Hydrochloric acid
IUPAC name	Hydrochloric acid
Other names	Muriatic acid, Spirit(s) of Salt
Identifiers
CAS number	[7647-01-0]
RTECS number	MW4025000
Properties
Molecular formula	HCl in water (H2O)
Molar mass	36. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 46 g/mol (HCl)
Appearance	Clear colorless to light-yellow liquid
Density	1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 18g/cm3
Melting point	−27. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 32 °C (247 K) 38% solution.
Boiling point	110 °C (383 K), 20. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 2% solution; 48 °C (321 K), 38% solution.
Solubility in water	Miscible. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life.
Acidity (pKa)	−8. 0
Viscosity	1. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. 9 mPa·s at 25 °C, 31. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. 5% solution
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	Corrosive
NFPA 704	0 3 1 COR
R-phrases	R34, R37
S-phrases	S26, S36, S45
Flash point	Non-flammable. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Hydrochloric acid. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air
Related compounds
Other anions	F-, Br-, I-
Related acids	Hydrobromic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydroiodic acid Sulfuric acid
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Hydrobromic Acid is formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule Hydrogen bromide in water Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. Hydrogen iodide (HI is a Diatomic molecule. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a Strong acid. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Hydrochloric acid. and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Hydrochloric acid. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Hydrochloric acid. and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on Hydrochloric acid. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and It is a strong acid, and the major component of gastric acid. A Strong acid is an Acid that Ionizes completely in an Aqueous solution (not in the case of Sulfuric acid as it is diprotic Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. ^[1] It is also widely used in industry. Hydrochloric acid must be handled with appropriate safety precautions because it is a highly corrosive solution. Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf) the condition of being protected against physical social spiritual financial political In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances

Hydrochloric acid, or Muriatic acid by its historical but still occasionally used name, has been an important and frequently-used chemical from early history, and was discovered by the alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan around the year 800. For the 12th century astronomer see Jabir ibn Aflah. For the anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist see Pseudo-Geber. It was used throughout the Middle Ages by alchemists in the quest for the philosopher's stone, and later by several European scientists including Glauber, Priestley, and Davy in order to help establish modern chemical knowledge. The philosopher's stone (lapis philosophorum Greek: Chrysopoeia) is a Legendary substance supposedly capable of turning inexpensive Metals A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices Johann Rudolf Glauber ( 1604 (? March 10 1670) a German - Dutch alchemist and Chemist. Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 ( Old Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor

From the Industrial Revolution, it became a very important industrial chemical for many applications, including the large-scale production of organic compounds, such as vinyl chloride for PVC plastic, and MDI/TDI for polyurethane, and smaller-scale applications, such as production of gelatin and other ingredients in food, and leather processing. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Vinyl chloride is the Organic compound with the formula CH2CHCl Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, most often abbreviated as MDI, is an aromatic diisocyanate. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI is an aromatic diisocyanate. It is produced for reaction with Polyols to form Polyurethanes It exists in two A polyurethane, commonly abbreviated PU, is any Polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links Gelatin (also gelatine, from French gélatine) is a translucent colourless brittle nearly tasteless solid substance, extracted from the Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process About 20 million metric tonnes of HCl gas are produced annually.

History

Hydrochloric acid was first discovered around 800 AD by the alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), by mixing common salt with vitriol (sulfuric acid). For the 12th century astronomer see Jabir ibn Aflah. For the anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist see Pseudo-Geber. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Jabir discovered many important chemicals, and recorded his findings in over twenty books, which carried his chemical knowledge of hydrochloric acid and other basic chemicals for hundreds of years. Jabir's invention of the gold-dissolving aqua regia, consisting of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, was of great interest to alchemists searching for the philosopher's stone. Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and The philosopher's stone (lapis philosophorum Greek: Chrysopoeia) is a Legendary substance supposedly capable of turning inexpensive Metals

Jabir ibn Hayyan, medieval manuscript drawing

In the Middle Ages, hydrochloric acid was known to European alchemists as spirits of salt or acidum salis. It is still known as "Spirits of Salt" when sold for domestic cleaning purposes in the United Kingdom today. Gaseous HCl was called marine acid air. The old (pre-systematic) name muriatic acid has the same origin (muriatic means "pertaining to brine or salt"), and this name is still sometimes used. There are millions of possible objects that can be described in science too many to create Common names for every one Notable production was recorded by Basilius Valentinus, the alchemist-canon of the Benedictine priory Sankt Peter in Erfurt, Germany in the fifteenth century. Basilius Valentinus, also known under the Anglicized version of his name Basil Valentine was a 15th-century alchemist. A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος 'relating to a rule' is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in A priory is a House of men or women under religious vows headed by a Prior or prioress Erfurt (ˈɛɐ̯fʊɐ̯t is a City in central Germany. It is the Capital of the state of Thuringia with a population of 202619 (2006 In the seventeenth century, Johann Rudolf Glauber from Karlstadt am Main, Germany used sodium chloride salt and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate in the Mannheim process, releasing hydrogen chloride gas. Johann Rudolf Glauber ( 1604 (? March 10 1670) a German - Dutch alchemist and Chemist. Karlstadt am Main, a municipality on the Main river in Bavaria, Germany, is the capital of the Landkreis Main-Spessart (Main-Spessart district Sodium sulfate is the Sodium salt of Sulfuric acid The Mannheim process is an important method for the manufacture of Hydrogen chloride and Sodium sulfate from Sodium chloride (table salt and Sulfuric Joseph Priestley of Leeds, England prepared pure hydrogen chloride in 1772, and in 1818 Humphry Davy of Penzance, England proved that the chemical composition included hydrogen and chlorine. Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 ( Old Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor Penzance (Pensans also Penzans, IPA: /pɛnˈzæns/ is a town Civil parish, and Port in the Penwith district of Cornwall Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and

During the Industrial Revolution in Europe, demand for alkaline substances such as soda ash increased, and the new industrial soda process by Nicolas Leblanc (Issoundun, France) enabled cheap large-scale production. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Nicolas Leblanc ( December 6 1742 &ndash January 16 1806) was a French Chemist and surgeon who discovered how Issoudun is a commune in the Indre department in central France. In the Leblanc process, salt is converted to soda ash, using sulfuric acid, limestone, and coal, releasing hydrogen chloride as a by-product. The Leblanc process was the industrial process for the production of soda ash ( Sodium carbonate) used throughout the 19th century named after its inventor Nicolas Until the Alkali Act of 1863, excess HCl was vented to the air. Under the British Alkali Act 1863, an Alkali Inspector and four subinspectors were appointed to curb discharge into the air of hydrochloric Gas from the After the passage of the act, soda ash producers were obliged to absorb the waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale.

When early in the twentieth century the Leblanc process was effectively replaced by the Solvay process without the hydrochloric acid by-product, hydrochloric acid was already fully settled as an important chemical in numerous applications. The Solvay process, also referred to as the ammonia-soda process is the major industrial process for the production of Soda ash ( Sodium carbonate The commercial interest initiated other production methods which are still used today, as described below. Today, most hydrochloric acid is made by absorbing hydrogen chloride from industrial organic compounds production. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water

Hydrochloric acid is listed as a Table II precursor under the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances because of its use in the production of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine. The 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is one of three major drug control treaties currently in force Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant ^[2]

Chemistry

Acid titration

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a monoprotic acid, which means it can dissociate (i. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Dissociation in Chemistry and Biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds ( complexes, Molecules, or Salts) separate e. , ionize) only once to give up one H⁺ ion (a single proton). The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive In aqueous hydrochloric acid, the H⁺ joins a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H₃O⁺:

HCl + H₂O ⇌ H₃O⁺ + Cl⁻

The other ion formed is Cl⁻, the chloride ion. In Chemistry, hydronium is the obsolete name for the Cation H 3 O + derived from Protonation of Water The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Hydrochloric acid can therefore be used to prepare salts called chlorides, such as sodium chloride. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, since it is fully dissociated in water. A Strong acid is an Acid that Ionizes completely in an Aqueous solution (not in the case of Sulfuric acid as it is diprotic

Monoprotic acids have one acid dissociation constant, K_a, which indicates the level of dissociation in water. For a strong acid like HCl, the K_a is large. Theoretical attempts to assign a K_a to HCl have been made. ^[3] When chloride salts such as NaCl are added to aqueous HCl they have practically no effect on pH, indicating that Cl⁻ is an exceedingly weak conjugate base and that HCl is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Within the Brønsted - Lowry ( protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member HX of a pair of two compounds that transform For intermediate to strong solutions of hydrochloric acid, the assumption that H⁺ molarity (a unit of concentration) equals HCl molarity is excellent, agreeing to four significant digits. In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance

Of the seven common strong acids in chemistry, all of them inorganic, hydrochloric acid is the monoprotic acid least likely to undergo an interfering oxidation-reduction reaction. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state It is one of the least hazardous strong acids to handle; despite its acidity, it produces the less reactive and non-toxic chloride ion. Intermediate strength hydrochloric acid solutions are quite stable, maintaining their concentrations over time. These attributes, plus the fact that it is available as a pure reagent, mean that hydrochloric acid makes an excellent acidifying reagent and acid titrant (for determining the amount of an unknown quantity of base in titration). A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a Chemical reaction. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Titration is a common laboratory method of Quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown Concentration of a known Reactant Strong acid titrants are useful because they give more distinct endpoints in a titration, making the titration more precise. Hydrochloric acid is frequently used in chemical analysis and to digest samples for analysis. Analytical chemistry is the study of the Chemical composition of natural and artificial Materials. Concentrated hydrochloric acid will dissolve some metals to form oxidized metal chlorides and hydrogen gas. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 It will produce metal chlorides from basic compounds such as calcium carbonate or copper(II) oxide. Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3 Copper(II oxide or cupric oxide (CuO is the higher Oxide of Copper. It is also used as a simple acid catalyst for some chemical reactions. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called

Physical Properties

The physical properties of hydrochloric acid, such as boiling and melting points, density, and pH depend on the concentration or molarity of HCl in the acid solution. A physical property is any aspect of an object or substance that can be measured or perceived without changing its identity. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance They can range from those of water at 0% HCl to values for fuming hydrochloric acid at over 40% HCl.

Hydrochloric acid as the binary (two-component) mixture of HCl and H₂O has a constant-boiling azeotrope at 20. An azeotrope (pronounced 2% HCl and 108. 6 °C (227 °F). There are four constant-crystallization eutectic points for hydrochloric acid, between the crystal form of HCl·H₂O (68% HCl), HCl·2H₂O (51% HCl), HCl·3H₂O (41% HCl), HCl·6H₂O (25% HCl), and ice (0% HCl). Crystallization is the (natural or artificial process of formation of solid Crystals precipitating from a homogeneous --> identical Solution In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Ice is a Solid phase, usually crystalline, of a Non-metalic substance that is liquid or gas at Room temperature, such as Ammonia There is also a metastable eutectic point at 24. 8% between ice and the HCl·3H₂O crystallization

Production

Main article: hydrogen chloride

Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Hydrogen chloride can be generated in many ways, and thus several precursors to hydrochloric acid exist. The large-scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial scale chemicals production. Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals

Industrial market

Hydrochloric acid is produced in solutions up to 38% HCl (concentrated grade). Higher concentrations up to just over 40% are chemically possible, but the evaporation rate is then so high that storage and handling need extra precautions, such as pressure and low temperature. In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Bulk industrial-grade is therefore 30% to 34%, optimized for effective transport and limited product loss by HCl vapors. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another A vapor or vapour (see Spelling differences) is a substance in the Gas phase at a Temperature lower than its Critical temperature Solutions for household purposes in the US, mostly cleaning, are typically 10% to 12%, with strong recommendations to dilute before use. In the United Kingdom where it is sold as "Spirits of Salt" for domestic cleaning, the potency is the same as the US industrial grade.

Major producers worldwide include Dow Chemical at 2 million metric tonnes annually (2 Mt/year), calculated as HCl gas, and FMC, Georgia Gulf Corporation, Tosoh Corporation, Akzo Nobel, and Tessenderlo at 0. The Dow Chemical Company () is an American Multinational corporation headquartered in Midland Michigan. Formosa Plastics Corporation ( lit "Taiwan Plastic Company" is a Taiwanese company based in Taiwan that primarily produces Polyvinyl chloride The Georgia Gulf Corporation has historically been a major manufacturer and marketer of chlorovinyls ( Caustic soda, Chlorine, VCM EDC PVC resins PVC ( is a diversified global chemical and specialty materials company Akzo Nobel NV, trading as AkzoNobel, is a multinational company active in the fields of decorative Paints performance Coatings and specialty Chemicals Tessenderlo is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg (Belgium. 5 to 1. 5 Mt/year each. Total world production, for comparison purposes expressed as HCl, is estimated at 20 Mt/year, with 3 Mt/year from direct synthesis, and the rest as secondary product from organic and similar syntheses. By far, most of all hydrochloric acid is consumed captively by the producer. The open world market size is estimated at 5 Mt/year.

Applications

Hydrochloric acid is a common laboratory reagent.

Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes. The application often determines the required product quality.

Regeneration of ion exchangers

An important application of high-quality hydrochloric acid is the regeneration of ion exchange resins. ion-exchange resin is an insoluble matrix (or support structure normally in the form of small (1-2 mm diameter beads usually white or yellowish fabricated from an organic Polymer Cation exchange is widely used to remove ions such as Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ from aqueous solutions, producing demineralized water. Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific

Na⁺ is replaced by H₃O⁺

Ca²⁺ is replaced by 2 H₃O⁺

Ion exchangers and demineralized water are used in all chemical industries, drinking water production, and many food industries. Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an

pH Control and neutralization

A very common application of hydrochloric acid is to regulate the basicity (pH) of solutions. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution.

OH⁻ + HCl → H₂O + Cl⁻

In industry demanding purity (food, pharmaceutical, drinking water), high-quality hydrochloric acid is used to control the pH of process water streams. In less-demanding industry, technical-quality hydrochloric acid suffices for neutralizing waste streams and swimming pool treatment. A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or simply a pool, is an artificially enclosed Body of water intended for Swimming or

Pickling of steel

Pickling is an essential step in metal surface treatment, to remove rust or iron oxide scale from iron or steel before subsequent processing, such as extrusion, rolling, galvanizing, and other techniques. Pickling is a treatment of Metallic surfaces in order to remove impurities stains Rust or scale with a solution called Pickle liquor, containing The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Rust is a general term for a series of Iron oxides, usually red oxides formed by the reaction of Iron with Oxygen in the presence of water or air Altogether there are sixteen known Iron Oxides and oxyhydroxides Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile Rolling is a combination of Rotation (of a radially symmetric object and translation of that object with respect to a surface (either one or the other moves such that Technical-quality HCl at typically 18% concentration is the most commonly-used pickling agent for the pickling of carbon steel grades. Carbon steel, also called plain carbon steel, is Steel where the main alloying constituent is Carbon.

Fe₂O₃ + Fe + 6 HCl → 3 FeCl₂ + 3 H₂O

The spent acid has long been re-used as ferrous chloride solutions, but high heavy-metal levels in the pickling liquor has decreased this practice. Iron(II chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is the Chemical compound of formula FeCl2 Iron(II chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is the Chemical compound of formula FeCl2

In recent years, the steel pickling industry has, however, developed hydrochloric acid regeneration processes, such as the spray roaster or the fluidized bed HCl regeneration process, which allow the recovery of HCl from spent pickling liquor. Hydrochloric acid regeneration or HCl regeneration refers to a chemical process for the reclamation of bound and unbound HCl from metal chloride solutions as Hydrochloric The most common regeneration process is the pyrohydrolysis process, applying the following formula:

4 FeCl₂ + 4 H₂O + O₂ → 8 HCl+ 2 Fe₂O₃

By recuperation of the spent acid, a closed acid loop is established. The ferric oxide by product of the regeneration process is a valuable by-product, used in a variety of secondary industries.

HCl is not a common pickling agent for stainless steel grades. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11

Production of inorganic compounds

Numerous products can be produced with hydrochloric acid in normal acid-base reactions, resulting in inorganic compounds. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin These include water treatment chemicals such as iron(III) chloride and polyaluminium chloride (PAC). Iron chloride redirects here For Iron(II chloride see Iron(II chloride. Aluminium chlorohydrate is a group of Salts having the general formula Al n Cl (3n-m( OH)m

Fe₂O₃ + 6 HCl → 2 FeCl₃ + 3 H₂O

Both iron(III) chloride and PAC are used as flocculation and coagulation agents in wastewater treatment, drinking water production, and paper production. Flocculation is a process where a Solute comes out of Solution in the form of floc or flakes Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging

Other inorganic compounds produced with hydrochloric acid include road application salt calcium chloride, nickel(II) chloride for electroplating, and zinc chloride for the galvanizing industry and battery production. Calcium chloride (CaCl2 is an ionic compound of Calcium and Chlorine. Nickel(II chloride (or just nickel chloride) is the Chemical compound NiCl2 Electroplating is the process of using electrical current to reduce Cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a conductive object Zinc chloride is the name of Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[chlorine Cl]]2 and its hydrates In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy

Production of organic compounds

The largest hydrochloric acid consumption is in the production of organic compounds such as vinyl chloride for PVC. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Vinyl chloride is the Organic compound with the formula CH2CHCl This is often captive use, consuming locally-produced hydrochloric acid that never actually reaches the open market. Other organic compounds produced with hydrochloric acid include bisphenol A for polycarbonate, activated carbon, and ascorbic acid, as well as numerous pharmaceutical products. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Bisphenol A, commonly abbreviated as BPA, is an Organic compound with two Phenol Functional groups It is a difunctional building block of Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to This article deals with the molecular aspects of ascorbic acid

Other applications

Hydrochloric acid is a fundamental chemical, and as such it is used for a large number of small-scale applications, such as leather processing, household cleaning, and building construction. Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Cleanliness is the absence of dirt including Dust, Stains bad smells and Garbage. In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure In addition, a way of stimulating oil production is by injecting hydrochloric acid into the rock formation of an oil well, dissolving a portion of the rock, and creating a large-pore structure. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit West Texas PumpjackJPG|thumb|right|300px|This Pumpjack located south of Midland TX is a common sight in West Texas. Oil-well acidizing is a common process in the North Sea oil production industry. North Sea oil refers to oil and Natural gas ( Hydrocarbons produced from Oil reservoirs beneath the North Sea.

Many chemical reactions involving hydrochloric acid are applied in the production of food, food ingredients, and food additives. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an This article is about ingredients in general There is also an American soul and R&B group called The Main Ingredient. Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance Typical products include aspartame, fructose, citric acid, lysine, hydrolyzed (vegetable) protein as food enhancer, and in gelatin production. Aspartame (or APM) (ˈæspɚteɪm or /əˈspɑrteɪm/ is the name for an artificial non- Saccharide Sweetener, aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl Fructose (also levulose or laevulose) is a simple reducing Sugar ( Monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three Citric acid is a weak organic Acid. It is a natural Preservative and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and Soft drinks Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2(CH24NH2 Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Gelatin (also gelatine, from French gélatine) is a translucent colourless brittle nearly tasteless solid substance, extracted from the Food-grade (extra-pure) hydrochloric acid can be applied when needed for the final product.

Presence in living organisms

Physiology and pathology

Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. In a complex process and at a large energy burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are the Stomach Epithelium cells that secrete Gastric acid and Intrinsic factor These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. They are part of the fundic glands (also known as oxyntic glands) in the stomach. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following

Safety mechanisms that prevent the damage of the epithelium of digestive tract by hydrochloric acid are the following:

• Negative regulators of its release
• A thick mucus layer covering the epithelium
• Sodium bicarbonate secreted by gastric epithelial cells and pancreas
• The structure of epithelium (tight junctions)
• Adequate blood supply
• Prostaglandins (many different effects: they stimulate mucus and bicarbonate secretion, maintain epithelial barrier integrity, enable adequate blood supply, stimulate the healing of the damaged mucous membrane)

When, due to different reasons, these mechanisms fail, heartburn or peptic ulcers can develop. In biology and medicine epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body In vertebrates mucus is a slippery secretion produced by and covering Mucous membranes It is a viscous Colloid containing Antiseptic enzymes (such as Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Tight junctions, or zonula occludens, are the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtual impermeable barrier A prostaglandin is any member of a group of Lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from Fatty acids and have important functions in the Animal body Heartburn or pyrosis is a painful or burning sensation in the Esophagus, just below the breastbone usually associated with regurgitation of gastric acid A peptic ulcer, also known as PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an Ulcer (defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0 Drugs called proton pump inhibitors prevent the body from making excess acid in the stomach, while antacids neutralize existing acid. Proton pump inhibitors (or "PPI"s are a group of drugs whose main action is pronounced and long-lasting reduction of Gastric acid production An antacid is any substance generally a base or Basic salt, which counteracts stomach acidity.

In some instances, the stomach does not produce enough hydrochloric acid. These pathologic states are denoted by the terms hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria. Achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria refer to states where the production of Gastric acid in the Stomach is absent or low respectively Achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria refer to states where the production of Gastric acid in the Stomach is absent or low respectively They have the potential to lead to gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the

Chemical weapons

Phosgene (COCl₂) was a common chemical warfare agent used in World War I. Phosgene is the Chemical compound with the formula COCl2 This colorless gas gained infamy as a Chemical weapon during World War I Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The main effect of phosgene results from the dissolution of the gas in the mucous membranes deep in the lung, where it is converted by hydrolysis into carbonic acid and the corrosive hydrochloric acid. Phosgene is the Chemical compound with the formula COCl2 This colorless gas gained infamy as a Chemical weapon during World War I lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3 The latter disrupts the alveolar-capillary membranes so that the lung becomes filled with fluid (pulmonary edema). An alveolus (plural alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity" is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity Capillaries are the smallest of a body's Blood vessels measuring 5-10 μm in diameter which connect Arterioles and Venules and enable the interchange MembraneA biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating Amphipathic layer that acts as a barrier within or around a cell. Pulmonary Edema (American English or oedema (British English is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the Lungs It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause

Hydrochloric acid is also partly responsible for the harmful or blistering effects of mustard gas. The sulfur mustards, of which mustard gas ( Bis (2-chloroethyl sulfide is a member are a class of related Cytotoxic, Vesicant Chemical In the presence of water, such as on the moist surface of the eyes or lungs, mustard gas breaks down forming hydrochloric acid. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life.

Safety

Dangerous goods labels

Hydrochloric acid in high concentrations forms acidic mists. A dangerous good is any Solid, Liquid, or Gas that can harm people other living Organisms property or the environment Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines. Upon mixing hydrochloric acid with common oxidizing chemicals, such as bleach (NaClO) or permanganate (KMnO₄), the toxic gas chlorine is produced. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Sodium hypochlorite is a Chemical compound with the formula NaClO Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and To minimize the risks while working with hydrochloric acid, appropriate precautions should be taken, including wearing rubber or PVC gloves, protective eye goggles, and chemical-resistant clothing.

The hazards of solutions of hydrochloric acid depend on the concentration. The following table lists the EU classification of hydrochloric acid solutions:

The Environmental Protection Agency rates and regulates hydrochloric acid as a toxin. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low ^[4]

See also

• List of chemistry topics
• List of inorganic compounds

Related chemical substances

• Hydrochloride, organic salts of hydrochloric acid
• HClO Hypochlorous acid, and its salt hypochlorite
• HClO₂ Chlorous acid, and its salt chlorite
• HClO₃ Chloric acid, and its salt chlorate
• HClO₄ Perchloric acid, and its salt perchlorate

Notes and references

Notes

References

External links

• Density table for hydrochloric acid
• NIST WebBook, general link

General safety information

• EPA Hazard Summary
• NIH Description and Hazard Summary
• Hydrochloric acid MSDS by Jones-Hamilton
• Hydrochloric acid MSDS by Hampton Research
• Hydrochloric acid MSDS by American Bioanalytical
• Hydrochloric acid MSDS by Georgia Institute of Technology
• Hydrochloric acid MSDS by Akzo Nobel

Manufacturer information

• Hydrochloric acid product information of Akzo Nobel
• Hydrochloric acid product information of Tessenderlo
• Hydrochloric acid product information of Solvay
• Dow Chemical
• Chlor-Alkali information of Tosoh
• Hydrochloric acid product information of Bayer MaterialScience in North America

Pollution information

• National Pollutant Inventory - Hydrochloric Acid Fact Sheet