Hyperglycemia Classification and external resources
ICD-10	R73. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings 9
ICD-9	790.6

Hyperglycemia, hyperglycaemia, or high blood sugar is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended

The origin of the term is Greek: hyper-, meaning excessive; -glyc-, meaning sweet; and -emia, meaning "of the blood". Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

Contents 1 Causes 1.1 Diabetes mellitus 1.2 Eating disorders 1.3 Times of Physiologic Stress 2 Measurement and definition 3 Symptoms 4 Treatment 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Causes

Diabetes mellitus

Chronic hyperglycemia that persists even in fasting states is most commonly caused by diabetes mellitus, and in fact chronic hyperglycemia is the defining characteristic of the disease. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Acute episodes of hyperglycemia without an obvious cause may indicate developing diabetes or a predisposition to the disorder. This form of hyperglycemia is caused by low insulin levels. These low insulin levels inhibit the transport of glucose across cell membranes therefore causing high blood glucose levels.

Eating disorders

Certain eating disorders can produce acute non-diabetic hyperglycemia, as in the binge phase of bulimia nervosa, when the subject consumes a large amount of calories at once, frequently from foods that are high in simple and complex carbohydrates. An eating disorder is a compulsion to eat or avoid eating that negatively affects both one's physical and mental health Bulimia nervosa is an Eating disorder characterized by recurrent Binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors referred to as "purging" Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Certain medications increase the risk of hyperglycemia, including beta blockers, thiazide diuretics, corticosteroids, niacin, pentamidine, protease inhibitors, L-asparaginase,^[1] and some antipsychotic agents. Beta blockers (sometimes written as β-blocker) are a class of drugs used for various indications but particularly for the management of Cardiac arrhythmias Thiazide is a term used to describe a type of molecule and a class of Diuretic. A diuretic is any Drug that elevates the rate of urination ( Diuresis) Corticosteroids are a class of Steroid hormones that are produced in the Adrenal cortex. Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin which prevents the deficiency disease Pellagra. Pentamidine isethionate is an Antimicrobial Medication primarily given for prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP caused by ''Pneumocystis For natural protease inhibitors please see Protease inhibitor (biology Protease inhibitors (PIs are a class of Medications used Asparaginase ( is an Enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Asparagine to Aspartic acid. Antipsychotics are a group of Psychoactive drugs commonly but not exclusively used to treat Psychosis, which is typified by Schizophrenia. ^[2]

A high proportion of patients suffering an acute stress such as stroke or myocardial infarction may develop hyperglycemia, even in the absence of a diagnosis of diabetes. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Human and animal studies suggest that this is not benign, and that stress-induced hyperglycemia is associated with a high risk of mortality after both stroke and myocardial infarction. ^[3]

Times of Physiologic Stress

Hyperglycemia occurs naturally during times of infection and inflammation. When the body is stressed, endogenous catecholamines are released that - amongst other things - serve to raise the blood glucose levels. The amount of increase varies from person to person and from inflammatory response to response. As such, no patient with first-time hyperglycemia should be diagnosed immediately with diabetes if that patient is concomitantly sick. Further testing, such as a fasting plasma glucose, random plasma glucose, or two-hour postprandial plasma glucose level, must be performed.

Measurement and definition

Glucose levels are measured in either:

1. Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), in the United States and other countries (e. g. , Japan, France, Egypt, Colombia); or
2. Millimoles per liter (mmol/L), which can be acquired by dividing (mg/dL) by factor of 18.

Scientific journals are moving towards using mmol/L; some journals now use mmol/L as the primary unit but quote mg/dl in parentheses. ^[4]

Comparatively:^[5]

• 72 mg/dL = 4 mmol/L
• 90 mg/dL = 5 mmol/L
• 108 mg/dL = 6 mmol/L
• 126 mg/dL = 7 mmol/L
• 144 mg/dL = 8 mmol/L
• 180 mg/dL = 10 mmol/L
• 270 mg/dL = 15 mmol/L
• 288 mg/dL = 16 mmol/L
• 360 mg/dL = 20 mmol/L
• 396 mg/dL = 22 mmol/L
• 594 mg/dL = 33 mmol/L

Glucose levels vary before and after meals, and at various times of day; the definition of "normal" varies among medical professionals. In general, the normal range for most people (fasting adults) is about 80 to 120 mg/dL or 4 to 7 mmol/L. A subject with a consistent range above 126 mg/dL or 7 mmol/L is generally held to have hyperglycemia, whereas a consistent range below 70 mg/dL or 4 mmol/L is considered hypoglycemic. Hypoglycemia or hypoglycaemia is the medical term for a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of Glucose ( sugar) in the blood In fasting adults, blood plasma glucose should not exceed 126 mg/dL or 7 mmol/L. Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time Sustained higher levels of blood sugar cause damage to the blood vessels and to the organs they supply, leading to the complications of diabetes. Blood sugar, used in a physiological context is a misnomer and misleading

Chronic hyperglycemia can be measured via the HbA1c test. Glycosylated (or glycated hemoglobin ( hemoglobin A1c Hb1c, or HbA1c) is a form of Hemoglobin used primarily to identify the average The definition of acute hyperglycemia varies by study, with mmol/L levels from 8 to 15. ^[6][7]

Symptoms

The following symptoms may be associated with acute or chronic hyperglycemia, with the first three comprising the classic hyperglycaemic triad:

• Polyphagia - frequent hunger, especially pronounced hunger
• Polydipsia - frequent thirst, especially excessive thirst
• Polyuria - frequent urination, especially excessive urination
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Poor wound healing (cuts, scrapes, etc. Polyphagia is a compound word which literally means "eating too much Polydipsia is a medical symptom in which the patient drinks abnormally large amounts of Fluids The word derives from the Greek πολυδιψία, the In Medicine, polyuria is a condition characterized by the passage of large volumes of urine (at least 2 Weight loss, in the context of Medicine or Health or Physical fitness, is a reduction of the total Body weight, due to a mean loss of fluid In Medicine, a wound is a type of Injury in which the Skin is torn cut or punctured (an open wound or where blunt force trauma )
• Dry mouth
• Dry or itchy skin
• Impotence (male)
• Recurrent infections such as vaginal yeast infections, groin rash, or external ear infections (swimmer's ear)
• Kussmaul hyperventilation: deep, rapid breathing
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Stupor
• Coma

Frequent hunger without other symptoms can also indicate that blood sugar levels are too low. The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. Stupor is the lack of critical cognitive function and Level of consciousness wherein a sufferer is almost entirely unresponsive and only responds to base stimuli such as pain In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. This may occur when people who have diabetes take too much oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin for the amount of food they eat. The resulting drop in blood sugar level to below the normal range prompts a hunger response. This hunger is not usually as pronounced as in Type I diabetes, especially the juvenile onset form, but it makes the prescription of oral hypoglycemic medication difficult to manage.

Polydipsia and polyuria occur when blood glucose levels rise high enough to result in excretion of excess glucose via the kidneys (glycosuria), producing osmotic diuresis. Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condition of Osmotic Diuresis due to excretion of Glucose by the kidneys Diuresis is the increased production of Urine by the Kidney. Types and causes The kidney normally produces up to 180 L of "pro-urine"

Symptoms of acute hyperglycemia may include:

• Ketoacidosis
• A decreased level of consciousness or confusion
• Dehydration due to glycosuria and osmotic diuresis
• Acute hunger and/or thirst
• Impairment of cognitive function, along with increased sadness and anxiety^[8][9]

Treatment

Treatment of hyperglycemia requires elimination of the underlying cause, e. Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic Acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of Ketone bodies, formed by the Deamination of Amino acids Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condition of Osmotic Diuresis due to excretion of Glucose by the kidneys g. , treatment of diabetes when diabetes is the cause. Acute and severe hyperglycemia can be treated by direct administration of insulin in most cases, under medical supervision.

See also

• Hypoglycemia
• Glucose
• Diabetes

References

External links

• High blood sugar “Hyperglycemia” article from the Diabetes Care Group
• Symptoms of hyperglycemia

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