Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 625, at Medina - tenth of Muharram 680, at Karbala) was the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the son of Ali, the first Imam, and the fourth Caliph, and Muhammad's daughter Fatima Zahra. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at Shahrbānū (or Shahr Banu) ( Persian: شهربانو (Meaning "Lady of the Land" is a personage described to have been one of the daughters of Yazdgerd III (also spelled Yazdegerd or Yazdiger, Persian: یزدگرد سوم "made by God") was the twenty-ninth and last king of ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn (Arabic علي بن حسين) (approximately 6 January 659 - 20 October 712 is a great-grandson of Muhammad as well as the fourth Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn ( علي الاكبر بن حسين) (Fifth of Sha'aban, 44 AH - Tenth of Muharram, 61 AH was the Abdullah (Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn (Tenth of Rajab, 60 AH - Tenth of Muharram, 61 AH was the youngest child of Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of the Sakinah bint Husayn ( Arabic: سكينة) (Twentieth of Rajab, 56 AH – 117 AH was the youngest daughter of Husayn ibn Ali and Umm Fatimah Sugra was daughter of Imam Husayn ibn Ali. She was the only daughter whom Husayn did not take along with him on his way to Kufa ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. Shaban may refer to Sha'aban, a month of the Islamic calendar Shaban Afghanistan Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. Hussein ibn Ali is revered as a martyr who fought tyranny, as the third Imam by most Shi’a Muslims^[1], and as the second Imam by the majority of Ismaili Shi'a Muslims. Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine. The Ismaili view on the Imamah differs from the Twelver Shi'a as well as Sunni views For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون

He refused to pledge alligiance to Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph. Yazid ibn Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان ( July 23[[ 45]] - 683 was the second Caliph of the Umayyad The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah As a consequence, he was killed by Yazid's army in the Battle of Karbala in 680 (61 AH). The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. ^[2] The anniversary of his martyrdom is called Ashura and it is a day of mourning and religious observance for Shi'a Muslims. An anniversary (from the Latin anniversarius, from the words for year and to turn meaning (returning yearly known in English since c. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram Revenge for Husayn's death was turned into a rallying cry that helped undermine the Umayyad caliphate and gave impetus to the rise of a powerful Shia movement. ^[1]

Birth and childhood

See also: Ahl al-Bayt and Hadith of the Cloak

According to the most reports, Imam Hussain ibn Ali was born on 5 Sha'aban 4 AH/10 January 626 CE. See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Ahl al-Kisa ( Arabic: ar اهل الكساء meaning People of the Cloak, refers to the last Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, his daughter Fatimah IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine and is specifically about the Shi'a Twelver conception of the term See also Ismaili The Nizārī s (النزاريون an-Nizāriyyūn) are the largest branch of the Ismā‘īlī (اسماعیلیه and comprise See also Imamah (Shi'a Ismaili doctrine The Musta‘lī (مستعلي Ismā'īlī Muslims are so named because they accept al-Musta‘lī This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine. The Ismaili view on the Imamah differs from the Twelver Shi'a as well as Sunni views The Fourteen Infallibles (Ma'asumin - معصومين are Twelver Shia Islam religious figures from between the 6th and 9th century AD who Twelver Shia The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. Maqtal Al-Husayn ( ar مقتل الحسين) is a book which narrates the story of Battle of Karbala and death of Hussain ibn Ali. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax Arba'een ( اربعين, means "forty" or Chehlum, as it is known by Urdu -speaking Muslims is a Shi'a religious observation The Shrine of Husayn ibn Ali ( مقام الامام الحسين) is a holy site of Shī'a Islam in the city of Karbala, Iraq. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Sha'aban ( Arabic: ar شعبان is the eighth month of the Islamic calendar. Another report mentions the middle of Jumada al-awwal 6AH/beginning of October 627 CE as his date of birth. Jumada al-awwal (ar جمادى الأول is the fifth month in the Islamic calendar. ^[3]

He and his brother Imam Hassan were the only descendants of Prophet Muhammad who remained alive. Many of the accounts about Prophet Muhammad's treatment of his grandsons and his great love for them deal with them together and at times confuse them. ^[3] Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said that "whoever loves them [his grandsons] loves me and whoever hates them hates me" and "al-Hasan and al-Husayn are the sayyids of the youth of Paradise". The latter saying has been particularly important for Shias who used it in support of for the right of Muhammad's descendants to the imamate. Prophet Muhammad, according to other traditions, is pictured with his grandsons on his knees, on his shoulders, or even on his back during the prayer at the moment of prostrating himself. ^[4] According to Madelung, Muhammad loved them and declared them as his Ahl al-Bayt frequently. See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family The Quran has accorded the Ahl al-Bayt of the Prophet an elevated position above the rest of the faithful. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran ^[5]

In addition to these traditions, a number of traditions also involve presence of angels. From a Muslim point of view, these traditions do not create any problem but to non-Muslims they as appear legends created under the Shi'i influence. ^[4]

The Incident of Mubahala

Main articles: Mubahala and Hadith of Mubahela

According to hadith collections, it is narrated that during the 9th - 10th year after hijra an Arab Christian envoy from Najran (currently in northern Yemen and partly in Saudi Arabia) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning Jesus. Mubahala ( Arabic: مباهلة Cursing) or Li’an ( Arabic: لعان refers in Islamic tradition to invoking the curse of God on the erring party as a The Hadith of Mubahela is Muslim tradition about a debate ( arabic: mubahela) of Muhammad with the Christians of Najran and summoned Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Najran (formerly Aba as Sa'ud) (نجران is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia near the frontier with Yemen. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) ^[6] After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation^[7], Muhammad called them to Mubahala (Cursing), where each party should ask God to destroy the lying party and their families. Muhammad, to prove to them that he is a prophet, brought his daughter Syedda Fatimah(Taiba,Tahira) and his surviving grandchildren,Imam Hassan and Imam Hussain ibn Ali, and Ali ibn Abi Talib and came back to the Christians and said this is my family (Ahl al-Bayt) and covered himself and his family with a cloak. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family ^[8] The Christian envoy, the traditions add, declined to take part in Mubahala and chose instead to pay tribute.

Husayn and caliphate

In Islamic heritage, we notice that successorship of a prophet had always been by explicit declaration by the prophet himself, like Aaron was declared the successor of Moses, by none other than Moses. Also, the successors to most of the prophets of semitic religions had been from the bloodline of the prophets. This was a tradition firmly established as the will of God. And this was perhaps, the most logical cause of confusion as to who should lead the Muslims after the demise of their prophet. However, discarding the tradition of successorship, a caliph was elected by highly regarded political figures of the earliest Muslim community.

This led to a feeling among some Muslims that Ali, Husayn's father was, by implication of the Islamic tradition, rightful successor of the prophet and was denied his right. This belief was reinforced by the incident of Ghadir Khumm. Wadi Rabigh is a Wadi situated inland of the town of Rabigh, extending along the border of the Al Madinah and Makkah provinces of Saudi However, Ali maintained that although a right of the successor, leadership of the Muslim state was not to be perceived as successorship to the prophet since Islam was meant to be faith and not state. Thus, he stood firm as the bearer of Imamate while not the bearer of caliphate nor did he pledge his allegiance to his predecessors. In 656, when Uthman, the third caliph was killed by a revolting mob, all those who rejected Ali's claim earlier, came to him and pleaded of him to take up the position of the head of the temporal state. He was a caliph for four years and four months only, during this short period he faced continual challenges from the group of Muawiyah and other contenders. In 661 Ali was assassinated by Ibn Muljim, in the mosque of Kufa.

Ali's followers, Shia, proclaimed that his eldest son Hassan, who was the successor to Ali's Imamate should be the caliph and the Islamic tradition must not be discarded again. Muawiyah had fought Ali for the leadership of the empire and now prepared to fight Hassan. After a few inconclusive skirmishes between the armies of Hassan and Muawiyah, Hassan reminded his followers of Ali's position that Imamate is sufficient for successorship of the prophet and that leading the Muslim state was not a criterion. Thus, to avoid agonies of another civil war, he signed a treaty with Muawiyah and relinquished the control of what had turned into an Arabian kingdom; while not having pledged his allegiance to Muawiyah. Even after taking such a stance, Hassan was poisoned and killed in 669 by Muawiyah. This left Husayn as the head of the Alids, the successor to Hassan's Imamate.

Muawiyah era

See also: Muawiyah I and Umayyad

Part of a series on Shi'a Islam
Ahl al-Kisa
Ahl al-Kisa Muhammad Ali · Fatimah Hasan · Husayn
The Four Companions
The Four Companions Salman al-Farsi Miqdad ibn Aswad Abu Dharr al-Ghifari Ammar ibn Yasir
Beliefs & Practices
Succession of Ali Imamate of the Family Mourning of Muharram Light of Aql · Ismah Tawassul
Views
The Qur'an · Sahaba Mu'awiya I Abu Bakr · Umar
History
History of Shia Islam Ghadir Khumm First Fitna · Second Fitna The Battle of Karbala
Holy Days
Eid ul-Fitr · Eid al-Adha Eid al-Ghadeer Ashura · Arba'een Mawlid · Al-Mubahila
Branches
Twelver · Ismaili · Zaidi
v • d • e

When Imam Hassan ibn Ali agreed to a peace treaty with Muawiyah I, the first Umayyad caliph, he left Kufa and went to Medina with his brother Imam Husayn. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad Ahl al-Kisa ( Arabic: ar اهل الكساء meaning People of the Cloak, refers to the last Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, his daughter Fatimah IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics This is a sub-article to Shi'a and Ali (This article is an encyclopedia entry on Ali ibn Abi Talib that is to be compiled with the objective This is a sub-article of Fatima Zahra and Shi'a Islam. According to Shi'a and non-Muslim scholars Fatima Zahra was Muhammad 's only daughter See also Hasan ibn Ali Hassan ibn Ali is Shi’ahs’ second Imam, and is also known as Al-Mujtaba and Sibtil Akbar (the elder and The Four Companions, also called the Four Pillars of the Sahaba is a Shi'a term that refers to the four Sahaba Shi'a believe stayed most loyal to Ali TemplateInfobox Salaf --> Salman the Persian or Salman al Farisi ( سلمان فارسی Salman e Farsi Miqdad ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi (Arabic مقداد بن الأسود الكندي) was a Sahaba of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Jundub ibn Junadah ibn Sakan (Arabic جُندب بن جَنادة better known as Abu Dharr, Abu Dharr al-Ghafari or Abu Tharr Al-Ghefari (Arabic أبو ذر الغفاري ˤAmmār ibn Yāsir (Arabic عمار بن ياسر is one of the most famous Sahaba and was among the Slaves freed by Abu Bakr. For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram See also The Fourteen Infallibles Ismah (also esmat in Arabic: عِصْمَة) is the concept of Infallibility Tawassul (توسل is an Islamic religious practice in which a Muslim seeks nearness to Allah. This is a sub-article to Shī‘a Islam and the Qur'an The Shī‘a view of the Qur'an has some differences from the Sunni view but it must For other views of Sahaba and a short description see Sahaba. The Shi'a vilify Muāwiyya His supposed conversion to Islam before the conquest of Mecca is dismissed as a fable or mere hypocrisy See also Abu Bakr This article is about the Shi'a view of Abu Bakr, the first Sunni Caliph. This article is about the Shi'a view of Umar, the second Sunni Caliph. See also Muslim history Shī‘a Islam, also Shi‘ite Islam or Shi‘ism is the largest minority denomination based on the Islamic faith This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad The Hadith of the pond of Khumm ( غدير خم) refers to the saying (i The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil The Second Fitna, or Second Islamic Civil War, was a period of general political and military disorder that afflicted the Islamic world during the early Umayyad The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated Eid al-Ghadeer is the anniversary commemorating Muhammad 's last sermon at Ghadir Khumm, which occurred on 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah of 10 AH in the Islamic The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax Arba'een ( اربعين, means "forty" or Chehlum, as it is known by Urdu -speaking Muslims is a Shi'a religious observation Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet” AL Mubahalah or Mubahila Sixty chiefs and `Ulama of Najran headed by Sayyid Aqib and Usquf (religious personalities ofthe region in the 10th year A See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون Zaidiyya, Zaidism or Zaydism (Arabic الزيدية az-zaydiyya, adjective form Zaidi or Zaydi) is a Shī'a Madhhab Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as ^[9] Imam Husayn stayed in Madina until Muawiyah died in 680.

He lived under the most difficult outward conditions of suppression and persecution. This was due to the fact that, first of all, religious laws and regulations had lost much of their weight and credit, and the edicts of the Umayyad government had gained complete authority and power. Secondly, Mu'awiyah and his aides made use of every possible means to put aside and move out of the way the Household of the Prophet and the lovers of Imam Ali and his sons and thus obliterate the name of Ali and his family. ^[10] Muawiyah I ordered for public curses of ' Ali and his major supporters including Imam Husayn and his brother. ^[3]

According to Shia and Sunni belief Imam Husayn became the third Imam for a period of ten years after death of his brother Imam Hassan in 669. Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. All of this time but the last six months coinciding with the caliphate of Mu'awiyah. ^[11]On his way toward Kufa, Husayn encountered the army of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, the governor of Kufa, which was led by Hurr. Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (عبيد الله بن زياد was a son of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Riyahi was the commander of Yazid I ’s regiment who had obstructed Hussain ibn Ali ’s way near Kufa, was also present in the enemy’s When he clashed with them he quoted:

". . . Don't you see that the truth is not put into action and the false is not prohibited? The believer has got to be fond of meeting his God justly. So I do not consider the death but blessedness and living with the oppressors other than abjectness. "

Part of his speech on Ashura:

". The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax . . Lo and behold; an ignoble (i. e ibn Ziyad), son of other ignoble (i. Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (عبيد الله بن زياد was a son of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. e. Ziyad ibn Abihi), has entangled me in a bifurcation, between either unsheathing the swords or accepting abjectness. Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan (زياد بن أبي سفيان (d 673 AD was a Muslim general and administrator and a member of the clan of the Umayyads And far be it that we accept abjectness. Allah abominates that for us, plus his proph­et, believers, the chaste pure gentlewomen, those who do not accept oppression as well as the souls who do not submit to meanness abominate it. They disapprove that we prefer obedience of scrooges to the best sites of murder. Beware; I assault you together with this family while they are few and when the helpers deserted. . . . "

On October 10 680(Muharram 10, 61 AH), he and his small group of companions and family members, who were between 108 and 136 men of Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated ^[12][13], fought with a large army of perhaps 4,000 men under the command of Umar ibn Sa'ad, son of the founder of Kufah. Umar ibn Sa'ad or Amir ibn Sad ( عمر بن سعد) ( fl 620-680 was the son of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas. Husayn and all of his men were killed. The bodies of the dead, including that of Husayn, were then mutilated. ^[14]

Today, the death of Hussein ibn Ali is commemorated during every Muharram, with the most important of these days being its tenth day, Ashura. Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax

Burial

Husayn's body is said to have been buried in Karbala, near the site of his death. Most accounts say that his head was later retrieved and interred with his body. The Imam Hussein Shrine was later built over his grave; it is now a holy site of pilgrimage for Shia Muslims. The Shrine of Husayn ibn Ali ( مقام الامام الحسين) is a holy site of Shī'a Islam in the city of Karbala, Iraq.

Commemoration of Hussein ibn Ali

Main article: Commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali

Husayn's body is said to have been buried in Karbala, near the site of his death. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram The Imam Hussein Shrine was later built over his grave; it is now a holy site of pilgrimage for all Muslims.

Shi'a views of Hussein

Shi'ahs regard Hussein as an Imam (lord of the spiritual kingdom) and a martyr. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom He is believed to be the third imam. He set out on his path in order to save Islam and the Ummah from annihilation at the hands of Yazid. According to Shi'a belief he was a willing sacrifice to religious necessity, and Shi'as view Hussein as an exemplar of courage and resistance against tyranny. Ashura, a day of mourning and self-reflection, is held in honor of his suffering. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax

As a reward for Hussein's suffering, he will be allowed to intercede for the faithful on the day of judgment. ^[15]

The saying, "Every day is Ashura, every land is Karbala," is a reminder to live one's life as Hussein did on Ashura, with total sacrifice to Allah and for others. This saying also signifies "We must always remember, because there is suffering everywhere".

See also

• Muhammad
• Ali ibn Abu Talib
• Hassan ibn Ali
• Abbas ibn Ali
• Zayn al-Abidin
• Muhammad al-Baqir
• Ja'far al-Sadiq
• Musa al-Kazim
• Ali al-Rida
• Muhammad al-Taqi
• Ali al-Hadi
• Hasan al-Askari
• Muhammad al-Mahdi
• Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
• Battle of Karbala
• Day of Ashura
• Imam Hussain Shrine
• Sayyid
• Ahl ul-Bayt
• Arba'een
• Zulfiqar
• Azadari
• Karbala
• Zuljenah

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} "al-Hussein ibn 'Ali". IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ali ( العباس بن علي) (born 4 Shaban 26 AH at Medina, died 10 Muharrum 61 AH at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn (Arabic علي بن حسين) (approximately 6 January 659 - 20 October 712 is a great-grandson of Muhammad as well as the fourth Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Baqir (محمد ابن علي الباقر) (676-743 AD or 1 Rajab 57 AH – 7 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH was the Fifth Imām Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (702-765 in accurate transliteration Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn Mūsá ibn Ja‘far ibn Muḥammad al-Kāżim (الإمام موسى الكاظم‎ ( October 28, 746 AD - September 1, 799 / Ali ibn Musa al-Rida ( علي بن موسى الرضا) (Commonly known as Ali ar-Ridha Ali Reza (Eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH – Seventeenth of Muhammad al-Taqi or Muhammad al-Jawad ( Arabic: الإمام محمد الجواد) ( Rajab 10 195 AH - Dhu al-Qi'dah 29 Imam Ali al-Hadi (الإمام علي الهادي also known as Imam Ali al-Naqi ( September 8, 828 &ndash July 1, 868) was Hasan al- Askari (الإمام الحسن بن علي العسكري (Eighth of Rabi' al-thani 232 AH – Eighth of Rabi' al-awwal 260 AH According to Twelver Shi'as Imam Hujjat al-Mahdī ( ar المهدى) (or Hujjat ibn Hasan ibn Ali is the twelfth Imam and the Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Islamic Caliph. The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax The Shrine of Husayn ibn Ali ( مقام الامام الحسين) is a holy site of Shī'a Islam in the city of Karbala, Iraq. For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Arba'een ( اربعين, means "forty" or Chehlum, as it is known by Urdu -speaking Muslims is a Shi'a religious observation Zulfiqar "Spinecleaver" (ذو الفقار Dhū l-Fiqār) is the legendary sword of the Islamic leader ‘Alī. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at Dhuljanah ( was the horse of Husayn ibn Ali. The original name of Zuljanah was Murtajiz and he was purchased by Muhammad from an Arab named Haris Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2007-10-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.  
2. ^ Gordon, 2005, pp. 144-146
3. ^ ^{a b c} Madelung, Wilferd "HOSAYN B. ALI". Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung (born 26 December 1930) is a scholar of Islam. Iranica. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople  
4. ^ ^{a b} L. Veccia Vaglieri, (al-) Hussain b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, Encyclopedia of Islam
5. ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 14-16
6. ^ Qur'an 3:61
7. ^ Qur'an 3:59
8. ^ See:* Sahih Muslim, Chapter of virtues of companions, section of virtues of Ali, 1980 Edition Pub. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections in Saudi Arabia, Arabic version, v4, p1871, the end of tradition #32
   • Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v5, p654
   • Madelung, 1997, pp. 15 and 16
9. ^ Madelung (1997), p0. 324 and 325
10. ^ Tabatabaei, (1979), p. 196
11. ^ Tabatabaei, (1979), p. 196</ref

    The significance of Husayn's allegiance

    Muawiyah chose to proclaim his son Yazid as the heir to his throne, and the alleged leader of the Muslim state. Yazid realized that unless Husayn, the grandson of the prophet and the legitimate successor to Hassan, submits to his command, his caliphate would not be deemed legitimate due to the clause in Hassan's treaty with Muawiyah which forbade Muawiyah from appointing a successor to himself. Thus, he tried several times to force Husayn into pledging allegiance to him.

    Yazid had claimed that Islam was no more than a game of the Hashimites to attain temporal power and in the face of such a claim, had the grandson of the prophet of Islam submitted to Yazid, it would conclusively affirm Yazid's position about genuineness of Islam.

    Leaving Medina

    In order to avoid being forced to submit, Husayn left Madina for Mecca. It is to be noted that Husayn had sufficient supporters in Hijaz whom he could easily mobilize, but did not.

    The people of Kufa had sent several letters to Husayn, inviting him to fill the void left by demise of Hassan and to lead them in religious affairs. Yazid, who was already paranoid, perceived this a danger to his throne. He plotted to kill the grandson of the prophet during the Hajj, in the precincts of the Holy Kaaba, thus defiling and desecrating it.

    In order to avoid this sacrilege, Husayn took along his wifes, children, a few friends and relatives and headed towards Kufa to fulfill the responsibility of the bearer of Imamate and to fulfill his destiny as was prophesied by his grandfather, Mohammad.

    On his way, he was offered military support by the tribe of Banu Tayy as well as sanctuary in their hills from where he could (if he wanted to) safely lead a revolt and overthrow Yazid. But Husayn refused the offer and continued his journey with his few companions.

    It thus becomes clear that the objective of Husayn's campaign was not caliphate. It was the honor of prophet Mohammad which he stood for.

    Battle of Karbala

    

    The Shrine of Imam Hussain ibn Ali in Karbala, Iraq

    Main article: Battle of Karbala

    At the Battle of Karbala it is recorded that seventy two people were martyred. The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. <ref>http://www. al-islam. org/short/sorrows/names. htm</li> <li id="cite_note-11">'''[[#cite_ref-11|^]]''' [http://www. porsojoo. com/en/node/70869 در روز عاشورا چند نفر شهید شدند؟]</li> <li id="cite_note-12">'''[[#cite_ref-12|^]]''' [http://www. velaiat. com/shshow. asp?rsabs=43&id=kash فهرست اسامي شهداي كربلا]</li> <li id="cite_note-Battle_of_Karbala-13">'''[[#cite_ref-Battle_of_Karbala_13-0|^]]''' {{cite encyclopedia | title=Battle of Karbala | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica Online | accessdate=2007-10-13|url=http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9044710/Battle-of-Karbala}}</li> <li id="cite_note-14">'''[[#cite_ref-14|^]]''' Margaretha T. Heemskerk, ''Suffering'', Encyclopedia of the Qur'an </li></ol></ref>

    References

    Books

    • Al-Bukhari, Muhammad Ibn Ismail (1996). Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari, popularly known as Al-Bukhari ( البخاري) or Imam Bukhari (810-870 was a famous Sunni The English Translation of Sahih Al Bukhari With the Arabic Text, translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan. Al-Saadawi Publications. 1881963594.  
    • Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791470334.  
    • Gordon, Matthew (2005). The Rise Of Islam. Greenwood Press. 0313325227.  
    • Halm, Heinz; Janet Watson and Marian Hill (2004). Shi'Ism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748618880.  
    • Madelung, Wilferd (1997). Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung (born 26 December 1930) is a scholar of Islam. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521646960.  
    • Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn; Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) (1979). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian Shi'ite Islam. Suny press. ISBN 0-87395-272-3.  

    Encyclopedia

    • Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. .  
    • Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language Encyclopedia about the history culture and Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 1568590504.  
    • Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an. The Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an ( EQ) is a scholarly work with essays on the most important themes and subjects and an encyclopaedic dictionary of Qur'an terms concepts Brill Publishers, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-14743-8.  
    • Encyclopaedia of Islam. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. ISBN.  

    External links

    See the articles and books of Battle of Karbala, Day of Ashura, Mourning of Muharram and Maqtal Al-Husayn in the relevant articles. The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram Maqtal Al-Husayn ( ar مقتل الحسين) is a book which narrates the story of Battle of Karbala and death of Hussain ibn Ali.

    • English Literature on Imam Al-Hussain
    • Hussein ibn 'Ali an article of Encyclopædia Britannica.
    • Hussein ibn 'Ali by Wilferd Madelung, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.
    • Hussein ibn 'Ali in popular Shiism by Jean Calmard, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.
    • Twelve Imams
    • Imam Hussein in the eyes of non-Muslims
    • The Third Imam
    • Martyr Of Karbala
    • On Difference & Understanding: Al-Husayn: the Shiite Martyr, the Sunni Hero

    Preceded by Hasan ibn Ali	Twelver-Zaidi-Mustaali Imam 669–680	Succeeded by Ali ibn Hussein
    Preceded by Hasan ibn Ali	Nizari Ismaili Imam 669–680