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Hypermobility
Classification and external resources
Bent thumb as example of hypermobility
ICD-10 M35.7
ICD-9 728.5
OMIM 147900
DiseasesDB 31101
MeSH D007593

Hypermobility (also called double-jointedness, hypermobility syndrome or hyperlaxity) describes joints that stretch farther than is normal. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings M00-M99 - Diseases of the Musculoskeletal system and Connective tissue (M00-M25 Arthropathies (M00-M03 Infectious arthropathies The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a Database that catalogues all the known Diseases with a genetic component, and—when possible—links them The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact For example, some hypermobile people can bend their thumbs backwards to their wrists, bend their knee joints backwards, or put their leg behind the head. It can affect a single joint or multiple joints throughout the body. A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact

Contents

Causes

Hypermobility generally results from one or more of the following:

A hypermobile hand
A hypermobile hand

The condition tends to run in families, suggesting that there may be a genetic basis for at least some forms of hypermobility. Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. A fracture is the (local separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress. A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact Proprioception (ˌproʊpriːəˈsɛpʃən PRO -pree-o-SEP-shun from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own" and perception is the Sense A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact The term double jointed is often used to describe hypermobility, however the name is a misnomer and is not to be taken literally, as an individual with hypermobility in a joint does not actually have two separate joints where others would have just the one. A misnomer is a term which suggests an interpretation that is known to be untrue

Some people have hypermobility with no other symptoms or medical conditions. However, people with hypermobility syndrome may experience many difficulties. For example, their joints may be easily injured, be more prone to complete dislocation due to the weakly stabilized joint and they may develop problems from muscle overuse (as muscles must work harder to compensate for the excessive weakness in the ligaments that support the joints).

Hypermobility may also be symptomatic of a serious medical condition, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, osteogenesis imperfecta, lupus, polio, downs syndrome, morquio syndrome, cleidocranial dysostosis or myotonia congenita. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of rare Genetic disorders affecting humans caused by a defect in Collagen synthesis Marfan syndrome (or Marfan's syndrome is a genetic disorder of the Connective tissue. Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that causes the Immune system to attack the Joints, where Osteogenesis imperfecta ( OI and sometimes known as Brittle Bone Disease) is a genetic bone disorder Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE or lupus,) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can be fatal though with recent medical advances fatalities are becoming Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via Down syndrome, Down's syndrome, or trisomy 21 is a Chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. Morquio's syndrome (referred to as Mucopolysaccharidosis IV or Morquio's) is an Autosomal recessive Mucopolysaccharide storage disease Cleidocranial dysostosis, also called Cleidocranial dysplasia, is a Hereditary Congenital disorder due to Haploinsufficiency caused by mutations Myotonia congenita is a genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles

In addition, hypermobility has been associated with chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS) is the most common name given to a poorly understood variably debilitating disorder or disorders of uncertain causation Fibromyalgia (FM is a disorder classified by the presence of chronic widespread Pain and tactile Allodynia.

Hypermobility syndrome

Hypermobility syndrome (known by a variety of other names, including Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome) is generally considered to comprise hypermobility together with other symptoms, such as myalgia and arthralgia, and extra-articular features such as skin hyperextensibility and varicose veins. Myalgia means " Muscle Pain " and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders Arthralgia (from Greek arthro-, joint + -algos, pain literally means joint pain; it is a symptom of injury infection illnesses -- in particular It affects more females than males.

The current diagnostic criteria for hypermobility syndrome are the Brighton criteria, which incorporates the Beighton score[1]. Hypermobility syndrome is considered by many doctors expert in hypermobility (e. g. Professor Rodney Grahame) to be equivalent to the Hypermobile Type of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of rare Genetic disorders affecting humans caused by a defect in Collagen synthesis

People with hypermobility syndrome may develop other conditions caused by their lax connective tissues. These conditions include

  1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
  2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
  3. Varicose Veins
  4. Flat feet, pronated feet, plantar fasciitis or sesamoiditis and unsupportive shoes
  5. Idiopathic scoliosis
  6. Joint instability causing frequent sprains, tendinitis, or bursitis when doing activities that would not affect the normal individual. Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( American English and Canadian English) or Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease ( British English, Hiberno-English In Gastroenterology, irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) is a Functional bowel disorder characterized by mild to severe Abdominal pain, discomfort Varicose veins are Veins that have become enlarged and twisted Plantar fasciitis is a painful inflammatory condition of the Foot caused by excessive wear to the Plantar fascia that supports the Arch Sesamoiditis is inflammation of the Sesamoid bones In humans it occurs on the bottom of the foot just behind the large toe A shoe is an item of Footwear. Shoes may vary from a simple Flip-flop to a complex Boot. Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side and may also be rotated A sprain (from the French espraindre - to wring is an Injury which occurs to Ligaments caused by a sudden overtearing (for the Muscle Tendinitis or tendonitis (from the Greek Τενοντίτις 'itis' denoting inflammation or swelling used to be thought of as a painful Inflammation Bursitis is the Inflammation of one or more bursae (small sacs of Synovial fluid in the body
  7. Early-onset osteoarthritis
  8. There is evidence linking hypermobility syndrome to anxiety and depression. Osteoarthritis ( OA, also known as degenerative Arthritis, degenerative joint disease) is a clinical syndrome in which low-grade inflammation Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression [2][3]
  9. Subluxations or dislocations, especially in the shoulder. In Materials science, a dislocation is a Crystallographic defect, or irregularity within a Crystal structure. In Human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the Humerus attaches to the Scapula.
  10. Knee pain
  11. Back pain, prolapsed discs or spondylolisthesis
  12. Hernias
  13. Bruising easily
  14. Worsening of symptoms in cold weather
  15. Joints that make clicking noises
  16. Headaches
  17. Susceptibility to whiplash
  18. Temperomandibular Joint Syndrome also known as TMJ
  19. Increased nerve compression disorders (i. The knee is the lower extremity Joint connecting the Femur, Patella, and the Tibia. Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm Back pain (also known " dorsalgia " is Pain felt in the back that usually originates from the Muscles Nerves Bones Spondylolisthesis describes the anterior displacement of a Vertebra or the vertebral column in relation to the vertebrae below A hernia is a protrusion of a tissue, structure or part of an organ through the muscular tissue or the membrane by which it is normally contained The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact Crepitus is a Medical term to describe the grating crackling or popping sounds and sensations experienced under the Skin and Joints. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Whiplash and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD represent a range of injuries to the Neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck The temporomandibular joint is the joint of the Jaw and is frequently referred to as TMJ. A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. e. carpal tunnel syndrome)
  20. Mitral valve prolapse
  21. Uterine prolapse
  22. FLU [Formal Larinal Usekretinals]
  23. Separated Pubic Symphysis

Treatments

Physical therapy

It is important that the individual with hypermobility remain extremely fit - even more so than the average individual - to prevent recurrent injuries. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS or median neuropathy at the wrist is a medical condition in which the Median nerve is compressed at the Wrist, leading Mitral valve prolapse (MVP is a Valvular heart disease characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened Mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium Female genital prolapse (or vaginal prolapse) is characterized by a portion of the Vaginal canal protruding from the opening of the Vagina. The pubic symphysis is the midline cartilaginous Joint (secondary cartilaginous uniting the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones. Regular exercise and physical therapy or hydrotherapy can reduce symptoms of hypermobility, because strong muscles help to stabilise joints. Hydrotherapy, formerly called hydropathy involves the use of Water for soothing pains and treating diseases These treatments can also help by stretching tight, overused muscles and ensuring the person uses joints within the ideal ranges of motion, avoiding hyperextension or hyperflexion. Low-impact exercise such as Pilates or Tai Chi is usually recommended for hypermobile people as it is less likely to cause injury than high-impact exercise or contact sports. Pilates, pronounced /pɪˈlɑtiz/ is a Physical fitness system developed in the early 20th century by Joseph Pilates in Germany

Moist hot packs can relieve the pain of aching joints and muscles. For some patients, ice packs also help to relieve pain.

Medication

Medications frequently used to reduce pain and inflammation caused by hypermobility include analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and tricyclic antidepressants. Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces Inflammation. Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviation TCAs) are a class of Antidepressant drugs first used in the 1950s Some people with hypermobility may benefit from other medications such as steroid injections or gabapentin, a drug originally used for treating epilepsy. A steroid is a Terpenoid Lipid characterized by a Carbon skeleton with four fused rings generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion Gabapentin (brand name Neurontin) is a medication originally developed for the treatment of Epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.

Lifestyle modification

For many people with hypermobility, lifestyle changes decrease the severity of symptoms. For example:

Other treatments

References

External links

Dictionary

hypermobility

-noun

  1. An excess amount of elasticity in a bodily joint
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