to work better and to deteriorate the condition of the invaders. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Meanwhile, hyperthermia occurs when the body temperature is raised without the consent of the heat control centers.

Progression

Body temperatures above 40°C (104 °F) are life-threatening. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 This compares to normal human body temperature of 36-37°C (97-98°F). At 41°C (106 °F), brain death begins, and at 45°C (113°F) death is nearly certain. Brain death is a legal definition of death that emerged in the 1960s as a response to the ability to resuscitate individuals and mechanically keep the heart and lungs working Internal temperatures above 50°C (122°F) will cause rigidity in the muscles and certain, immediate death.

Heat stroke may come on suddenly, but usually follows a less-threatening condition commonly referred to as heat exhaustion or heat prostration.

After effects may include sensitivity to heat.

Signs and symptoms

One of the body's most important methods of temperature regulation is perspiration. This process draws heat from inside, allowing it to be carried off by radiation or convection. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within Fluids (i Evaporation of the sweat furthers cooling, since this endothermic process draws yet more heat from the body. Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e In Thermodynamics, the word endothermic "within-heating" describes a process or reaction that absorbs Energy in the form of Heat. When the body becomes sufficiently dehydrated to prevent the production of sweat this avenue of heat reduction is closed. Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object When the body is no longer capable of sweating core temperature begins to rise swiftly.

Victims may become confused, may become hostile, often experience headache, and may seem intoxicated. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Blood pressure may drop significantly from dehydration, leading to possible fainting or dizziness, especially if the victim stands suddenly. Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Many different terms are often used to describe what is collectively known as dizziness. Heart rate and respiration rate will increase (tachycardia and tachypnea) as blood pressure drops and the heart attempts to supply enough oxygen to the body. Tachypnea (or "tachypnoea" ( Greek: "rapid breathing" is characterized by rapid breathing and is not identical with Hyperventilation - tachypnea Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The skin will become red as blood vessels dilate in an attempt to increase heat dissipation. The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body The decrease in blood pressure will cause blood vessels to contract as heat stroke progresses, resulting in a pale or bluish skin colour. Complaints of feeling hot may be followed by chills and trembling, as is the case in fever. Rigor is a shaking occurring during a high Fever. It occurs because cytokines and Prostaglandins are released as part of an Immune Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris Some victims, especially young children, may suffer convulsions. An epileptic seizure is caused by excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical Neuronal activity and is usually self-limiting Acute dehydration such as that accompanying heat stroke can produce nausea and vomiting; temporary blindness may also be observed. Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors Eventually, as body organs begin to fail, unconsciousness and coma will result. See also Unconscious mind. Unconsciousness, more appropriately referred to as loss of Consciousness or lack of consciousness is In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness.

First aid

Heat stroke is a medical emergency requiring hospitalization, and the local emergency services should be notified as soon as possible. A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for

The body temperature must be lowered immediately. The victim should be moved to a cool area (indoors, or at least in the shade) and clothing removed to promote heat loss (passive cooling). Active cooling methods may be used: The person is bathed in cool water, a hyperthermia vest can be applied, however, wrapping the victim in wet towels or clothes can actually act as insulation and increase the body temperature. Cold compresses to the torso, head, neck, and groin will help cool the victim. Torso is an anatomical term for the central part of the many animal bodies (including that of the human from which extend the neck and limbs In Anatomy, the head of an Animal is the Rostral part (from Anatomical position that usually comprises the Brain, Eyes The neck is the part of the Body on many limbed Vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the Torso or trunk In Human anatomy, the groin areas are the two creases at the junction of the Torso with the Legs on either side of the Pubic A fan may be used to aid in evaporation of the water (evaporative method). Immersion in ice or cold water is dangerous as this may cause vasoconstriction in the skin, preventing heat from escaping the body core. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels particularly the large Arteries, Arterioles

Immersing a victim into a bathtub of cool - but not cold - water (immersion method) is a recognized method of cooling. This method requires the effort of 4-5 persons and the victim should be monitored carefully during the treatment process. This should be avoided for an unconscious victim; if there is no alternative, the victim's head must be held above water.

Hydration is of paramount importance in cooling the victim. This is achieved by drinking water (Oral rehydration). Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Commercial isotonic drinks may be used as a substitute. Some authoritiesare opposed to giving any fluids, except by emergency personnel. Intravenous hydration (via a drip) is necessary if the victim is confused, unconscious, or unable to tolerate oral fluids.

Alcohol rubs will cause further dehydration and impairment of consciousness and should be avoided. The victim's condition should be reassessed and stabilized by trained medical personnel. The victim's heart rate and breathing should be monitored, and CPR may be necessary if the victim goes into cardiac arrest. A cardiac arrest, also known as cardiorespiratory arrest, cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest, is the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of

The victim should be placed into the recovery position to ensure that the person's airway remains open. The recovery position or more technically known as the lateral recumbent position is a First aid technique recommended for assisting people who are unconscious The airways are those parts of the Respiratory system through which air flows to get from the external environment to the Alveoli.

Prevention

The risk of heatstroke can be reduced by observing precautions to avoid overheating and dehydration. Light, loose-fitting clothing will allow perspiration to evaporate. Wide-brimmed hats in bright colour keep the sun from warming the head and neck; vents on a hat will allow perspiration to cool the head. Strenuous exercise should be avoided during daylight hours in hot weather; so should remaining in enclosed spaces (such as automobiles). People who must be outside should be aware that humidity and the presence of direct sunlight may cause the heat index to be 10 °C (18 °F) hotter than the temperature indicated by a thermometer. The heat index ( HI) is an index that combines Air Temperature and Relative humidity in an attempt to determine the human-perceived equivalent

In hot weather people need to drink plenty of liquids to replace fluids lost from sweating. Thirst is not a reliable sign that a person needs fluids. A better indicator is the color of urine. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. A dark yellow color indicates dehydration. Water, not sports drinks is the most effective in replacing lost fluids. A sports drink is a Beverage designed to help athletes rehydrate as well as replenish Electrolytes Carbohydrates, and other Nutrients It is recommended that one drinks 6-8 glasses of water each day. Note that it is dangerous to attempt to compensate for heat stroke by drinking a large amount of water quickly, as this can lead to water intoxication, and can be fatal. Water intoxication (also known as hyperhydration or water poisoning) is a potentially fatal disturbance in Brain functions that results when the

Especially susceptible populations

While anyone can be affected by hyperthermia, some populations are especially susceptible to heat illness and injury. As noted by Joseph Rampulla in the The Health Care of Homeless Persons :^[2] :

Heat illness most seriously affects the poor, urban-dwellers, young children, those with chronic physical and mental illnesses, substance abusers, the elderly, and people who engage in excessive physical activity under harsh conditions. CHILD syndrome (or congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is a genetic disorder

See also

• Hyperpyrexia
• Heat wave
• Dehydration
• Perspiration
• Heat cramps

External links

• International Red Cross Information on Heat Stroke
• Hiking and Camping Note Book Heat Stroke Advice
• BBC Heat Illness News and Information
• Environment Canada's Heat Index (humidex) Chart
• Working in Hot Environments, from the United States' National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Excessive Heat Events Guidebook, from the United States' Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Enhanced Home & Family Heatwave Preparedness
• Cold Water Immersion: The Gold Standard for Exertional Heatstroke Treatment

References

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