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Hutterites are a communal branch of Anabaptists who, like the Amish and Mennonites, trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the 16th century. Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation The Amish (ˈɑːmɪʃ are members of an Anabaptist Christian denomination best known for Simple living, Plain dress and resisting modern conveniences The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively The Radical Reformation was a 16th century response to what was believed to be both the corruption in the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Since the death of their founder Jakob Hutter in 1536, the beliefs of the Hutterites, especially living in a community of goods and absolute pacifism, has resulted in hundreds of years of odyssey through many countries. Jacob Hutter (or Jakob Hutter) (born 1500 died February 25 1536) was a Tyrolean Anabaptist leader and founder of the Hutterites Common ownership is a principle according to which the assets of an enterprise or other organization are held indivisibly rather than in the names of the individual members or Nearly extinct by the 18th and 19th century, the Hutterites found a new home in North America. Over 125 years their population grew from 400 to around 50,000. The Hutterite community has one of the highest fertility rates. [1]

Hutterite women at work
Hutterite women at work

Contents

History

Bill of impeachment
Bill of impeachment

Originating in the Austrian province of Tyrol in the 16th century, the forerunners of the Hutterites migrated to Moravia to escape persecution. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. There, under the leadership of Jakob Hutter, they developed the communal form of living based on the New Testament books of the Acts of the Apostles (Chapters 2 (especially Verse 44), 4, and 5) and 2 Corinthians—which distinguishes them from other Anabaptists such as the Amish and Mennonites. Jacob Hutter (or Jakob Hutter) (born 1500 died February 25 1536) was a Tyrolean Anabaptist leader and founder of the Hutterites The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is a book in the New Testament, written by Paul the Apostle. Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation The Amish (ˈɑːmɪʃ are members of an Anabaptist Christian denomination best known for Simple living, Plain dress and resisting modern conveniences The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively

A basic tenet of Hutterian society has always been absolute pacifism, forbidding its members from taking part in military activities, taking orders, wearing a formal uniform (such as a soldier's or a police officer's) or contributing to war taxes. This has led to expulsion or persecution in the several lands in which they have lived. In Moravia, the Hutterites flourished for over a century, until renewed persecution caused by the Austrian takeover of the Czech lands forced them once again to migrate, first to Transylvania, and, then, in the early 18th century, to Ukraine, in the Russian Empire. Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Some Hutterites converted to Catholicism and retained a separate ethnic identity in Slovakia as the Habans until the 19th century (by the end of World War II, the Haban group had become essentially extinct). Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including At this time the number of Hutterites had fallen to around 100. [2] In Ukraine, the Hutterites enjoyed relative prosperity, although their distinctive form of communal life was influenced by neighboring Russian Mennonites. The Russian Mennonites are a group of Mennonites descended from Dutch and mainly Germanic Prussian Anabaptists who established colonies in South In time, though, Russia had installed a new compulsory military service law, and the pressure was on again.

After sending scouts to North America in 1873 along with a Mennonite delegation, three groups totalling 1265 individuals migrated to North America between 1874 and 1879 in response to the new Russian military service law. The Russian Mennonites are a group of Mennonites descended from Dutch and mainly Germanic Prussian Anabaptists who established colonies in South Of these, 400 identified as Eigentümler and shared a community of goods. Most Hutterites are descended from these 400. Named for the leader of each group (the Schmiedeleut, Dariusleut, and Lehrerleut, leut being based on the German word for people), they settled initially in the Dakota Territory; later, Dariusleut colonies were established in central Montana. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Dakota Territory was the name of an organized territory of the United States that existed from 1861 to 1889 Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Here, each group reestablished the traditional Hutterite communal lifestyle.

Michael Hofer Martyr
Michael Hofer Martyr
Joseph Hofer Martyr
Joseph Hofer Martyr

During World War I, the pacifist Hutterites suffered persecution in the United States. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs of affiliations. In the most severe case, four Hutterite men subjected to military draft who refused to comply were imprisoned and tortured. Ultimately, two died at Leavenworth Military Prison from mistreatment, after the Armistice had been signed ending the war. USDBjpg|right|thumb|250px|A historical view of the USDB - Note date above double doors - 1877 [3]

The Hutterite community responded by abandoning Dakota and moving 17 of the 18 existing American colonies to the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 With the passage of laws protecting conscientious objectors, however, some of the Schmiedeleut ultimately returned to the Dakotas beginning in the 1930s, where they built and inhabited new colonies. A conscientious objector (CO is an individual who on religious moral or ethical grounds refuses to participate as a combatant in war or in some cases to take any role that would support Some of the abandoned structures from the first wave still stand in South Dakota.

In 1942, alarmed at the influx of Dakota Hutterites buying copious tracts of land, the province of Alberta passed the Communal Properties Act, severely restricting the expansion of the Dariusleut and Lehrerleut colonies. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 The act was repealed in 1973, allowing Hutterites to purchase land. This act resulted in the establishment of a number of new colonies in British Columbia and Saskatchewan and at the same time there was expansion into Montana and eastern Washington in the 1940s and 1950s. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Today, approximately three of every four Hutterite colonies are in Canada (mostly in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan), with almost all of the remainder in the United States (primarily South Dakota and Montana). Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern The total Hutterite population in both countries is generally estimated between forty and fifty thousand.

For a few years in the early 1950s, and in 1974–1990, the Arnoldleut (or Bruderhof Communities) were recognized as Hutterites. The Bruderhof Communities (place of brothers are Christian religious communities with branches in New York, Florida and Pennsylvania in the Although most Hutterites live in the Midwestern United States and in Western Canada, Hutterite colonies have been established in Australia, Nigeria and Japan. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

Society

Bon Homme Limestone House
Bon Homme Limestone House

Hutterite communities, called "colonies", are all rural; many depend largely on farming or ranching, depending on their locale for their income. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle More and more colonies are getting into manufacturing as it gets harder to make a living on farming alone. The colony is virtually or literally self-sufficient, constructing its own buildings, doing its own maintenance and repair on equipment, making its own clothes, etc.

Governance

Hutterite colonies are male-managed with women participating in traditional roles such as cooking, medical decisions and selection and purchase of fabric for clothing. Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over The colony's manager is the Minister, and most times his wife holding the title of Schneider (from German "tailor"), thus she is in charge of clothing making or purchasing.

Community ownership

Hutterites practice a near-total community of goods: all property is owned by the colony, and provisions for individual members and their families come from the common resources. This practice is based largely on Hutterite interpretation of passages in chapters 2, 4, and 5 of Acts, which speak of the believers "having all things in common". The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. Thus the colony owns and operates its buildings and equipment like a corporation. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Housing units are built and assigned to individual families but belong to the colony and there is very little personal property. Meals are taken by the entire colony in a dining or fellowship room.

Hutterites say that in their entire five-century history there have been two murders and about fifteen suicides. Young Hutterite men often leave their colony upon reaching adulthood to try life in the outside world. Many return disillusioned by the harsh, cold speed of the modern world and are welcomed back to the colony.

Daughter colonies

New colony
New colony

Each colony consists of about 10 to 20 families, with a population of around 60 to 150. When the colony's population grows near the upper figure and its leadership determines that branching off is economically and spiritually necessary, they locate, purchase land for, and build a "daughter" colony. When the new colony is complete and ready for habitation, half of the old colony's members are chosen (usually by lot) to depart for the new colony, which they often do the very next day. When an intercolony marriage occurs, the bride goes to live in the groom's colony, where she will be treated to a wedding celebration. The members from the bride and the grooms colony attend, in some cases only family or immediate family members.

Agriculture and manufacturing

Often, colonies own large tracts of land and, since they function as a collective unit, can afford top-of-the-line farm implements. Some also run state-of-the-art hog, chicken or turkey barns. An increasing number of Hutterite colonies are again venturing into the manufacturing sector. Before the Hutterites emigrated to North America, they relied on manufacturing to sustain their communities. It was only in Russia that the Hutterites learned to farm from the Mennonites. Largely due to the increasing automation of farming (GPS controlled seeding, spraying, etc), Hutterites are again looking to manufacturing to provide work for their people. Many of the colonies, who have gone into manufacturing, have realized that they need to provide their members with a higher level of education.

Use of technology

Although Hutterites attempt to remove themselves from the outside world (televisions, radios, tapes, CD's, etc. are forbidden), and many of the Lehrerleut and Dariusleut (Alberta) colonies still only have one central phone, the majority of the Schmiedeleut already have phones in each household and place of business. Most Lehrerleut and Dariusleut are following suit. Phones are used for both business and for social purposes. Cell phones are also very common among the Schmied groups. Text messaging has made cell phones particularly useful for Hutterian young people wishing to keep in touch with their peers. Some Hutterite homes have computers and radios; a minority of communities (mostly, liberal Schmiedleut colonies) have some filtered Internet access. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Farming equipment technology generally matches or exceeds that of non-Hutterite farmers.

Education

Rather than send their children to an outside school, Hutterites build a schoolhouse onsite at the colony to fulfill a minimum educational agreement with the Province or State, which is typically run by an outside hired educator who teaches the basics including English. Traditionally, Hutterite children have left school at 15 years of age to fulfill their adult roles in the colony. This practice is still strictly maintained by the Lehrerleut and most of the Dariusleut colonies. However, an increasing number of Hutterites, especially among the Schmiedeleut, have graduated from high school. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution In addition, some of these young people have then gone on to attend university; many become teachers for their colonies. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or Brandon University in Brandon, Manitoba, offers a Hutterite Education Program (BUHEP) to Hutterites who are willing to teach on Hutterite colonies. Brandon University is a Canadian University located in the city of Brandon, Manitoba, with an enrolment of 3383 ( 2005) full-time Brandon is a City in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. The surrounding area is often referred to as " Westman " This program is only available to the Hutterite colonies on the less conservative side of the Schmiedleut split.

Types

Three different branches of Hutterites live in the prairies of North America, the Schmiedeleut, the Dariusleut and the Lehrerleut. Even though all three "leut" are Hutterites, there are some distinctive differences. However, it should be noted, that the original doctrine of all three groups is identical. The differences are mostly traditional and geographical.

Current

  1. Schmiedeleut:
    • Hutterian Brethren (Group 1) (Elder Jacob Kleinsasser, Crystal Spring, MB)
    • Group 2 Hutterites (Group 2) (No Elder)
  2. Dariusleut: (Elder Martin Walter, Spring Point Colony, AB)
  3. Lehrerleut: (Elder Peter Entz, Crystal Spring Colony, Alberta!AB]). Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905

Former

Arnoldleut: Formerly called the Bruderhof Communities, Church Communities International are a group of more recent origins who, prior to 1990, were accepted by the preceding groups as a part of the Hutterite community. The Bruderhof Communities (place of brothers are Christian religious communities with branches in New York, Florida and Pennsylvania in the

Photography

Alberta Hutterites won the right to avoid having their photograph taken for their drivers' licenses. In May 2007, the Alberta Court of Appeal ruled that the photograph requirement violates their religious rights and that driving was essential to their way of life. The Alberta Court of Appeal is the highest Court in Alberta, Canada The Wilson Springs colony based their position on the belief that images are prohibited by the Second Commandment. The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given [4] About eighty of the photo-less licenses were in use at the time of the decision. [5] Besides the Alberta Hutterite groups (Darius and Lehreleut), a handful of colonies in Manitoba (Schmiedleut) do not wish their members to be photographed for licenses or other identity document. An identity document, also called a piece of identification ( ID) is a document used to verify aspects of a person's Identity.

Clothing

In contrast to the plain look of the Amish and Old Order Mennonites, Hutterite clothing can be vividly coloured, especially on children. The Amish (ˈɑːmɪʃ are members of an Anabaptist Christian denomination best known for Simple living, Plain dress and resisting modern conveniences Old Order Mennonites is a branch of the Mennonite church. Although the term strictly refers to one particular group it is often used to refer to those groups of Mennonites

Dialect

Just as the Amish and Old Order Mennonites often use Pennsylvania German, the Hutterites have preserved and use among themselves a distinct dialect of German known as Hutterite German or Hutterisch. Pennsylvania German (also Pennsylvania Dutch, Deitsch, Pennsylvania Deutsch, Pennsilfaanisch-Deitsch, Pennsilfaani-Deitsch, Pennsilveni-Deitsch Hutterite German ( Hutterisch) is an Upper German dialect of the Austro-Bavarian variety of the German language, which is spoken by Originally based on a Tyrolean dialect from the south-central German-speaking Europe from which they sprang in the 16th century, Hutterisch has taken on a Carinthian base due to their migratory history. Carinthia (Kärnten Koroška is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. In the years 1760 -1763, the Hutterites were joined by a large group of Lutherans who spoke a Carinthian dialect. Eventually, this led to the replacement of the Hutterite's Tyrolean dialect with the Carinthian dialect. Partly as a result of this, the Amish and Hutterite German dialects are not generally mutually intelligible. In their religious exercises Hutterites use a classic Lutheran German.

Colonies

The mid-2004 location and number of the world's 472 Hutterite colonies:[6]

The Japanese Hutterite community does not consist of Hutterites of European descent, but ethnic Japanese who have adopted the same way of life and are recognized as an official colony. The inhabitants of this colony speak neither English nor German. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

In similar fashion, a "neo-" Hutterite group was founded in Germany in 1920, called the Bruderhof, by Eberhard Arnold. The Bruderhof Communities (place of brothers are Christian religious communities with branches in New York, Florida and Pennsylvania in the Eberhard Arnold ( July 26, 1883 &ndash November 22, 1935) was a Christian German Writer, Philosopher Arnold had forged links with the North American Hutterites in the 1930s, continuing until 1990 when the Bruderhof were excommunicated due to a number of religious and social differences. [7]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1169-1018%281996%292%3A8%3C252%3ACICIMG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage
  2. ^ Sources in this time don't separate between Hutterites and Mennonites. Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. A commune is an Intentional community of people living together sharing common interests Property, possessions Resources, work and Income Peace churches are Christian churches groups or communities advocating Christian pacifism. Simple living (or voluntary simplicity) is a lifestyle individuals choose to minimize the 'more-is-better' pursuit of Wealth and consumption. The Bruderhof Communities (place of brothers are Christian religious communities with branches in New York, Florida and Pennsylvania in the
  3. ^ Hallock, Dan The Martyrs of Alcatraz; Religious Persecution in the Land of the Free, Bruderhoff Communities, retrieved 2008-04-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
  4. ^ Hutterites exempt from driver's licence photos: Appeal Court, CBC News, www. cbc. ca, May 17, 2007
  5. ^ Alta. Hutterites win right to driver’s license without pic, Edmonton Sun, May 17, 2007
  6. ^ The 2004 Hutterite Phone Book, Canadian Edition, James Valley Colony of Hutterian Brethren: Elie, Manitoba.
  7. ^ Hutterian Church Excommunicates The Bruderhof, 1990

Further reading

External links

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