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A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically Relative density, sometimes called specific density, is the Ratio of the Density of a substance to the density of a given reference material Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of
A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Lead shot is a collective term for small balls of Lead. It is used primarily as Projectiles in Shotguns but is also used for a variety of other purposes The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall jar, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is noted. Hydrometers usually contain a paper scale inside the stem, so that the specific gravity can be read directly.
The operation of the hydrometer is based on the Archimedes principle that a solid suspended in a liquid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. Archimedes of Syracuse ( Greek:) ( c. 287 BC – c 212 BC was a Greek mathematician, Physicist, Engineer Thus, the lower the density of the substance, the lower the hydrometer will sink. (See also Relative density and hydrometers. Relative density, sometimes called specific density, is the Ratio of the Density of a substance to the density of a given reference material ) Some historians credit Hypatia of Alexandria with the invention of the hydrometer although there is little evidence to support this. Hypatia of Alexandria (haɪˈpeɪʃə ( Greek:; born between AD 350 and 370 – 415 was a Greek scholar from Alexandria in Egypt, considered
In light liquids such as kerosene, gasoline, and alcohol, the hydrometer will sink deeper, and in heavy liquids such as brine, milk, and acids it will not sink so far. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Brine (lat saltus) is Water saturated or nearly saturated with Salt (NaCl Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In fact, it is usual to have two separate instruments, one for heavy liquids, on which the mark 1. 000 for water is near the top of the stem, and one for light liquids, on which the mark 1. 000 is near the bottom. In many industries a set of hydrometers is used — covering specific gravity ranges of 1. 0–0. 95, 0. 95–0. 9 etc — to provide more precise measurements.
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Commercial uses
Because the commercial value of many liquids, including sugar solutions, sulfuric acid, and alcohol beverages such as beer and wine, depends directly on the specific gravity, hydrometers are used extensively. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice
A lactometer is a hydrometer used to test milk. Lactometer or Galactometer a simple instrument used in testing the richness of Milk, is graduated into a hundred parts The specific gravity of milk does not give a conclusive indication of its composition since milk contains a variety of substances that are either heavier or lighter than water. Additional tests for fat content are necessary to determine overall composition.
An alcoholometer is a hydrometer which is used for determining the alcoholic strength of liquids. Alcoholometer is a special type of Hydrometer which is used for determining the Alcoholic strength of liquids It is also known as a proof & traille hydrometer.
A saccharometer is a hydrometer used for determining the amount of sugar in a solution. A Saccharometer is a type of Hydrometer that measures the amount of sugar in a solution It is primarily used by brewers and winemakers.
A thermohydrometer is a hydrometer that has a thermometer enclosed in the float section. The thermometer is a device that measures Temperature or Temperature gradient using a variety of different principles it comes from the Greek roots
For measuring the density of petroleum products, like fuel oils, the specimen is usually heated in a temperature jacket with a thermometer placed behind it since density is dependent on temperature. Light oils are placed in cooling jackets, typically at 15oC. Very light oils with many volatile components are measured in a variable volume container using a floating piston sampling device to minimize light end losses. A piston is a component of Reciprocating engines Pumps and Gas compressors It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by Piston
As a battery test it measures the temperature compensated specific gravity and electrolyte temperature.
Soil analysis
A hydrometer analysis is the process by which fine-grained soils, silts and clays, are graded. Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Hydrometer analysis is performed if the grain sizes are too small for sieve analysis. A sieve analysis is a practice or procedure used to assess the Particle size distribution of a granular material The basis for this test is Stoke's Law for falling spheres in a viscous fluid in which the terminal velocity of fall depends on the grain diameter and the densities of the grain in suspension and of the fluid. In 1851, George Gabriel Stokes derived an expression now known as Stokes' law, for the frictional force — also called Drag force — exerted on The grain diameter thus can be calculated from a knowledge of the distance and time of fall. The hydrometer also determines the specific gravity (or density) of the suspension, and this enables the percentage of particles of a certain equivalent particle diameter to be calculated. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different
References
- Hydrometer Information
- Hydrometers, Ertco Precision.
- Jurjen Draaijer. Milk Testing. Milk Producer Group Resource Book, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- Using Your Hydrometer, Winemaking Home Page.
- A New Hydrometer, The Every-day Book and Table Book, ed. William Hone.
See also
Dictionary
hydrometer
-noun
- an instrument that floats in a liquid and measures its specific gravity on a scale
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