The hymen (also called maidenhead)^[1] is a fold of mucous membrane which surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body (or Gray's Anatomy as it has commonly been shortened is an English-language Human anatomy Textbook The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus Its name comes from the ancient Greek for "hymenaeus," which means "vaginal-flap. " It was also the name for the Greek god of marriage, later also the Greek god of membranes; "Hymenaios. In Greek mythology, Hymenaios (also Hymenaeus, Hymenaues, or Hymen; Ancient Greek:) was a god of Marriage ceremonies "^[2][3] A slang term is "cherry", as in "popping one's cherry" (losing one's virginity). This article is about the Cherry berry also classified as fruit for the ornamental tree See Cherry Blossom. It forms part of the vulva, or external genitalia. The vulva (from Latin, vulva, plural vulvae or vulvas; see etymology) is the region of the external genital organs ^[4][5] The most common formation of the hymen is crescentic or crescent-shaped, although several other formations are possible. For things named Crescent see Crescent (disambiguation. In art and symbolism a crescent is generally the shape produced when a ^[6] After a woman gives birth she may be left with remnants of the hymen called carunculae myrtiformes or the hymen may be completely absent. Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or ^[7]

The hymen has no known anatomical function. In societies which value chastity, the greatest significance of the hymen is a traditional belief that an intact hymen indicates a state of intact virginity. Chastity is Sexual behavior of a man or woman acceptable to the ethical norms and guidelines of a culture civilization or Religion. However, it is not possible to confirm that a woman or post-pubescent girl is not a virgin by examining the hymen. ^[8] A physician routinely checks the appearance of the hymen of baby girls at birth, and again during all future pelvic examinations. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) refers to the surgical specialty dealing with health of the female reproductive system ( Uterus In cases of suspected rape or sexual abuse, a detailed examination of the hymen may be carried out; however, the condition of the hymen alone is often inconclusive or open to misinterpretation, especially if the patient has reached puberty. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is the forcing of undesired sexual acts by one person upon another ^[9]

Contents 1 Types 2 Hymens in other animals 3 Development of the hymen 4 What might damage the hymen 5 Debunking myths 6 Revisionist perspectives 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Types

There are several different formations of the hymen, some more common than others. In about 1 in 2000 females, the hymen fails to develop any opening at all:^[10] this is called an imperforate hymen and if it does not spontaneously resolve itself before puberty a physician will need to make a hole in the hymen to allow menstrual fluids to escape. The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in reproductive-age Females Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the ^[11] A hymenotomy may also be required if the hymen is particularly thick or inelastic as it may interfere with sexual intercourse. A hymenotomy is a minor Medical procedure involving the surgical removal or opening of the Hymen. Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract

The shape of the hymen is easiest to observe in girls past infancy but before they reach puberty: at this time their hymen is thin and less likely to be redundant, that is to protrude or fold over on itself. ^[12]

When describing the shape of a hymen, a clock face is used. A clock face is the part of an Analog clock that displays the time through the use of a fixed numbered dial or dials and moving hands The 12 o'clock position is below the urethra, and 6 o'clock is towards the anus, which is based on the patient lying on her back. In Anatomy, the urethra (from Greek ουρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the Urinary bladder to the outside of The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth. ^[13]

Most common forms of the hymen:

• crescent-shaped, crescentic, or posterior rim: no hymenal tissue at the 12 o'clock position; narrow band of tissue starts at 1 or 2 o'clock going clockwise, is at its widest around 6 o'clock, and tapers off at 10 or 11 o'clock
• annular, or circumferential: the hymen forms a ring around the vaginal opening; especially common in newborns^[14]
• redundant; sometimes sleeve-like: folds in on itself, which sometimes causes it to protrude; most common in infancy and at/following puberty due to estrogen levels;^[15] can be combined with other type such as "annular and redundant"

Less common forms:

• fimbriated or denticular: an irregular edge to the hymenal orifice; more likely at an age when estrogen is present
• septate: the hymen has one or more bands extending across the opening
• cribriform, or microperforate: the hymen stretches completely across the vaginal opening, but is perforated with several holes
• labial, or vertical: hymen has an opening from the 12 to the 6 o'clock positions and can look similar to a third set of vulvar lips
• imperforate:^[16] hymen completely covers vaginal orifice; will require minor surgery if it has not corrected itself by puberty to allow menstrual fluids to escape

The hymen is torn or stretched by penetrative sex, and more so when a woman gives birth vaginally.

• parous introitus refers to the vaginal opening which has had a baby pass through it and consequently has nothing left of its hymen but a fleshy irregular outline decorating its perimeter; these tags are called carunculae mytriformes

Hymens in other animals

Main article: List of animals with hymens

Development of the hymen

During the early stages of fetal development there is no opening into the vagina at all. List Bats Cats * Chimpanzees * Clownfish, but not other species of fish Dogs * Elephants Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo or fetus (or foetus) gestates during Pregnancy, from fertilization The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus The thin layer of tissue that covers the vagina at this time usually divides to a certain extent prior to birth, forming the hymen. That layer was the Müllerian eminence before^[17], and thus, the hymen is a remnant of that structure. The Müllerian eminence is an Epithelial on the ventral part of the Cloaca between the orifices of the Wolffian ducts.

In newborn babies, who are still under the influence of the mother's hormones, the hymen is thick, pale pink, and redundant (folds in on itself and may protrude). Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body For the first two to four years of life, the infant produces hormones which continue this effect. ^[18]

By the time a girl reaches school-age, this hormonal influence has stopped and the hymen becomes thin, smooth, delicate and almost translucent. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing It is also very sensitive to touch; a physician who needed to swab the area would avoid the hymen and swab the outer vulval vestibule instead. The Vulval vestibule (or "Vulvar vestibule" is a part of the Vulva between the Labia minora that the urethral opening and the vaginal opening ^[19]

From puberty onwards the appearance of the hymen is affected once more by estrogen. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, It thickens and becomes pale pink, the opening is often fibriated or erratically shaped, and redundant: the hymen often appears rolled or sleeve-like. ^[20]

There is a surgical procedure that can repair the hymen so that it is intact. The procedure, known as hymenoplasty, has become a popular procedure for some females. Hymenoplasty redirects here For the operation to correct an imperforate hymen see Hymenotomy.

What might damage the hymen

The hymen may be damaged by playing sports, using tampons, pelvic examinations or even straddle injuries. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively A tampon is a plug of Cotton or other absorbent material inserted into a Body cavity or Wound to absorb bodily fluid ^[21]

Once a girl reaches puberty, the hymen tends to become quite elastic. It is not possible to determine whether a woman uses tampons or not by examining her hymen. Sexual intercourse is one of the most common ways to damage the hymen, although in one survey only 43% of women reported bleeding the first time they had sex; which means that in the other 57% of women the hymen likely stretched enough that it didn't tear (or that bleeding was not noticed by the partners). ^[21][22]

It is common to damage the hymen through physical activities such as horseback riding and biking. In fact, biking is the most common way to rupture the hymen through physical activity. Contrary to popular belief, the breaking of the hymen is not necessarily an indicator of the loss of virginity. The only time a girl can no longer be considered a virgin is if penetration by another person has occurred.

Debunking myths

• The condition of the hymen is not a reliable indicator of whether a woman past puberty has actually engaged in sexual intercourse.

• It is generally a myth that girls are born without a hymen. ^[23] However, a hymen can vary in size, and, as described above, be very hard to find, even if the person never had sex before.

• The hymen is not inside the vagina. It is part of the external genitalia.

As early as the late sixteenth century, Ambroise Paré and Andreas Laurentius asserted to have never seen the hymen and that it was "a primitive myth, unworthy of a civilized nation like France. Ambroise Paré (born in Bourg-Hersent near Laval, France, c 1510 &ndash Paris, December 20, 1590) was a French surgeon " In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, medical researchers have used the presence of the hymen, or lack thereof, as founding evidence of physical diseases such as "womb-fury". If not cured, womb-fury would, according to these early doctors, result in death. ^[24] The cure, naturally enough, was marriage, since a woman could then go about having sexual intercourse on a "normal" schedule that would stop womb-fury from killing her.

Revisionist perspectives

In late 2005, Monica Christiansson, former maternity ward nurse and Carola Eriksson, a PhD student at Umeå University announced that according to studies of medical literature and practical experience, the hymen should be considered a social and cultural myth, based on deeply rooted stereotypes of women's roles in sexual relations with men. Umeå University (Umeå universitet is a University in Umeå in the Midnorth of Sweden. Christiansson and Eriksson support their claims by pointing out that there are no accurate medical descriptions of what a hymen actually consists of. Statistics presented by the two state that fewer than 30% of women who have gone through puberty and have consensual intercourse bleed the first time. Christiansson has expressed an opinion that the use of the term "hymen" should be discontinued and that it should be considered an integral part of the vaginal opening. ^[25]

It is argued that since the hymen has been culturally constructed to be the sign of virginity, its existence plays into a political discourse that circulates around the body. By examining women's bodies for the existence of the hymen, researchers have used it to determine whether or not women are "virtuous. " Sherry B. Ortner, professor at the University of Chicago, explains how "the hymen itself emerges physiologically with the development of sexual purity codes" as an element of patriarchy. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ^[26] In some cultures it was customary to examine a woman for her hymen before her marriage to see if she was truly fit to be married. If she was found with a broken hymen, or to have no hymen at all, often the man would not be obligated to marry her.

See also

• Hymenorrhaphy
• Hymenotomy
• Virginity

References

External links

• Hymen at Encyclopædia Britannica
• The Female Hymen and its Significance
• Hymen gallery - Illustrations of hymen types
• The Hymen Revealed - by The-Clitoris. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc com
• Magical Cups and Bloody Brides the historical context of virginity in a frank and easy-to-understand manner.
• 20 Questions About Virginity - Interview with Hanne Blank, author of "Virgin: The Untouched History". Discusses relationship between hymen and concept of virginity.
• Vaginismus-Awareness-Network Explanation of the hymen, myths on first-time sex, Hymenectomies and Vaginismus (Painful sex or Fear of Penetration)
• Hymenoplasty - A complete guide to hymenoplasty and hymen restoration.
• Nerikes Allehanda's article on Christiansson's and Eriksson's research (Swedish)

MediaWiki:Hymen

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