| Hydrofluoric acid | |
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| Other names | fluoric acid; fluorhydric acid |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [7664-39-3] |
| RTECS number | MW7875000 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | HF |
| Molar mass | not applicable (see hydrogen fluoride) |
| Appearance | Colorless solution |
| Density | 1. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 15 g/mL (for 48% soln. ) |
| Melting point |
not applicable |
| Boiling point |
not applicable |
| Solubility in water | Miscible. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Miscibility is a term commonly used in Chemistry that refers to the property of Liquids to mix in all proportions forming a Homogeneous Solution |
| Acidity (pKa) | 3. 15 (in water) |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| Main hazards | Very Toxic, Corrosive. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in |
| NFPA 704 |
 0
4
1
|
| R-phrases | R26/27/28, R35 |
| S-phrases | (S1/2), S7/9, S26, S36/37, S45 |
| Flash point | nonflammable |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Hydrochloric acid Hydrobromic acid Hydroiodic acid |
| Related compounds | Hydrogen fluoride fluorosilicic acid |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties |
n, εr, etc. Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Hydrobromic Acid is formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule Hydrogen bromide in water Hydrogen iodide (HI is a Diatomic molecule. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a Strong acid. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules Hexafluorosilicic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H2SiF6 Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test |
| Thermodynamic data |
Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Together with hydrogen fluoride, hydrofluoric acid is a valued source of fluorine, being the precursor to numerous pharmaceuticals, diverse polymers (e. g. Teflon), and most other synthetic materials that contain fluorine. In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications Hydrofluoric acid is best known to the public for its ability to dissolve glass by reacting with SiO2, the major component of most glasses. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many This dissolution process can be described as follows:
- SiO2(s) + 4HF(aq) → SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)
- SiO2(s) + 6HF(aq) → H2[SiF6](aq) + 2H2O(l)
Because of its high reactivity toward glass, hydrofluoric acid is typically stored in polyethylene or Teflon containers. The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide Silicon tetrafluoride or Tetrafluorosilane is the Chemical compound with the formula Si[[Fluorine F]]4 Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Hexafluorosilicic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H2SiF6 Polyethylene or polythene ( IUPAC name poly(ethene) is a Thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (notably the In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications It is also unique in its ability to dissolve many metal and semimetal oxides. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across A semimetal is a material with a small overlap in the energy of the conduction band and Valence bands However the bottom of the conduction band is An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element It is corrosive, as explained below.
Contents |
Acidity
Hydrogen fluoride ionizes in aqueous solution in a similar fashion to other common acids:
- HF + H2O → H3O+ + F−
When the concentration of HF approaches 100%, the acidity increases dramatically due to the following equilibrium:
- 2HF → H+ + FHF−
The FHF− anion is stabilized by the very strong hydrogen - fluorine hydrogen bond. The bifluoride, or hydrogen(difluoride, ion is the species HF2− A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen Hydrofluoric acid is the only one of the hydrohalic acids that is not considered a strong acid due to its lack of ionization in aqueous solution.
Production
Industrially, hydrofluoric acid is produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite (CaF2) with concentrated sulfuric acid. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]] Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. When combined at 250 °C, these two substances react to produce hydrogen fluoride according to the following chemical equation:
- CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2HF + CaSO4
Uses
Because of its ability to dissolve metal oxides, hydrofluoric acid is used in the purification of both aluminium and uranium. A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a Chemical reaction. Calcium sulfate is a common laboratory and industrial chemical WikipediaNaming Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the It is also used to etch glass, to remove surface oxides from silicon in the semiconductor industry, as a catalyst for the alkylation of isobutane and butene (olefinic C4) in oil refineries, and to remove oxide impurities from stainless steel in a process called pickling. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that Isobutane, also known as methylpropane or 2-methylpropane, is an Alkane, Isomeric with Butane. Isomers Among the molecules which have the Chemical formula 48 four Isomers are Alkenes. An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 Dilute hydrofluoric acid is sold as a household rust stain remover. Recently it has even been used in car washes in "wheel cleaner" compounds. A car wash is a facility used to clean the exterior and in some case the interior of Motor vehicles While there are many different types of car washes most fall into three [1] Due to its ability to dissolve silicate compounds, hydrofluoric acid is often used to dissolve rock samples (usually powdered) prior to analysis.
Hydrofluoric acid is also used in the synthesis of many fluorine-containing organic compounds, including Teflon, fluoropolymers, perfluorocarbons, and refrigerants such as freon. Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications A fluoropolymer is a Polymer that contains atoms of Fluorine. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs are compounds derived from Hydrocarbons by replacement of Hydrogen Atoms by Fluorine atoms Refrigeration is the process of removing Heat from an enclosed space or from a substance and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable Freon is DuPont 's trade name for its odorless colorless nonflammable and noncorrosive Chlorofluorocarbon and Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants Additionally, hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in refinery alkylation processes to produce a high-octane gasoline blending component called alkylate from FCCU C3 and C4 olefins and isobutane. A refinery is composed of a group of Chemical engineering unit processes and Unit operations used for Refining certain materials or converting Alkylation is the transfer of an Alkyl group from one Molecule to another Alkylation is the transfer of an Alkyl group from one Molecule to another In Petroleum geology and Chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic Molecules such as Kerogens or heavy Hydrocarbons In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon Isobutane, also known as methylpropane or 2-methylpropane, is an Alkane, Isomeric with Butane.
Diluted hydrofluoric acid (1 to 3 %wt. ) is used in the petroleum industry in a mixture with weaker acids (HCl or organic acids) in order to stimulate the production of water, oil and gas wells.
Affinity for magnesium and calcium
Hydrofluoric acid attacks many metal oxides, forming the corresponding fluoro derivatives. In the body, hydrofluoric acid reacts with the ubiquitous biologically important ions Ca2+ and Mg2+. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 In some cases, exposures can lead to hypocalcemia. In Medicine, hypocalcaemia is the presence of low serum Calcium levels in the Blood, usually taken as less than 2 Thus, hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with calcium gluconate, a source of Ca2+ that sequesters the fluoride ions. Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement It is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia.
Safety
Hydrofluoric acid is corrosive and a contact poison. In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by It should be handled with extreme care, beyond that accorded to other mineral acids, in part because of its low dissociation constant, which allows HF to penetrate tissue more quickly. Symptoms of exposure to hydrofluoric acid may not be immediately evident. HF interferes with nerve function and burns may not initially be painful. Accidental exposures can go unnoticed, delaying treatment and increasing the extent and seriousness of the injury. [2] HF is known to etch bone, and since it penetrates the skin it essentially breaks the person's bones without destroying the skin. [1] Hydrogen fluoride is released upon combustion of fluorine-containing compounds such as products containing Viton and Teflon parts. Viton is a brand of Synthetic rubber and Fluoropolymer Elastomer commonly used in O-rings and other moulded or extruded In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications Hydrogen fluoride converts immediately to hydrofluoric acid upon contact with water.
HF chemical burns can be treated with a water wash and 2. A chemical burn occurs when living tissue is exposed to a reactive chemical substance such as a strong Acid or base. 5% calcium gluconate gel[3][4][5] or special rinsing solutions. Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement It is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. [6][7]
References
- ^ Strachan, John (January, 1999). "A deadly rinse: The dangers of hydrofluoric acid". Professional Carwashing & Detailing.
- ^ Yamashita M, Yamashita M, Suzuki M, Hirai H, Kajigaya H (2001). "Iontophoretic delivery of calcium for experimental hydrofluoric acid burns". Crit. Care Med. 29 (8): 1575–8. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11505130.
- ^ el Saadi MS, Hall AH, Hall PK, Riggs BS, Augenstein WL, Rumack BH (1989). "Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure". Vet Hum Toxicol 31 (3): 243–7. PMID 2741315.
- ^ Roblin I, Urban M, Flicoteau D, Martin C, Pradeau D (2006). "Topical treatment of experimental hydrofluoric acid skin burns by 2. 5% calcium gluconate". J Burn Care Res 27 (6): 889–94. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17091088.
- ^ Calcium Gluconate Gel as an Antidote to HF Acid Burns. Northwestern University. Retrieved on 2008-01-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
- ^ Hultén P, Höjer J, Ludwigs U, Janson A (2004). "Hexafluorine vs. standard decontamination to reduce systemic toxicity after dermal exposure to hydrofluoric acid". J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 42 (4): 355–61. PMID 15461243.
- ^ "News & Views" (September-October 2005). Chemical Health and Safety 12 (5): 35-37. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0283
- National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- CID 14917 from PubChem (HF)
- CID 144681 from PubChem (5HF)
- CID 141165 from PubChem (6HF)
- CID 144682 from PubChem (7HF)
- Computational Chemistry Wiki
- Hydrofluoric Acid Burn, The New England Journal of Medicine Acid burn case study
- MSDS [[2]]
Dictionary
hydrofluoric acid
-noun
- (chemistry) A solution of hydrogen fluoride, HF, in water; it is a weak but very corrosive acid, used in the production of fluorine compounds, and in metallurgy.
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