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A hydrographic office is an organization which is devoted to acquiring and publishing hydrographic information. Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of Waters and marginal land

Historically, the main tasks of hydrographic offices were the conduction of hydrographic surveys and the publication of nautical charts. Hydrographic survey in its strictest sense is the process of gathering information about navigable waters for the purposes of safe navigation of vessels A nautical chart is a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent Coastal regions In many countries, various navigation-related services are now concentrated in large governmental organisations, sometimes termed "maritime administration" (however, the International Hydrographic Organization uses the term "hydrographic offices" for its member organisations). Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO was originally established in 1921 as the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB

Besides nautical charts, many hydrographic offices publish a body of books and periodicals that are collectively known as nautical publications. Nautical publications is a technical term used in maritime circles describing a set of publications generally published by national governments for use in safe navigation of ships boats The most important of these are:

Hydrographic organisations may also be involved in services such as:

Contents

History

In the development of hydrographic services, shipping organizations played a part, but the major players were the naval powers. United States The United States Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center publishes a list of lights Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood An ephemeris (plural ephemerides; from the Greek word ἐφήμερος ephemeros "daily" is a table of values that gives the positions of A nautical almanac is a publication describing the positions and movements of Celestial bodies for the purpose of enabling navigators to use Celestial navigation Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is a Position fixing technique that was devised to help sailors cross the featureless oceans without having to Summary of Corrections A close companion to the Notice to Mariners is the Summary of Corrections. Pilotage is the use of fixed visual references on the ground or sea by means of sight or radar to guide oneself to a destination sometimes with the help of a Map or Nautical For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an An icebreaker is a special purpose Ship or Boat designed to move and navigate through Ice -covered waters Recognizing hydrographic information was a military advantage these naval organizations, usually under the direction of a "Hydrographer," utilized the expertise of naval officers in collecting hydrographic data that was incorporated into the navy's collection. In order to distribute the processed information (charts, directions, notices, and such) these organizations often developed specialized printing capabilities.

Hydrographic organisations of some countries

Australia

Main article: Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service

Hydrographic tasks in Australian waters were performed by the United Kingdom's Royal Navy since the 19th century. The Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service is the agency of the Australian Commonwealth Government responsible for the mapping and surveying of undersea terrain and irregularities For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. In 1920 the Australian Hydrographic Service was formed as a part of the Royal Australian Navy. The Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service is the agency of the Australian Commonwealth Government responsible for the mapping and surveying of undersea terrain and irregularities The Royal Australian Navy ( RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force.

Brazil

Hydrographic tasks in Brazilian waters were performed by the DHN since 02/02/1876.

Canada

Starting in 1883, the "Georgian Bay Survey" was responsible for hydrographic surveying of Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Georgian Bay (French baie Georgienne) is a large bay of Lake Huron, located in Ontario, Canada. Lake Huron, bounded on the west by the US state of Michigan, and on the east by the province of Ontario, Canada, is one of the five Great Its geographic area of responsibility increased and in 1904 the name was changed to the "Hydrographic Survey of Canada. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on " The current name Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) was adopted in 1928. Canadian Hydrographic Service logo or crest The Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In 1951, Canada became a State Member of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and the Dominion Hydrographer is Canada's representative.

Today, the mandate of CHS is found in the Canada Oceans Act, the Canada Shipping Act (Charts and Publications Regulations) and the Navigable Waters Protection Act.

With its headquarters office located in Ottawa, Ontario there are regional offices in Sydney (British Columbia), Burlington (Ontario), Mont-Joli (Quebec), Halifax (Nova Scotia), and a branch office in St. John’s Newfoundland. CHS has 300 staff across the country.

The national chart folio consists of 950 paper charts, 541 S-57 vector Electronic Navigation Charts and 651 raster charts in the BSB format. CHS produces and maintains seven volumes of Tides and Water Levels books, 25 Sailing Directions books, and prints and distributes a number of publications such as the Annual Notices to Mariners and Radio Aids to Marine Navigation.

In addition to significant hydrographic data holdings (single & multibeam), CHS operates 78 permanent water level stations, a real time water level and forecast system in the St. Lawrence River, and participates in the operation of Atlantic & Pacific tsunami warning systems.

CHS is directly responsible for the sales and distribution of all its products, in paper and digital form. A network of 850 dealers (domestic and international) distributes CHS paper and digital products. Products and data are also made available to Value Added Resellers, under licence.

Chile

Since 1874, the Navy's Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service ("SHOA", as acronym of "Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada") has been the Chilean official authority on drawing and publishing nautical charts of the South Pacific Ocean for Military and Civil navigation. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the This institution is also the main authority on controlling the official hour of the country. The hour (symbol h) is a unit of Time. It is not an SI unit but is accepted for use with the SI

Denmark

In Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe Islands), hydrographic surveying and charting is conducted by "Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen" (KMS), a division of the Ministry of Environment. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse

France

In France, the first official organization, the French Dépôt des Cartes, Plans, Journaux et Mémoires Relatifs à la Navigation, was formed in 1720. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Germany

The "Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie" (BSH) is the German federal hydrographic office. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Its offices are located in Hamburg and Rostock. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Rostock (ˈʁɔstɔk from Polabian Roz toc, literally "to flow apart" is the largest City in the north German state The BSH is responsible for a wide variety of services, among them hydrographic surveys, nautical publications, ship registration, testing and approval of technical equipment, oceanographic research, development of nautical information systems, and maritime pollution surveillance. Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or The BSH runs six ships for survey and research purposes.

In 1945 the tasks of various predecessor organisations (among them the German Navy's hydrographic service, the Wilhelmshaven maritime observatory, and the "Deutsche Seewarte" under Georg von Neumayer) were concentrated in the newly created "Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut" (DHI) in Hamburg. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Wilhelmshaven (vɪlhɛlmsˈhaːfən is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. Georg Balthazar von Neumayer ( June 21, 1826 &ndash May 24, 1909) was a German polar explorer and scientist who conceived the idea In 1990 the DHI and the corresponding East German organisation, the "Seehydrographische Dienst der DDR" in Rostock were integrated to form the BSH in its present form. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state

Hong Kong, China

The *Hong Kong Hydrographic Office is responsible for hydrographic surveying and production of nautical charts covering the waters of Hong Kong. It also produced electronic navigational charts and made available the prediction of tidal stream digitally *[1]on the internet.

New Zealand

LINZ Hydrographic Service are responsible for hydrographic surveying, production of nautical charts, and provision of tidal information covering the waters of New Zealand.

Norway

The *Norwegian Hydrographic Serviceis responsible for hydrographic surveying and production of nautical charts covering the waters of Norway. Also operates the Primar ENC Service

Sweden

"Sjöfartsverket", Swedish Maritime Administration, includes the Swedish national hydrographic organisation. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Established in 1956 and governed by the Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communications, Sjöfartsverket is responsible for most aspects of safe navigation in Sweden. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This includes maintenance and marking of fairways, surveying and charting Swedish waters, pilotage, search-and-rescue (in cooperation with other organisations), ice-breaking, and safety inspections.

United Kingdom

Main article: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office

The office of Hydrographer was created in 1795. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (or UKHO) is an organisation within the UK government responsible for providing Navigational and other hydrographic Royal Navy charts and the related surveys were reputedly officially started as a result of the loss of Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell on an uncharted reef off the Scilly Isles. Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers Sir Cloudesley Shovell (c November 1650 &ndash 22 October or 23 October 1707) English Admiral, was baptised at Cockthorpe In nautical terminology a reef is a rock, sandbar, or other feature lying beneath the surface of the water (six fathoms or less at low water However that event happened in 1707.

The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) is now a part of the Ministry of Defence rather than a naval department and is located in Taunton, Somerset, near Creechbarrow hill. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (or UKHO) is an organisation within the UK government responsible for providing Navigational and other hydrographic The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters Taunton is the County town of Somerset, England. The Unparished area (or former Municipal borough) of Taunton has a Population It is best known for producing the well-known Admiralty nautical chart series that covers almost every navigable stretch of water on Earth. The UKHO also calculates tide tables for the UK.

In contrast to the US government, all of whose creative work is placed into the public domain, since British government policy requires agencies such as the UKHO and the Ordnance Survey to be self-funding through the sale of the information they create. Ordnance Survey (OS is an Executive agency of the United Kingdom government The Hydrographic Office therefore actively protects the copyright of all of its data including paper charts, electronic charts, tidal data and other data and has been known to take measures to ensure that its copyrighted information is used appropriately.

UKHO attracted worldwide attention in February 2005 when it published in-depth pictures of the ocean floor in the vicinity of the Indian ocean tsunami disaster of December 26th 2004. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Ocean Floor" redirects here For the 2001 song by Audio Adrenaline, see Lift (Audio Adrenaline album. A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " [1]

United States

In the United States two organizations were leaders in hydrography. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The civilian Coast Survey was founded through an 1807 Congressional resolution and became the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The National Geodetic Survey and the Office of Coast Survey are the two successor agencies in the United States to the U That organization was eventually incorporated into the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA) is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the

The naval equivalent was started with the establishment of the Depot of Charts and Instruments in 1830 that by 1854 was designated the U. S. Naval Observatory and Hydrographical Office. The hydrographic portion became the U. S. Naval Hydrographic Office under the Hydrographer of the Navy. With the popularization of oceanography in the early 1960s (partly due to President Kennedy's interest) the name was changed to the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office in 1962. The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO located at Stennis Space Center in south Mississippi is comprised of approximately 1000 civilian military and contract personnel responsible That office, as a matter of historical and semantic interest, and the U. S. Naval Observatory are still part of the command overseen by the "Oceanographer of the Navy" with headquarters at the Naval Observatory.

References

  1. ^ Press release, 9th January 2005. www. ukho. gov. uk. UKHO. Retrieved on 2006-11-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.

External links

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