Citizendia

Hymenoptera
Fossil range: Triassic - Recent
female Andrena sp.
female Andrena sp. The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago Andrena is the largest Genus in the family Andrenidae, and is nearly worldwide in distribution with the notable exceptions of Oceania and
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Class:Insecta
Subclass:Pterygota
Infraclass:Neoptera
Superorder:Endopterygota
Order:Hymenoptera
Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders

Apocrita
Symphyta

Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Pterygota is a subclass of Insects that includes the winged insects Neoptera is a classification group that includes almost all the winged Insects specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens The Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, are Insects of the subclass Pterygota which go through distinctive Larval Pupal Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for The book Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish doctor of medicine Carolus Linnaeus. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms Symphyta redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Symphyta (genus. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Symphyta redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Symphyta (genus. A wasp is any Insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a Bee nor Ant. Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order The name refers to the membranous wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek ὑμήν (humẽn): membrane and πτερόν (pteron): wing. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c The hindwings are connected to the forewings by a series of hooks called hamuli. Insect wings are outgrowths of the Insect Exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. Insect wings are outgrowths of the Insect Exoskeleton that enable insects to fly.

Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or otherwise inaccessible places. The ovipositor is an organ used by some of the Animals for Oviposition, i The ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. A stinger (a Colloquialism for the term "sting" is a common term for a sharp organ or body part found in various Animals (typically Arthropods The young develop through complete metamorphosis — that is, they have a worm-like larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature. Metamorphosis is a Biological process by which an Animal physically develops after Birth or hatching involving a conspicuous and relatively (See holometabolism. Holometabolism, also called complete metamorphism, is a term applied to insect groups to describe the specific kind of insect development which includes four )

Contents

Evolution

Hymenoptera originated in the Triassic, the oldest fossils belonging to the family Xyelidae. The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago The Xyelidae is a small family of Sawflies known from fewer than 50 extant species in 5 genera but with an extensive Fossil record; they are the oldest Social hymenopterans appeared during the Cretaceous. The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of The evolution of this group has been intensively studied by A. Rasnitsyn, M. S. Engel, G. Alexandr (Alex P Rasnitsyn (born 24 September 1936 in Moscow) is one of the world's leading experts in Palaeoentomology. Michael S Engel (born 24 September 1971 in Creve Coeur Missouri) is a Paleontologist and Entomologist. Dlussky, and others.

Sex determination

Main article: Haplodiploid sex-determination system

Among the hymenopterans, sex is determined by the number of chromosomes an individual possesses. The haplodiploid sex-determination system determines the sex of the offspring of many Hymenopterans ( Bees Ants and Wasps, and coleopterans ( A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an Organism. A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. Fertilized eggs get two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent's respective gametes), and so develop into diploid females, while unfertilized eggs only contain one set (from the mother), and so develop into haploid males; the act of fertilization is under the voluntary control of the egg-laying female. A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμέτης; translated gamete = wife gametes = husband is a cell that fuses with another gamete "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. This phenomenon is called haplodiploidy. The haplodiploid sex-determination system determines the sex of the offspring of many Hymenopterans ( Bees Ants and Wasps, and coleopterans ( Note, however, that the actual genetic mechanisms of haplodiploid sex determination may be more complex than simple chromosome number. In many Hymenoptera, sex is actually determined by a single gene locus with many alleles. In these species, haploids are male and diploids heterozygous at the sex locus are female, but occasionally a diploid will be homozygous at the sex locus and develop as a male instead. This is especially likely to occur in an individual whose parents were siblings or other close relatives. Diploid males are known to be produced by inbreeding in many ant, bee and wasp species.

One consequence of haplodiploidy is that females on average actually have more genes in common with their sisters than they do with their own daughters. Because of this, cooperation among kindred females may be unusually advantageous, and has been hypothesized to contribute to the multiple origins of eusociality within this order. Eusociality ( Greek eu: "good" + "social" is a term used for the highest level of social organization in a hierarchical classification

Classification

Symphyta

The suborder Symphyta includes the sawflies, horntails, and parasitic wood wasps. Symphyta redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Symphyta (genus. Symphyta redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Symphyta (genus. Horntail or wood wasp ( Name Latin = "Urocerus gigas") is the common name for any of the 100 non-social species of the family Siricidae The family Orussidae (the sole living member of the superfamily Orussoidea) is the only Symphytan group which is parasitic, thus giving them the common The group may be paraphyletic, as it has been suggested that the family Orussidae may be the group from which the Apocrita arose. In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all The family Orussidae (the sole living member of the superfamily Orussoidea) is the only Symphytan group which is parasitic, thus giving them the common They have an unconstricted junction between the thorax and abdomen, and the larvae of free-living forms are herbivorous, have legs, prolegs (on every segment, unlike Lepidoptera) (butterflies and moths), and ocelli. Prolegs are the fleshy stubby little structures found on the ventral surface of the Abdomen of most larval forms of Insects of the Order Lepidoptera Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. An ocellus (plural ocelli) is a type of Photoreceptor organ in animals

Apocrita

The wasps, bees, and ants together make up the suborder Apocrita, characterized by a constriction between the first and second abdominal segments called a wasp-waist (petiole), also involving the fusion of the first abdominal segment to the thorax. In Entomology, the term petiole is most commonly used to refer to the constricted first (and sometimes second Metasomal segment of members of the Hymenopteran The thorax is a division of an Animal 's body that lies between the head and the Abdomen. Also, the larvae of all Apocrita do not have legs, prolegs, or ocelli.

References

External links

General
Systematics
Regional Lists
See Tropical Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa for other aspects The Afrotropic is one of the earth's eight Ecozones It includes
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