Hydrogen peroxide
IUPAC name	Hydrogen peroxide
Other names	μ-1κO,2κO’-Dioxidodihydrogen Dihydrogen dioxide Hydrogen dioxide Dioxidane
Identifiers
CAS number	[7722-84-1]
RTECS number	MX0900000
Properties
Molecular formula	H2O2
Molar mass	34. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 0147 g·mol·−1.
Appearance	Very pale blue color; colorless in solution
Density	1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 4 g/cm3, liquid
Melting point	-11 °C (262. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 15 K)
Boiling point	150. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 2 °C (423. 35 K)
Solubility in water	Miscible
Acidity (pKa)	11. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Miscibility is a term commonly used in Chemistry that refers to the property of Liquids to mix in all proportions forming a Homogeneous Solution 65
Viscosity	1. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. 245 cP at 20 °C
Dipole moment	2. The poise (symbol P pwɑːz is the unit of dynamic Viscosity in the Centimetre gram second system of units. In physics there are two kinds of dipoles ( Hellènic: di(s- = two- and pòla = pivot hinge An electric dipole is a 26 D
Hazards
MSDS	30% hydrogen peroxide msds 60% hydrogen peroxide msds
Main hazards	Oxidant, corrosive
NFPA 704	0 3 1 OX
R-phrases	R5, R8, R20, R22, R35
S-phrases	(S1), (S2), S17, S26, S28, S36, S37, S39, S45
Flash point	Non-flammable
Related compounds
Related compounds	Water Ozone Hydrazine
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. The debye (symbol D) is a non- SI, CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Hydrazine is a Chemical compound with the formula N2H4 It has an Ammonia -like odor and is derived from the same industrial chemistry In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. It is a weak acid. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are It has strong oxidizing properties and is therefore a powerful bleaching agent that is mostly used for bleaching paper, but has also found use as a disinfectant, as an oxidizer, as an antiseptic, and in rocketry (particularly in high concentrations as high-test peroxide (HTP)) as a monopropellant, and in bipropellant systems. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Disinfectants are Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy Microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the "HTP" redirects here For the internet transfer protocol see Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Monopropellants are Propellants composed of chemicals or mixtures of chemicals which can be stored in a single container with some degree of safety A bipropellant rocket engine is a Rocket engine that uses two propellants (very often liquid propellants) which are kept separately prior to reacting to form a hot The oxidizing capacity of hydrogen peroxide is so strong that the chemical is considered a highly reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species (ROS are ions or very small molecules that include Oxygen Ions free radicals, and Peroxides both inorganic and

Hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced as a byproduct of oxygen metabolism, and virtually all organisms possess enzymes known as peroxidases, which apparently harmlessly catalytically decompose low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen (see Decomposition below). Peroxidases ( EC number 1111x are a large family of Enzymes A majority of peroxidase protein sequences can be found in the PeroxiBase database

Contents 1 History 2 Uses 2.1 Industrial applications 2.2 Domestic uses 2.3 Storage 2.4 Use as propellant 2.5 Therapeutic use 3 Physical properties 4 Chemical properties 4.1 Decomposition 4.2 Redox reactions 4.3 Formation of peroxide compounds 4.4 Alkalinity 5 Manufacture 6 Concentration 7 Hazards 8 Historical Incidents 9 References 10 External links

History

Hydrogen peroxide was first isolated in 1818 by Louis Jacques Thénard by reacting barium peroxide with nitric acid. Louis Jacques Thénard ( May 4, 1777 in the village of La Louptière, Aube - June 21, 1857 in Paris) was a Barium peroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula Ba[[peroxide O]]2 Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and ^[1] An improved version of this process used hydrochloric acid, followed by sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium sulfate byproduct. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Barium sulfate is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula BaSO4 Thénard's process was used from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century. ^[2] Modern production methods are discussed below.

For a long time it was believed that pure hydrogen peroxide was unstable, because attempts to separate the hydrogen peroxide from the water, which is present during synthesis, failed. This was due to the fact that traces of solids and heavy metal ions lead to a catalytic decomposition or even explosions of the hydrogen peroxide. 100% pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained through vacuum distillation by Richard Wolffenstein in 1894. Vacuum distillation is a method of Distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced to less than its Vapor pressure (usually Richard Wolffenstein ( 21 August 1864 &ndash 5 June 1926) was a German Chemist. ^[3]

Uses

Industrial applications

About 50% of the world's production of hydrogen peroxide in 1994 was used for pulp- and paper-bleaching. ^[4] Other bleaching applications are becoming more important as hydrogen peroxide is seen as an environmentally benign alternative to chlorine-based bleaches. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and It is highly corrosive to metal.

Other major industrial applications for hydrogen peroxide include the manufacture of sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate, used as mild bleaches in laundry detergents. Sodium percarbonate is a white crystalline water-soluble Chemical compound of Sodium carbonate and Hydrogen peroxide. Sodium perborate ( PBS) is a white odorless water-soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula 3 Laundry can be items of Clothing and other Textiles that require Washing the act of washing clothing and textiles A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning. It is used in the production of certain organic peroxides such as dibenzoyl peroxide, used in polymerisations and other chemical processes. Organic peroxides are Organic compounds containing the Peroxide Functional group (ROOR' Benzoyl peroxide (ˈbɛnzɔɪl pəˈrɒksaɪd is a Chemical in the Organic peroxide family Radical polymerization is a type of Polymerization in which the Reactive center of a polymer chain consists of a radical. Hydrogen peroxide is also used in the production of epoxides such as propylene oxide. An epoxide is a cyclic Ether with only three ring atoms This ring approximately is an Equilateral triangle, i Propylene oxide is a highly toxic flammable Chemical compound. Reaction with carboxylic acids produces a corresponding peroxy acid. Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H A peroxy acid (often spelled as one word peroxyacid, and sometimes called peracid) is an Acid in which an acidic -OH group has been replaced by an -OOH Peracetic acid and meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (commonly abbreviated mCPBA) are prepared from acetic acid and meta-chlorobenzoic acid, respectively. Peracetic acid ( peroxyacetic acid, or PAA) is a Chemical in the Organic peroxide family meta -Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA is a Peroxycarboxylic acid used widely as an Oxidant in Organic synthesis. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste The latter is commonly reacted with alkenes to give the corresponding epoxide. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon An epoxide is a cyclic Ether with only three ring atoms This ring approximately is an Equilateral triangle, i

In the PCB manufacturing process, hydrogen peroxide mixed with sulfuric acid was used as the microetch chemical for copper surface roughening preparation.

A combination of a powdered precious metal-based catalyst, hydrogen peroxide, methanol and water can produce superheated steam in one to two seconds, releasing only CO₂ and high temperature steam for a variety of purposes. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single ^[5].

Domestic uses

• Diluted H₂O₂ (around 15%) is used to bleach human hair, hence the phrase "peroxide blonde". Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. It is absorbed by skin upon contact and creates a local skin capillary embolism which appears as a temporary whitening of the skin. Capillaries are the smallest of a body's Blood vessels measuring 5-10 μm in diameter which connect Arterioles and Venules and enable the interchange In Medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the Body (through circulation It is used to whiten bones that are to be put on display. The strength of a solution may be described as a percentage or volume, where 1% hydrogen peroxide releases 3. 3 volumes of oxygen during decomposition. Thus, a 3% solution is equivalent to 10 volume and a 6% solution to 20 volume, etc.
• 3% H₂O₂ is used medically for cleaning wounds, removing dead tissue, and as an oral debriding agent. Debridement is a medical term referring to the removal of Dead, damaged or Infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining Peroxide stops slow (small vessel) wound bleeding/oozing, as well. Most over-the-counter peroxide solutions are not suitable for ingestion.
• 3% H₂O₂ is effective at treating fresh (red) blood-stains in clothing and on other items. It must be applied to clothing before blood stains can be accidentally "set" with heated water. Cold water and soap are then used to remove the peroxide treated blood.
• The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified hydrogen peroxide as a Low Regulatory Priority (LRP) drug for use in controlling fungus on fish and fish eggs. (See ectoparasite. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. )
• Some gardeners and users of hydroponics advocate the use of hydrogen peroxide in watering solutions. Hydroponics (from the Greek words hydro (water and ponos (labour is a method of growing Plants using mineral Nutrient solutions without They claim that its spontaneous decomposition releases oxygen that enhances a plant's root development and helps to treat root rot (cellular root death due to lack of oxygen). Root rot is a condition found in both indoor and outdoor plants although more common in indoor plants with poor drainage
• Laboratory tests conducted by fish culturists in recent years have demonstrated that common household hydrogen peroxide can be used safely to provide oxygen for small fish. ^[6][7] Hydrogen peroxide releases oxygen by decomposition when it is exposed to catalysts such as manganese dioxide. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide.
• Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizer effective in controlling sulfide and organic related odors in wastewater collection and treatment systems. It is typically applied to a wastewater system where there is a retention time of 30 minutes to 5 hours before hydrogen sulfide is released. Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the hydrogen sulfide and promotes bio-oxidation of organic odors. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to oxygen and water, adding dissolved oxygen to the system thereby negating some Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).
• Mixed with baking soda and a small amount of hand soap, hydrogen peroxide is effective at removing skunk odor. Skunks (sometimes referred to as polecats) are Mammals best known for their ability to excrete a strong foul-smelling odor. ^[8]
• Hydrogen peroxide is used with phenyl oxalate ester and an appropriate dye in glow sticks as an oxidizing agent. Diphenyl oxalate (trademark name Cyalume) is a solid Ester whose Oxidation products are responsible for the Chemiluminescence in a A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied A glow stick is a single-use translucent Plastic tube containing isolated substances which when combined are capable of producing Light through a Chemical reaction An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound It reacts with the ester to form an unstable CO₂ dimer which excites the dye to an excited state; the dye emits a photon (light) when it spontaneously relaxes back to the ground state. A dimer is a Chemical or Biological entity consisting of two subunits called Monomers which are held together by either Intramolecular forces Excitation is an elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline energy state In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena Spontaneous emission is the process by which a light source such as an Atom, Molecule, Nanocrystal or nucleus in an Excited state In Quantum mechanics, a stationary state is an Eigenstate of a Hamiltonian, or in other words a state of definite energy

Storage

Regulations vary, but low concentrations, such as 2. 5%, are widely available and legal to buy for medical use. Higher concentrations may be considered hazardous and are typically accompanied by a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance In high concentrations, hydrogen peroxide is an aggressive oxidizer and will corrode many materials, including human skin. In the presence of a reducing agent, high concentrations of H₂O₂ will react violently. A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is the element or a compound in a Redox (reduction-oxidation reaction (see Electrochemistry

Hydrogen peroxide should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area and away from any flammable or combustible substances. ^[9] It should be stored in a container composed of non-reactive materials such as stainless steel or glass (other materials including some plastics and aluminium alloys may also be suitable). ^[10] Because it breaks down quickly when exposed to light, it should be stored in an opaque container, and pharmaceutical formulations typically come in brown bottles that filter out light. ^[11]

Use as propellant

H₂O₂ can be used either as a monopropellant (not mixed with fuel) or as the oxidizer component of a bipropellant rocket. Monopropellants are Propellants composed of chemicals or mixtures of chemicals which can be stored in a single container with some degree of safety A bipropellant rocket engine is a Rocket engine that uses two propellants (very often liquid propellants) which are kept separately prior to reacting to form a hot Use as a monopropellant takes advantage of the decomposition of 70–98+% concentration hydrogen peroxide into steam and oxygen. The propellant is pumped into a reaction chamber where a catalyst, usually a silver or platinum screen, triggers decomposition, producing steam at over 600 °C which is expelled through a nozzle, generating thrust. A nozzle is a mechanical device or Orifice designed to control the characteristics of a Fluid flow as it exits (or enters an enclosed chamber or Pipe. Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton 's Second and Third Laws. H₂O₂ monopropellant produces a maximum specific impulse (I_sp) of 161 s (1. Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines 6 kN·s/kg), which makes it a low-performance monopropellant. Newton-second (symbol Ns, N s or N·s) is the derived SI unit of Impulse and Momentum. Peroxide generates much less thrust than hydrazine, but is not toxic. Hydrazine is a Chemical compound with the formula N2H4 It has an Ammonia -like odor and is derived from the same industrial chemistry Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism The Bell Rocket Belt used hydrogen peroxide monopropellant. The Bell Rocket Belt is a low-power rocket propulsion device that allows an individual to safely travel or leap over small distances

As a bipropellant H₂O₂ is decomposed to burn a fuel as an oxidizer. Specific impulses as high as 350 s (3. 5 kN·s/kg) can be achieved, depending on the fuel. Peroxide used as an oxidizer gives a somewhat lower I_sp than liquid oxygen, but is dense, storable, noncryogenic and can be more easily used to drive gas turbines to give high pressures. It can also be used for regenerative cooling of rocket engines. Peroxide was used very successfully as an oxidizer in World-War-II German rockets (e. g. T-Stoff for the Me-163), and for the low-cost British Black Knight and Black Arrow launchers. For the T-stoff used as a tear gas in World War I see Xylyl bromide. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Black Knight was a British launch vehicle to test and verify the design of a Re-entry vehicle for the Blue Streak missile. Black Arrow was a British Satellite Carrier rocket. Black Arrow originated from studies by the Royal Aircraft Establishment for satellite

In the 1940s and 1950s the Walter turbine used hydrogen peroxide for use in submarines while submerged; it was found to be too noisy and require too much maintenance compared to diesel-electric power systems. Hellmuth Walter ( 26 August 1900 in Wedel near Hamburg – 16 December 1980 in Upper Montclair New Jersey) was A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary Engine that extracts energy from a flow of Combustion gas A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric Powertrain for providing locomotion. Some torpedoes used hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer or propellant, but this was dangerous and has been discontinued by most navies. The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below Hydrogen peroxide leaks were blamed for the sinkings of HMS Sidon and the Russian submarine Kursk. Accident On the morning of 16 June 1955 Sidon was moored alongside the depot ship HMS ''Maidstone'' in Portland Harbour. Background Work on building the Kursk began in 1992 at Severodvinsk, near Arkhangelsk. It was discovered, for example, by the Japanese Navy in torpedo trials, that the concentration of H₂O₂ in right-angle bends in HTP pipework can often lead to explosions in submarines and torpedoes. Hydrogen peroxide is still used on Soyuz for driving gas turbines to power turbopumps, however. SAAB Underwater Systems is manufacturing the Torpedo 2000. This torpedo, used by the Swedish navy, is powered by a piston engine propelled by HTP as an oxidizer and kerosene as a fuel in a bipropellant system^[12]. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid

While rarely used now as a monopropellant for large engines, small hydrogen peroxide attitude control thrusters are still in use on some satellites. The attitude of a body is its orientation as perceived in a certain Frame of reference; providing a vector along which a spacecraft is pointing is a description of its attitude This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. They are easy to throttle, and safer to fuel and handle before launch than hydrazine thrusters. However, hydrazine is more often used in spacecraft because of its higher specific impulse and lower rate of decomposition. Hydrazine is a Chemical compound with the formula N2H4 It has an Ammonia -like odor and is derived from the same industrial chemistry Specific impulse (usually abbreviated I sp is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines

Recently H₂O₂/propylene has been proposed as an approach to inexpensive Single Stage To Orbit: a fuel tank containing propylene has a bladder floating in it containing H₂O₂. Propene, also known as propylene, is an unsaturated organic compound having the Chemical formula C 3 H 6 A single-stage-to-orbit (or SSTO) vehicle reaches Orbit from the surface of a body without jettisoning hardware expending only propellants and fluids This combination offers 15% superior I_sp to O2/RP4 (a kerosene used as rocket propellant), does not need turbines or cryogenic storage or hardware, and greatly reduces the cost of the booster. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals The potential of this and other alternative systems is discussed in some detail at Dunn Engineering.

Therapeutic use

Hydrogen peroxide is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as an antimicrobial agent, an oxidizing agent and for other purposes by the US Food and Drug Administration. Generally Recognized as Safe ( GRAS) is a United States of America Food and Drug Administration (FDA designation that a chemical or substance added to food An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of Microbes such as Bacteria, Fungi, or Viruses. ^[13]

Hydrogen peroxide has been used as an antiseptic and anti-bacterial agent for many years due to its oxidizing effect. Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial While its use has decreased in recent years with the popularity of better-smelling and more readily-available over the counter products, it is still used by many hospitals, doctors and dentists in sterilizing, cleaning and treating everything from floors to root canal procedures. A root canal is the commonly used term for the main canals within the Dentin of the tooth

• Like many oxidative antiseptics, hydrogen peroxide causes mild damage to tissue in open wounds, but it also is effective at rapidly stopping capillary bleeding (slow blood oozing from small vessels in abrasions), and is sometimes used sparingly for this purpose, as well as cleaning.
• Hydrogen peroxide can be used as a toothpaste when mixed with correct quantities of baking soda and salt. ^[14]
• Hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide are sometimes used to treat acne. Benzoyl peroxide (ˈbɛnzɔɪl pəˈrɒksaɪd is a Chemical in the Organic peroxide family Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a Skin disease caused by changes in the Pilosebaceous units (skin structures consisting of a Hair follicle ^[15]
• Hydrogen peroxide is used as an emetic in veterinary practice. Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the ^[16]

"Alternative" uses

• Some people have tried using peroxide as a treatment for cancer. The American Cancer Society states that "there is no scientific evidence that hydrogen peroxide is a safe, effective or useful cancer treatment", and advises cancer patients to "remain in the care of qualified doctors who use proven methods of treatment and approved clinical trials of promising new treatments. The American Cancer Society ( ACS) is the "nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to " ^[17]
• Another controversial alternative medical procedure is inhalation of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of about 1%. Inhalation (also known as respiration) is the movement of air from the external environment through the air ways and into the Alveoli. Internal use of hydrogen peroxide has a history of causing fatal blood disorders, and its recent use as a therapeutic treatment has been linked to several deaths. Hematology ( American English) or haematology ( British English) is the branch of biology (physiology Pathology, Clinical laboratory ^[18][19]

Physical properties

While the anti conformer would minimize steric repulsions, a 90° torsion angle would optimize mixing between the filled p-type orbital of the oxygen (one of the lone pairs) and the LUMO of the vicinal O-H bond. Alkane stereochemistry concerns the Stereochemistry of linear Alkanes and the linear alkane Conformers The existence of more than one conformation is due HOMO and LUMO are Acronyms for highest occupied Molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied Molecular orbital, respectively ^[20] Reflecting a compromise between the two interactions, gaseous and liquid hydrogen peroxide adopts an anticlinal "skewed" shape. Alkane stereochemistry concerns the Stereochemistry of linear Alkanes and the linear alkane Conformers The existence of more than one conformation is due This rotational conformation is a compromise between the anti conformer, which would minimize steric repulsion, and between the syn conformer that associates O-H bonds with lone pairs on the oxygen atoms. lone pair is a (valence electron pair without bonding or sharing with other Atoms They are found in the outermost Electron shell of an atom so lone pairs Despite the fact that the O-O bond is a single bond, the molecule has a remarkably high barrier to complete rotation of 29. 45 kJ/mol (compared with 12. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of Amount of substance: it is an SI base unit, and almost the only unit to be used to measure this 5 kJ/mol for the rotational barrier of ethane). ETHANE is a mnemonic indicating a protocol used by Emergency services to report situations which they may be faced with especially as it relates to major incidents where The increased barrier is also attributed to repulsion between one lone pair and other lone pairs. The bond angles are affected by hydrogen bonding, which is relevant to the structural difference between gaseous and crystalline forms; indeed a wide range of values is seen in crystals containing molecular H₂O₂. Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three- Dimensional arrangement of the Atoms that constitute a Molecule. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating

Chemical properties

H₂O₂ is one of the most powerful oxidizers known -- stronger than chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and potassium permanganate. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Chlorine dioxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ClO2 Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Also, through catalysis, H₂O₂ can be converted into hydroxyl radicals (. OH) with reactivity second only to fluorine.

Oxidant	Oxidation potential, V
Fluorine	3. An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 0
Hydroxyl radical	2. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. 8
Ozone	2. OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. 1
Hydrogen peroxide	1. 8
Potassium permanganate	1. Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 7
Chlorine dioxide	1. Chlorine dioxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ClO2 5
Chlorine	1. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and 4

Hydrogen peroxide can decompose spontaneously into water and oxygen. It usually acts as an oxidizing agent, but there are many reactions where it acts as a reducing agent, releasing oxygen as a by-product. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state

It also readily forms both inorganic and organic peroxides. A peroxide is a compound containing an Oxygen -oxygen single bond.

Decomposition

Hydrogen peroxide always decomposes (disproportionates) exothermically into water and oxygen gas spontaneously:

2 H₂O₂ → 2 H₂O + O₂

This process is very favorable thermodynamically. An exothermic reaction is a Chemical reaction that releases Heat. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the A spontaneous process is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases free energy (most often as heat and moves to a lower more thermodynamically stable energy state It has a ΔH^o of −98. The standard enthalpy change of reaction (denoted ΔH ° or ΔH o is the Enthalpy change that occurs in a system when one mole of matter 2 kJ·mol⁻¹ and a ΔG^o of −119. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of Amount of substance: it is an SI base unit, and almost the only unit to be used to measure this In Thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy ( IUPAC recommended name Gibbs energy or Gibbs function) is a Thermodynamic potential which 2 kJ·mol⁻¹ and a ΔS of 70. 5 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹. The rate of decomposition is dependent on the temperature and concentration of the peroxide, as well as the pH and the presence of impurities and stabilizers. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Hydrogen peroxide is incompatible with many substances that catalyse its decomposition, including most of the transition metals and their compounds. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Common catalysts include manganese dioxide, and silver. Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen The same reaction is catalysed by the enzyme catalase, found in the liver, whose main function in the body is the removal of toxic byproducts of metabolism and the reduction of oxidative stress. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Catalase is a common Enzyme found in nearly all living organisms where it functions to catalyze the decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide to The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or easily The decomposition occurs more rapidly in alkali, so acid is often added as a stabilizer. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are

The liberation of oxygen and energy in the decomposition has dangerous side effects. Spilling high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on a flammable substance can cause an immediate fire, which is further fueled by the oxygen released by the decomposing hydrogen peroxide. High-strength peroxide (also called high-test peroxide, or HTP) must be stored in a suitable, vented container to prevent the buildup of oxygen gas, which would otherwise lead to the eventual rupture of the container.

In the presence of certain catalysts, such as Fe²⁺ or Ti³⁺, the decomposition may take a different path, with free radicals such as HO· (hydroxyl) and HOO· being formed. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. A combination of H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺ is known as Fenton's reagent. Fenton's reagent is a solution of Hydrogen peroxide and an Iron Catalyst that is used to Oxidize Contaminants or Waste waters

A common concentration for hydrogen peroxide is "20 volume", which means that when 1 volume of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed, it produces 20 volumes of oxygen. A 20 "volume" concentration of hydrogen peroxide is equivalent to 1. 67 mol/dm³ (Molar solution) or about 6%. A molar Solution is one that contains one mole of solute per Litre of solution

Hydrogen peroxide available at drug stores is three percent solution. In such small concentrations, it is less stable, and decomposes faster. It is usually stabilized with acetanilide, a substance which has toxic side effects in significant amounts. Acetanilide is an odourless Solid chemical of leaf or flake-like appearance

Redox reactions

In aqueous solution, hydrogen peroxide can oxidize or reduce a variety of inorganic ions. When it acts as a reducing agent, oxygen gas is also produced. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the In acid solution Fe²⁺ is oxidized to Fe³⁺,

2 Fe²⁺(aq) + H₂O₂ + 2 H⁺(aq) → 2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2H₂O(l)

and sulfite (SO₃²⁻) is oxidized to sulfate (SO₄²⁻). In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 In Chemistry, hydronium is the obsolete name for the Cation H 3 O + derived from Protonation of Water Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Sulfites (also sulphites) are compounds that contain the sulfite Ion S[[oxygen O]]32− However, potassium permanganate is reduced to Mn²⁺ by acidic H₂O₂. Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Under alkaline conditions, however, some of these reactions reverse; for example, Mn²⁺ is oxidized to Mn⁴⁺ (as MnO₂). In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide.

Another example of hydrogen peroxide acting as a reducing agent is the reaction with sodium hypochlorite, this is a convenient method for preparing oxygen in the laboratory. Sodium hypochlorite is a Chemical compound with the formula NaClO Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the

NaOCl + H₂O₂ → O₂ + NaCl + H₂O

Hydrogen peroxide is frequently used as an oxidizing agent in organic chemistry. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state One application is for the oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides. A thioether (similar to Sulfide) is a functional group in Organic chemistry that has the structure R1-S-R2 as shown on right A sulfoxide is a Chemical compound containing a sulfinyl Functional group attached to two carbon atoms For example, methyl phenyl sulfide was oxidised to methyl phenyl sulfoxide in 99% yield in methanol in 18 hours (or 20 minutes using a TiCl₃ catalyst):

Ph-S-CH₃ + H₂O₂ → Ph-S(O)-CH₃ + H₂O

Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for epoxidation of electron-deficient alkenes such as acrylic acids, and also for oxidation of alkylboranes to alcohols, the second step of hydroboration-oxidation. Titanium(III chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula TiCl3 An epoxide is a cyclic Ether with only three ring atoms This ring approximately is an Equilateral triangle, i Acrylic acid or prop-2-enoic acid is a Chemical compound ( formula C 3 H 4 O 2 and it Organoborane or organoboron compounds are Chemical compounds that are organic derivatives of BH3 for example trialkyl boranes In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon In Organic chemistry, the hydroboration-oxidation reaction is a two-step organic chemical reaction that converts an Alkene into a neutral Alcohol

Formation of peroxide compounds

Hydrogen peroxide is a weak acid, and it can form hydroperoxide or peroxide salts or derivatives of many metals. Organic peroxides are Organic compounds containing the Peroxide Functional group (ROOR' A peroxide is a compound containing an Oxygen -oxygen single bond. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants

For example, on addition to an aqueous solution of chromic acid (CrO₃) or acidic solutions of dichromate salts, it will form an unstable blue peroxide CrO(O₂)₂. Chromic acid generally refers to a collection of compounds generated by the acidification of solutions containing Chromate and Dichromate anions or the In aqueous solution it rapidly decomposes to form oxygen gas and chromium salts.

It can also produce peroxoanions by reaction with anions; for example, reaction with borax leads to sodium perborate, a bleach used in laundry detergents:

Na₂B₄O₇ + 4 H₂O₂ + 2 NaOH → 2 Na₂B₂O₄(OH)₄ + H₂O

H₂O₂ converts carboxylic acids (RCOOH) into peroxy acids (RCOOOH), which are themselves used as oxidizing agents. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Borax (from Persian burah) also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important Boron Sodium perborate ( PBS) is a white odorless water-soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula 3 Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Hydrogen peroxide reacts with acetone to form acetone peroxide, and it interacts with ozone to form hydrogen trioxide, also known as trioxidane. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable Acetone peroxide ( triacetone triperoxide, peroxyacetone, TATP, TCAP) is an Organic peroxide and a primary High OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Trioxidane, hydrogen trioxide or dihydrogen trioxide (H2O3 or HOOOH is an unstable molecule a type of hydrogen polyoxide which in Trioxidane, hydrogen trioxide or dihydrogen trioxide (H2O3 or HOOOH is an unstable molecule a type of hydrogen polyoxide which in Reaction with urea produces carbamide peroxide, used for whitening teeth. Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] Carbamide peroxide, also called urea peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, and percarbamide, is an oxidising agent consisting of Hydrogen peroxide An acid-base adduct with triphenylphosphine oxide is a useful "carrier" for H₂O₂ in some reactions. Triphenylphosphine oxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OP(C6H53

Alkalinity

Hydrogen peroxide is a much weaker base than water, but it can still form adducts with very strong acids. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and The superacid HF/SbF₅ forms unstable compounds containing the [H₃O₂]⁺ ion. A superacid is an Acid with an Acidity greater than that of 100% Sulfuric acid, which has a Hammett acidity function ( H 0 Fluoroantimonic acid HSbF6 is a mixture of Hydrogen fluoride and Antimony pentafluoride in various ratios

Manufacture

Hydrogen peroxide is manufactured today almost exclusively by the autoxidation of 2-ethyl-9,10-dihydroxyanthracene (C₁₆H₁₄O₂) to 2-ethylanthraquinone (C₁₆H₁₂O₂) and hydrogen peroxide using oxygen from the air. Autoxidation is any Oxidation that occurs in open air or in presence of Oxygen and/or UV radiation and forms Peroxides and Hydroperoxides 2-Ethylanthraquinone is an Aromatic Organic compound closely related to Anthracene. This is known as the Riedl-Pfleiderer process.

In this reaction, the hydroxy groups on the middle ring of anthracene are deprotonated and are turned into ketones, while two double bonds are lost from the middle ring and are replaced as C=O double bonds in the ketone groups. Anthracene is a solid Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three fused Benzene rings derived from Coal-tar. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or The anthraquinone derivative is then extracted out and reduced back to the dihydroxy compound using hydrogen gas in the presence of a metal catalyst. Anthraquinone ( 910-dioxoanthracene) is an aromatic Organic compound. Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst The overall equation for the process is deceptively simple:

H₂ + O₂ → H₂O₂

However the economics of the process depend on effective recycling of the quinone and extraction solvents, and of the hydrogenation catalyst. Hydrogenation is the Chemical reaction that results in addition of Hydrogen (H2 Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst

Formerly inorganic processes were used, employing the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid or acidic ammonium bisulfate (NH₄HSO₄), followed by hydrolysis of the peroxydisulfate ((SO₄)₂)²⁻ which is formed. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Chemically named NH4HSO4 ammonium bisulfate, also ammonium hydrogen sulfate, is a white crystalline solid when it is completely pure Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions

In 1994, world production of H₂O₂ was around 1. 9 million tonnes and grew to 2. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. 2 million in 2006,^[4] most of which was at a concentration of 70% or less. In that year bulk 30% H₂O₂ sold for around US $0. 54 per kg, equivalent to US $1. 50 per kg (US $0. 68 per lb) on a "100% basis". The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass

Concentration

Hydrogen peroxide works best as a propellant in extremely high concentrations-- roughly over 70%. Although any concentration of peroxide will generate some hot gas (oxygen plus some steam), at concentrations above approximately 67%, the heat of decomposing hydrogen peroxide becomes large enough to completely vaporize all the liquid at standard temperature. This represents a safety and utilization turning point, since decomposition of any concentration above this amount is capable of transforming the liquid entirely to heated gas (the higher the concentration, the hotter the resulting gas). This very hot steam/oxygen mixture can then be used to generate maximal thrust, power, or work, but it also makes explosive decomposition of the material far more hazardous.

Normal propellant grade concentrations therefore vary from 70 to 98%, with common grades of 70, 85, 90, and 98%. Many of these grades and variations are described in detail in the United States propellant specification number MIL-P-16005 Revision F, which is currently available. The available suppliers of high concentration propellant grade hydrogen peroxide are generally one of the large commercial companies which make other grades of hydrogen peroxide; including Solvay Interox, FMC, Degussa and Peroxide Propulsion. Other companies which have made propellant grade hydrogen peroxide in the recent past include Air Liquide and DuPont. L'Air Liquide SA, or Air Liquide (pronounced or;) is a major French company supplying Industrial gases and services to various industries including E I du Pont de Nemours and Company (,) is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a Gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée DuPont recently sold its hydrogen peroxide manufacturing business to Degussa.

Propellant grade hydrogen peroxide is available to qualified buyers. Typically this chemical is only sold to commercial companies or government institutions which have the ability to properly handle and utilize the material. Non-professionals have purchased 70% or lower concentration hydrogen peroxide (the remaining 30% is water with traces of impurities and stabilizing materials, such as tin salts, phosphates, nitrates, and other chemical additives), and increased its concentration themselves. Many amateurs try distillation, but this is extremely dangerous with hydrogen peroxide; peroxide vapor can ignite or detonate depending on specific combinations of temperature and pressure. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture In general any boiling mass of high concentration hydrogen peroxide at ambient pressure will produce vapor phase hydrogen peroxide which can detonate. This hazard is mitigated, but not entirely eliminated with vacuum distillation. Other approaches for concentrating hydrogen peroxide are sparging and fractional crystallization. In Chemistry, sparging is a technique which involves bubbling a chemically inert gas such as Nitrogen, Argon, or Helium, through a liquid In chemistry fractional crystallization is a method of Refining substances based on differences in solubility.

High concentration hydrogen peroxide is readily available in 70, 90, and 98% concentrations in sizes of 1 gallon, 30 gallon, and bulk tanker truck volumes. Propellant grade hydrogen peroxide is being used on current military systems and is in numerous defense and aerospace research and development programs. Many privately funded rocket companies are using hydrogen peroxide, notably Blue Origin, and some amateur groups have expressed interest in manufacturing their own peroxide, for their use and for sale in small quantities to others. Blue Origin is a privately-funded Aerospace company set up by Amazon

Hazards

Hydrogen peroxide, either in pure or diluted form, can pose several risks:

• Above roughly 70% concentrations, hydrogen peroxide can give off vapor that can detonate above 70 °C (158 °F) at normal atmospheric pressure. ^[21] This can then cause a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) of the remaining liquid. BLEVE, pronounced /ˈblɛvi/ ("blevvy" is an Acronym for " boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion " Distillation of hydrogen peroxide at normal pressures is thus highly dangerous. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture
• Hydrogen peroxide vapors can form sensitive contact explosives with hydrocarbons such as greases. Hazardous reactions ranging from ignition to explosion have been reported with alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids (particularly acetic acid), amines and phosphorus. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 The saying is "peroxides kill chemists".
• Hydrogen peroxide, if spilled on clothing (or other flammable materials), will preferentially evaporate water until the concentration reaches sufficient strength, at which point the material may spontaneously ignite. ^[22]
• Concentrated hydrogen peroxide (>50%) is corrosive, and even domestic-strength solutions can cause irritation to the eyes, mucous membranes and skin. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in ^[23] Swallowing hydrogen peroxide solutions is particularly dangerous, as decomposition in the stomach releases large quantities of gas (10 times the volume of a 3% solution) leading to internal bleeding. Inhaling over 10% can cause severe pulmonary irritation.
• Low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, on the order of 3% or less, will chemically bleach many types of clothing to a pinkish hue. Caution should be exercised when using common products that may contain hydrogen peroxide, such as facial cleaner or contact lens solution, which easily splatter upon other surfaces.

Historical Incidents

• Several people were injured after a hydrogen peroxide spill on board Northwest Airlines Flight 957 because they mistook it for water. ^[24]
• During the Second World War, Doctors in Nazi concentration camps experimented with the use of hydrogen peroxide injections in the killing of human subjects. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[25]
• Hydrogen peroxide was one of the ingredients in the bombs which failed to explode in the 21 July 2005 London bombings. On 21 July, 2005, four attempted bomb attacks disrupted part of London 's Public transport system two weeks after the 7 July 2005 London ^[26]

A material safety data sheet will contain more information on the risks of working with this chemical. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance

References

External links

• Material Safety Data Sheet
• ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry FAQ
• Experimental Rocket Propulsion Society
• Computational Chemistry Wiki
• International Chemical Safety Card 0164
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• IARC Monograph "Hydrogen Peroxide"
• General Kinetics Inc. Hydrogen Peroxide Rocket Engines and Gas Generators
• Oxygenation Therapy:Unproven Treatments for Cancer and AIDS
• H2O2 and HYPER OXYGEN THERAPY
• Explosion of a lorry carrying hydrogen peroxide closes M25 motorway.
• Hydrogen Peroxide in the Human Body
• Information on many common uses for hydrogen peroxide, especially household uses.
• Hydrogen peroxide in tooth whiteners summary by GreenFacts of the European Commission SCCP assessment
• Step-By-Step Instructions For Converting Your Hot-Tub to Hydrogen Peroxide

GreenFacts, formerly the GreenFacts Foundation, is an international Non-profit organization founded in 2001 in Brussels, Belgium.

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