A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehicle. The Toyota Prius is a hybrid electric Mid-size car developed and manufactured by the Toyota Motor Corporation OneCAT is an upcoming Compressed air car. India 's Tata Motors is collaborating with Air engine developer Guy Nègre of MDI to produce A Compressed air car is an alternative fuel car that uses a motor powered by compressed air ^[1] Common power sources include:

• On-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fueled power source (internal combustion engine or fuel cell)
• Air and internal combustion engines
• Human powered bicycle with electric motor or gas engine assist
• Human-powered or sail boat with electric power

The term most commonly refers to Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) which includes internal combustion engines and electric motors. A rechargeable energy storage system or RESS is a system that stores Energy for delivery of electric energy and which is rechargeable generally in The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the A Compressed air engine is a Pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by expanding Compressed air. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a In some cases less is more The purpose of this article is to give an overview A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV is a Hybrid vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with a Rechargeable energy storage system (RESS The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy.

Contents 1 Hybrid types 1.1 Vehicle type 1.1.1 Single-wheeled vehicles 1.1.2 Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles 1.1.3 Heavy vehicles 1.1.3.1 Rail transport 1.1.3.2 Road Transport, Commercial Vehicles 1.2 Engine type 1.2.1 Hybrid-electric petroleum vehicles 1.2.2 Continuously recharged battery electric vehicle (BEV) 1.2.3 Hybrid fuel (dual mode) 1.2.4 Fluid power hybrid 2 Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (PHEV) 3 Environmental issues 3.1 Fuel consumption and emissions reductions 3.2 Environmental impact of hybrid car battery 3.3 Raw materials shortage 4 Alternative green vehicles 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Hybrid airplanes

Hybrid types

Vehicle type

Single-wheeled vehicles

There were large Chinese wheelbarrows depicted with sails and masts. A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle usually with just one Wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles to the rear or a sail ^[2] Likewise, there are the same Chinese wheelbarrows with sailing masts depicted in the Atlas of Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594 AD), as well as the 1626 AD book Kingdome of Chinay J. A separate article is about the mathematician Nicholas Mercator. Speed. ^[2] The English poet John Milton (1608–1674 AD) popularized the Chinese sailing carriage in Europe with a poem written in 1665. John Milton ( 9 December, 1608 – 8 November, 1674) was an English Poet, Prose Polemicist and ^[2]

Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles

Mopeds and electric bicycles are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the rider's muscles. Mopeds are a class of low-powered (typically under 50 cc displacement) motorized vehicle generally two or three wheeled A motorized bicycle, sometimes referred to as a light electric vehicle or LEV, is a Bicycle with an attached motor used to assist with pedaling The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy. Early prototypes of motorcycles in the late 1800s used the same principles.

• In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e. g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this type. See Motorized bicycles, Mopeds and^[3] for more information. A motorized bicycle, sometimes referred to as a light electric vehicle or LEV, is a Bicycle with an attached motor used to assist with pedaling Mopeds are a class of low-powered (typically under 50 cc displacement) motorized vehicle generally two or three wheeled

• In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. A chainless bicycle is a Bicycle that transmits power to the driven wheel through a mechanism other than a chain. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are commercially available, because they are very simple in theory and manufacturing. ^[4]

The first known prototype and publication of an SH bicycle is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite SH lightweight vehicle which used power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Müller designed a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SH bicycle and in 1998 mounted the system onto a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). The Leitra is the name of a company and the Velomobile it makes a speedy shielded recumbent Bicycle (or in this case tricycle for use in diverse weather conditions In 1999 Harald Kutzke described his concept of the "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. Until 2005 Fuchs and colleagues built several prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles. A tricycle (often abbreviated to trike) is a three-wheeled vehicle A Quadricycle is a four-wheeled human-powered vehicle. It is also referred to as a quadracycle, quadcycle, quadrocycle or as a four-wheel [1]

Heavy vehicles

Hybrid power trains are used for diesel-electric or turbo-electric railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships. For the UK engine manufacturer see Powertrain Ltd. In a Motor vehicle, the term drivetrain, powertrain or powerplant A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric Powertrain for providing locomotion. turbo-electric transmission uses Electric generators to convert the mechanical energy of a Turbine ( steam or gas) into electric energy and Hydraulic machinery are machines and tools which use Fluid power to do work Ships with both sails and engines are an early form of hybrid which may return to more common use as costs of fuels rises. Typically some form of heat engine (usually diesel) drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump which power one or more electric or hydraulic motors. There are advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements especially when multiple drives—e. g. driven wheels or propellers—are required. There is power lost in the double conversion from typically diesel fuel to electricity to power an electric or hydraulic motor. With large vehicles the advantages often outweigh the disadvantages especially as the conversion losses typically decrease with size. Presently there is no or relatively little energy storage capacity on most heavy vehicles, e. g. auxiliary batteries and hydraulic accumulators—this is changing. A hydraulic accumulator is an Energy storage device It is a Pressure storage reservoir in which a non-compressible Hydraulic fluid is held under pressure

Rail transport

An example of a typical "hybrid" is the new Canadian, Bombardier-built railroad engine called the AGC (Autorail à grande capacité, high-capacity railcar) which has dual mode (diesel and electric motors) and dual voltage capabilities (1500 and 25000 V) allowing it to be used on many different rail systems. Bombardier Inc (bɔ̃baʁdje is a Canadian conglomerate, founded by Joseph-Armand Bombardier as L'Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée in 1942 The Autorail à Grande Capacité (literally high-capacity Railcar) is a category of Multiple-unit Trains built by the Canadian train manufacturer [2]. The first operational prototype of a hybrid train engine with significant energy storage and energy regeneration capability has been introduced in Japan as the Kiha E200. It utilizes battery packs of lithium ion batteries mounted on the roof to store recovered energy. ^[5] In the U. S. , General Electric introduced a prototype railroad engine with their "Ecomagination" technology in 2007. They store energy in a large set of sodium nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2) batteries to capture and store energy normally dissipated during dynamic braking or coasting downhill. They expect at least a 10% reduction in fuel use with this system and are now spending about $2 billion/yr on hybrid research. ^[6] Variants of typical diesel-electrical locomotives are like the Green Goat (GG) and Green Kid (GK) switching/yard engines built by Canada's Railpower Technologies. Railpower Technologies Corp ( is a Canadian company that builds environmentally friendly hybrid yard Locomotives founded by Frank Donnelly and Gerard Railpower Technologies Corp ( is a Canadian company that builds environmentally friendly hybrid yard Locomotives founded by Frank Donnelly and Gerard Railpower Technologies Corp ( is a Canadian company that builds environmentally friendly hybrid yard Locomotives founded by Frank Donnelly and Gerard They utilize a large set of heavy duty long life (~10 yr) rechargeable lead acid (Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000 HP electric motors as the primary motive sources and a new clean burning diesel generator (~160 Hp) for recharging the batteries that is used only as needed. No power or fuel are wasted for idling—typically 60–85% of the time for these type locomotives. Its unclear if dynamic braking (regenerative) power is recaptured for reuse; but in principle should be easily utilized. Dynamic braking is the use of the electric Traction motors of a Railroad vehicle as generators when slowing the vehicle Since these engines typical need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack's weight is a negligible penalty. In addition the diesel generator and battery package are normally built on an existing "retired" "yard" locomotive's frame for significant additional cost savings. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused. Diesel fuel savings of 40–60% and up to 80% pollution reductions are claimed over that of a "typical" older switching/yard engine. The same advantages that existing hybrid cars have for use with frequent starts and stops and idle periods apply to typical switching yard use. ^[7] "Green Goats" locomotives have been purchased by Canadian Pacific Railway, BNSF Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway and Union Pacific Railroad among others. The Canadian Pacific Railway ( The BNSF Railway headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, is one of the four remaining Transcontinental railroads and one of the largest railroad networks in Kansas City Southern (, is the Parent company of many Railroads and railroad related companies

Railpower Technologies Corp. engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems Inc. in Vancouver, British Columbia are testing a hybrid diesel electric power unit with battery storage for use in Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) cranes. A Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG is a mobile Gantry crane used for stacking Shipping containers within the stacking areas of a container terminal RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift the containers can be partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50–70% are predicted by Railpower engineers. ^[8] First systems are expected to be operational in 2007. ^[9]

Road Transport, Commercial Vehicles

Early hybrid systems are being investigated for trucks and other heavy highway vehicles with some operational trucks and buses starting to come into use. The Chevrolet Tahoe (and very similar GMC Yukon) is a Full-size SUV from General Motors. The main obstacles seem to be smaller fleet sizes and the extra costs of a hybrid system are yet compensated for by fuel savings, but with the price of oil set to continue on its upward trend, the tipping point may be reached by the end of 2008. Advances in technology and lowered battery cost and higher capacity etc. developed in the hybrid car industry are already filtering into truck use as Toyota, Ford, GM and others introduce hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced a hybrid-electric truck, called the Kenworth T270 Class 6 that for city usage seems to be competitive. ^[10][11] FedEx and others are starting to invest in hybrid delivery type vehicles—particularly for city use where hybrid technology may pay off first. FedEx Corporation ( is a Logistics services company based in the United States. ^[12] The U. S. military is investigating hybrid Humvees^[13] and other vehicles. This article refers to the Military HMMWV not the civilian Hummer sold by General Motors The M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled

Engine type

Hybrid-electric petroleum vehicles

Main article: Hybrid electric vehicle

When the term hybrid vehicle is used, it most often refers to a Hybrid electric vehicle. The Optare Solo is a low floor Midibus manufactured by Optare in Leeds, UK since 1997 A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV is a Hybrid vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with a Rechargeable energy storage system (RESS A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV is a Hybrid vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with a Rechargeable energy storage system (RESS These encompass such vehicles as the AHS2 (Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Chevrolet Silverado, Cadillac Escalade, and the Saturn Vue), Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid and others. Global Hybrid Cooperation (formerly called Advanced Hybrid System 2 or AHS2) is a set of Hybrid vehicle technologies jointly developed by General Motors The Chevrolet Tahoe (and very similar GMC Yukon) is a Full-size SUV from General Motors. The Chevrolet Silverado (along with its GMC counterpart the GMC Sierra) is the latest line of Full-size Pickup trucks from General The Cadillac Escalade is a Full-size luxury Sport utility vehicle (SUV sold by the General Motors luxury brand Cadillac The Saturn Vue is a compact Crossover SUV from General Motors ' Saturn Marque, and was Saturn's top-selling model in the United The Toyota Prius is a hybrid electric Mid-size car developed and manufactured by the Toyota Motor Corporation The Toyota Camry Hybrid is a hybrid version of the Camry sedan. The Ford Escape Hybrid, launched in 2004 is a gas-electric hybrid powered version of the Ford Escape SUV developed by the Ford Motor Company. The Toyota Kluger, known as the Toyota Highlander in North America, is a Crossover SUV assembled by Toyota under the Toyota Brand name The Honda Insight is a Hybrid electric vehicle manufactured by Honda in its first generation as a three-door hatchback from model years 2000 to 2006 See also Honda Civic The Honda Civic Hybrid is a hybrid version of the Honda Civic sedan. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines (generally gasoline or Diesel engines, powered by a variety of fuels) and electric batteries to power electric motors. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy. There are many types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains, from Full hybrid to Mild hybrid, which offer varying advantages and disadvantages. Hybrid Vehicles make use of both an on-board Rechargeable energy storage system (RESS and a fueled power source for vehicle propulsion. Mild hybrids are essentially conventional Vehicles with oversized Starter motors allowing the Engine to be turned off whenever the car is ^[14]

While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 1800s, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas in 1978-79. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to get as much as 75MPG and plans are still sold to this original design, and the "Mother Earth News" modified version on their website. ^[15]

Continuously recharged battery electric vehicle (BEV)

Given suitable infrastructure, permissions and vehicles, BEVs can be recharged while the user drives. The battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of Electric vehicle (EV that uses chemical Energy stored in Rechargeable battery The BEV establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanism (see Conduit current collection). Conduit current collection was a system of Electric current collection used by electric Trams where the power supply was carried in a channel under the roadway rather The BEV's batteries are recharged by this process—on the highway—and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged.

This provides the advantage, in principle, of virtually unrestricted highway range as long as you stay where you have BEV infrastructure access. Since many destinations are within 100 km of a major highway, this may reduce the need for expensive battery systems. Unfortunately private use of the existing electrical system is nearly universally prohibited.

The technology for such electrical infrastructure is old and, unfortunately outside of some cities, is not widely distributed (see Conduit current collection, trams, electric rail, trolleys, third rail). Conduit current collection was a system of Electric current collection used by electric Trams where the power supply was carried in a channel under the roadway rather A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train Railway electrification supplies electrical energy to railway Locomotives and Multiple units so they can operate without having a Reciprocating A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train A third rail is a method of providing Electricity to power a railway through a continuous rigid conductor alongside the railway track or between the rails Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs can be funded, in principle, by toll revenue, gasoline or other taxes.

Hybrid fuel (dual mode)

In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types ("fuels") using the same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles:

• Some electric trolleybuses can switch between an on board diesel engine and overhead electrical power depending on conditions (see dual mode bus). Ground propulsion is a different term than transport because it refers to solid bodies being propelled Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy See also Global Hybrid Cooperation for the General Motors / DaimlerChrysler / BMW Hybrid vehicle technology often called "Dual-Mode" A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr This article concerns buses that can run with two independent fuel sources In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true plug-in hybrid trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have been announced. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels (petroleum and biofuels) in one tank — typically gasoline and bioethanol or biobutanol, though diesel-biodiesel vehicles would also qualify. A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV or dual-fuel vehicle ( Colloquially called a flex-fuel vehicle) is an alternative fuel Automobile or Ethanol fuel is Ethanol (ethyl alcohol the same type of Alcohol found in Alcoholic beverages. Butanol may be used as a Fuel in an Internal combustion engine. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by
• Dual mode:Liquified petroleum gas and natural gas are very different from petroleum or diesel and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be impossible to build an (LPG or NG) flexible fuel system. See also Global Hybrid Cooperation for the General Motors / DaimlerChrysler / BMW Hybrid vehicle technology often called "Dual-Mode" Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or Autogas) is a mixture of Hydrocarbon Gases used as a Fuel Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Instead vehicles are built with two, parallel, fuel systems feeding one engine. While the duplicated tanks cost space in some applications, the increased range and flexibilty where (LPG or NG) infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase.
• Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it is available, such as cars modified to run on autogas (LPG) and diesels modified to run on waste vegetable oil that has not been processed into biodiesel. Autogas is the common name for Liquified petroleum gas (LPG when it is used as a Fuel in Internal combustion engines in Vehicles. For engines designed to burn #2 diesel fuel the Viscosity of vegetable oil must be lowered to allow for proper Atomization of fuel otherwise incomplete combustion
• Power-assist mechanisms for bicycles and other human-powered vehicles are also included. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus

Fluid power hybrid

Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (i. A compressed air vehicle is powered by an Air engine, using Compressed air, which is stored in a tank For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering Pneumatics, Pressurized gas to affect mechanical motion Pneumatic power is used in Industry, where it is common to have factory units plumbed for Compressed e. compressed air) drive units. A compressed air vehicle is powered by an Air engine, using Compressed air, which is stored in a tank The energy recovery rate is higher and therefore the system is more efficient than battery charged hybrids, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy economy in EPA testing ^[16]. Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of Energy in societies. Under tests done by the EPA, a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 mpg–U. The Ford Expedition is a Full-size SUV built by the Ford Motor Company. S. (7. 35 L/100 km / 38. 4 mpg–imp) City, and 22 mpg–U. S. (10. 69 L/100 km / 26. 4 mpg–imp) highway. ^[17]

UPS currently has two trucks in service with this technology. ^[18]

While the system has faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling and is cheaper than gaselectric hybrids, the accumulator size dictates total energy storage capacity and requires more space than a battery.

Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (PHEV)

Main article: Plug-in hybrid

The latest hybrid technology is the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle ( PHEV) is a Hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an Electric power The PHEV consists of a gasoline-electric hybrid whose battery pack (usually Li-ion) is upgraded to a larger capacity, which can be recharged by either a battery charger hooked into the electrical grid or the gasoline engine (only if required). The car runs on battery power for the first 10 to 60 miles (16–100 km), with the gasoline engine available for faster acceleration, etc. After the battery is nearly discharged, the car reverts to the gasoline engine to recharge the battery and/or return the car to the charging station. This may get around the fundamental obstacle of battery range that has made nearly all pure electric cars impractical. Fuel costs (ignoring conversion costs), in principle, may be as low as 5 cents/mile. It's not clear yet whether converting an existing hybrid car will ever pay for itself in fuel savings. The biggest problem is finding a good, cheap, high-energy battery pack—the same problem that has plagued the pure electric car. If everyone plugged into the utility grid to charge up their car this would seem to be merely displacing the gasoline/diesel combustion problem to the typical coal powered electrical generating plant. But, if cars were recharged late at night this would allow the base load of the electrical system to be more efficient with a much more even base load and electrical power can also be generated by clean wind, hydro, tide power, etc. Since most travel is about 30 miles/day this may be the cleanest personal transportation system presently available. There is a "cottage" conversion industry for owners of existing hybrids, and several large auto industry groups (GM, Toyota, Mercedes etc. ) as well as the US Department of Energy^[19] are investigating this system. No major car company (as of late 2007) offers PHEVs yet. The typical "cottage" industry conversion car is the Toyota Prius (cost of conversion $5k-$40k), since it is a full hybrid with enough power in its electrical system to maintain typical city speeds. ^[20][21]

Environmental issues

Fuel consumption and emissions reductions

The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by four elements of a typical hybrid design:

1. recapturing energy normally wasted during braking etc. ;
2. having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy;
3. shutting down the gasoline or diesel engine during traffic stops or while coasting or other idle periods;
4. relying on both the gasoline (or diesel engine) and the electric motors for peak power needs resulting in a smaller gasoline or diesel engine sized more for average usage rather than peak power usage.

These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting and idling periods. In addition noise emissions are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds,^[22] in comparison to conventional gasoline or diesel powered engine vehicles. Roadway noise is the collective sound energy emanating from Motor vehicles In the USA it contributes more to environmental noise exposure than any other noise source and is For continuous high speed highway use these features are much less useful in reducing emissions.

Environmental impact of hybrid car battery

Main article: Electric vehicle battery

Though hybrid cars take in substantially less petroleum than conventional cars, there is still an issue regarding the environmental damage of the Hybrid car battery. See also Rechargeable batteries See also Rechargeable electricity storage system An electric vehicle battery (EVB is a Rechargeable Today most Hybrid car batteries are one of two types: (1) nickel metal hydride, or (2) lithium ion; both are regarded as more environmentally friendly than lead-based batteries (which constitute the bulk of car batteries today). “Jim Kliesch, author of the ‘Green Book: The Environmental Guide to Cars and Trucks’ told HybridCars. com, ‘There are many types of batteries. Some are far more toxic than others. While batteries like lead acid or nickel cadmium are incredibly bad for the environment, the toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteries—the type currently used in hybrids—are much lower. ’"[3].

Though substantially less toxic than conventional car batteries, nickel-based batteries are known carcinogens, as well as can lead to a wide array of other health problems (little testing has been done to show the effects of nickel on people but other possible side effects may include: “xencephaly, everted viscera, short and twisted neck, short and twisted limbs, microphthalmia, hemorrhage, and reduced body size” [4]). In Anatomy, a viscus (ˈvɪskəs ( Plural: viscera /ˈvɪsərə/ is an internal organ of an animal (including humans in particular an internal Microphthalmia (or microphthalmos) means small Eyes. Presentation In Mammals the failure of expression of a transcription factor MITF ( Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging / haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences) is the loss of Blood from

Raw materials shortage

There is an impeding shortage of many rare materials used in the manufacture of hybrid cars ^[23].

For example, the rare earth element dysprosium is required to fabricate many of the advanced electric motors and battery systems in hybrid propulsion systems ^[24][23]. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy.

However, nearly all the rare earth elements in the world come from China^[25], and many analysts believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire supply by 2012. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ^[23] In addition, export quotas on Chinese Rare Earth exports have resulted in a generally shaky supply of those metals ^{[26] [27]}.

A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced Hoidas Lake project in northern Canada as well as Mt Weld in Australia are currently under development;^[28] however it is not known if these sources will be developed before the shortage hits. Hoidas Lake is a remote northern Canadian lake which lies approximately 50 kilometers north of Uranium City Saskatchewan. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Alternative green vehicles

Main article: Green vehicle#Types

Other types of green vehicles include other vehicles that go fully or partly on alternative energy sources than fossil fuel. A green vehicle is a Vehicle that is considered to be more " Environmentally friendly " than traditional all-petroleum Internal combustion engine Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Another alternative is to use alternative fuel composition in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them go partly on renewable energy sources.

Other approaches include personal rapid transit, a public transportation concept that offers automated on-demand non-stop transportation, on a network of specially-built guideways. Personal rapid transit (PRT, also called personal automated transport (PAT or podcar, is a Public transportation concept that offers on-demand non-stop

See also

List of hybrid vehicles Hybrid Locomotive Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains Plug-in hybrid Human-Electric Hybrid Vehicle Petroleum electric hybrid vehicle Tribrid vehicle Hybrid buses Hybrid trucks

Alternative propulsion Bivalent (engine) Diesel-electric and diesel-electric locomotive Electric vehicle Solid oxide fuel cell Efficient energy use Global warming

References

External links

• How Hydraulic Hybrids Work at HowStuffWorks
• History of Hybrid Technology.
• Hybrid Cars History.
• Hybrid Car Insider
• Hybrid Cars Website.
• Hybrid Jungle
• The Ecoist Abode
• Hybridization of Diesel powertrain in passenger cars
• The Electric Car Society

Hybrid airplanes

• The Future of Flight (Obese Pelicans to Shape-Shifting Switchblades)

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