| Hydrops fetalis due to haemolytic disease/isoimmunization Classification and external resources |
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| ICD-10 | P56. |
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| ICD-9 | 773.3 |
| Hydrops fetalis not due to haemolytic disease/isoimmunization Classification and external resources |
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| ICD-10 | P83.2 |
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| ICD-9 | 778.0 |
Hydrops fetalis is a condition in the fetus characterized by an accumulation of fluid, or edema, in at least two fetal compartments, including the subcutaneous tissue, pleura, pericardium, or in the abdomen, which is also known as ascites. Hemolytic anemia is Anemia due to Hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of Red blood cells (RBCs either in the Blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings P00-P96 - Certain conditions originating in the Perinatal period (P00-P04 Fetus and newborn affected by maternal factors and by complications of pregnancy labour and The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings P00-P96 - Certain conditions originating in the Perinatal period (P00-P04 Fetus and newborn affected by maternal factors and by complications of pregnancy labour and The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling In Medicine ( Gastroenterology) ascites (also known as peritoneal cavity fluid, peritoneal fluid excess, hydroperitoneum or more The edema is usually seen in the fetal subcutaneous tissue, sometimes leading to spontaneous abortion. Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling The subcutaneous tissue or subcutis is the layer of Loose connective tissue directly underlying the Dermis. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined It is a prenatal form of heart failure, in which the heart is unable to satisfy the insatiable demand for an unusually high amount of blood flow. Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply
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Classification and causes
Hydrops fetalis usually stems from fetal anemia, when the heart needs to pump a much greater volume of blood to deliver the same amount of oxygen. Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative This anemia can have either an immune or non-immune cause. Non-immune hydrops can also be unrelated to anemia, for example if a tumor or congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation increases the demand for blood flow. Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM is a Congenital disorder similar to Bronchopulmonary sequestration.
Immune causes
- Rh disease is the major cause for immune mediated hydrops fetalis; however, owing to preventative methods developed in the 1970s Rh disease has markedly declined. Rh disease (also known as Rh (D disease, Rhesus disease, RhD Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, Rhesus D Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn or Rh disease can be prevented by administration of anti-D IgG (Rho(D) Immune Globulin) injections to RhD-negative mothers during pregnancy and/or within 72 hours of the delivery. Rh disease (also known as Rh (D disease, Rhesus disease, RhD Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, Rhesus D Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn or Rho(D Immune Globulin is a medicine given by intramuscular injection which is used to prevent the immunological condition known as Rhesus disease (or Hemolytic
Non-Immune causes
The non-immune form of hydrops fetalis has many causes including:
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Deficiency of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. For a discussion of iron deficiency more broadly see the Wikipedia article iron deficiency. Glucuronidases are Enzymes that separate Glucuronic acid molecules from other molecules by cutting Glycosidic bonds They are thus classified as Glycoside This enzyme deficiency is the cause of the lysosomal storage disease called Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII. The lysosomal storage diseases are a group of over forty human Genetic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function Sly syndrome, also called Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII or MPS, is an Autosomal recessive Lysosomal storage disease characterized by a
- Parvovirus B19 infection of the pregnant woman. Parvovirus B19 ( B19 virus) was the first (and until 2005 the only known human Parvovirus.
- Maternal syphilis. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum.
- α thalassemia can also cause hydrops fetalis when all four of the genetic loci for α globin are deleted or affected by mutation. Thalassemia (from Greek θαλασσα thalassa sea + αίμα haima blood British spelling "thalassaemia" is an inherited Autosomal recessive
- Uncommonly, Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC) can present with hydrops fetalis. Niemann-Pick Disease is one of a group of Lysosome storage diseases that affect Metabolism and that are caused by genetic mutations
- Turner Syndrome
- Rarely, a tumor. Turner syndrome or Ullrich-Turner syndrome encompasses several conditions of which monosomy X is the most common See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic The most common type of fetal tumor is a teratoma, particularly a sacrococcygeal teratoma. A teratoma is a type of neoplasm. The word teratoma comes from Greek and means roughly "monstrous tumor" See also Teratoma Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT is a Teratoma (a kind of tumor located at the base of the Coccyx (tailbone
Diagnosis
Hydrops fetalis can be diagnosed and monitored by ultrasound scans. Obstetric sonography (ultrasonography is the application of Medical ultrasonography to Obstetrics, in which ultrasound is used to visualize the Embryo
Treatment
The treatment depends on the cause.
Severely anemic fetuses can be treated with blood transfusions while still in the womb. Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative Blood transfusion is the process of transferring Blood or blood-based products from one person into the Circulatory system of another
See also
References
Cassidy MD, George. Mirror syndrome is a rare disorder affecting pregnant women Its name reflects the fact that symptoms in the mother reflect symptoms in the Fetus, and it presents Hydrops Fetalis. eMedicine Online. 2004.
External links
- Hydrops Fetalis at eMedicine
- DDB 29715
- www.fifthdisease.org Patient Information
- www.hydropsfetalis.org Research Information
- www.hygen.net Case Information & Images
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