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Hurricane Marilyn
Category 3 hurricane (SSHS)
Hurricane Marilyn on 16 September 1995 at 1811 UTC

Hurricane Marilyn on 16 September 1995 at 1811 UTC
Formed September 12, 1995
Dissipated September 22, 1995
Highest
winds
115 mph (185 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure 949 mbar (hPa; 28. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. 04 inHg)
Fatalities 13 direct[1]
Damage $1. Inches of mercury, inHg or "Hg is a measuring unit for Pressure. 5 billion (1995 USD)
$2 billion (2008 USD)
Areas
affected		 Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Bermuda, Barbados, Martinique and Guadeloupe
Part of the
1995 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Marilyn was the fifteenth tropical depression and thirteenth named storm of the unusually busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season, following closely on the heels of Hurricane Luis. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands part of the West Indies. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The United States Virgin Islands is a group of Islands in the Caribbean that are an Insular area of the United States. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629  sq TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding A storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface and strongly implying Severe weather. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 Hurricane Luis was the twelfth named Tropical cyclone and one of the most powerful storms during the very busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Marilyn was the most powerful storm to hit the Virgin Islands since Hurricane Hugo of 1989. See also Culture of the Virgin Islands Music of the Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Creole Hurricane Hugo was a destructive Category 5 Hurricane that struck Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St

Marilyn formed late in the UTC day on September 13, and reached hurricane strength soon thereafter. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Marilyn struck the Lesser Antilles on September 14 at Category 1 strength, and intensified to nearly Category 3 strength by the time it reached the U.S. Virgin Islands. The Lesser Antilles, also known as the Caribbees, are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas and Greater Antilles form the Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. The United States Virgin Islands is a group of Islands in the Caribbean that are an Insular area of the United States. A Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance flight reported hail, which is unusual for tropical cyclones. Hurricane Hunters are aircraft that fly into Tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeastern Pacific Ocean for the specific purpose of Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information Hail is a form of precipitation which consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice (hailstones After heading north past Bermuda, Marilyn weakened and became extratropical on September 22. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are a group of Cyclones defined as synoptic scale low Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians The remnant circulation wandered the Atlantic Ocean from September 23 - October 1, just south of Nova Scotia. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Marilyn peaked at 115 mph (185 km/h), but was predicted to reach 125 mph (205 km/h) (maximum Category 3-status).

Marilyn is directly responsible for thirteen deaths, most due to drowning on boats or offshore. Ten thousand people were left homeless on the island of St. Thomas, and estimated damages were set at $1. Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who lack housing because they cannot afford or are otherwise unable to maintain regular safe and adequate shelter Saint Thomas is an Island in the Caribbean Sea, a County and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI an unincorporated 5 billion (1995 USD). [1] The same area would be struck by Hurricane Bertha the next year, while still repairing from Marilyn. Hurricane Bertha was a Tropical cyclone that formed in July of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. [2]

Contents

Storm history

Storm path
Storm path

Marilyn's beginnings originated from a tropical wave that formed off the African coast to the eastern Atlantic Ocean during September 7 and September 8. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Large, low-level winds were included in the wave's circulation, but little convection existed. [3] The system continued west for a few days at about 17 knots (31 km/h) next to an anticyclonic aloft that was also moving westward. On September 12, satellite pictures viewed the disorganized wave and declared it Tropical Depression Fifteen, after convection increased. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the TD-15 strengthen rapidly, become Tropical Storm Marilyn six hours later and Hurricane Marilyn four hours after that. [3][4]

For the next few days, Marilyn's track was towards the west-northwest and soon to the northwest, towards a weakness in the subtropical ridge. Marilyn was a Category 1-hurricane when the center of the storm passed 45 nautical miles (83 km) north of Barbados, then near Martinique. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² [3] Marilyn passed over Dominica, and just southwest of Guadeloupe on September 14. The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629  sq Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Marilyn continued moving, making landfall in the U.S. Virgin Islands on September 15, packing winds of 110 mph (180 km/h), Category 2-strength. The United States Virgin Islands is a group of Islands in the Caribbean that are an Insular area of the United States. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. The eyewall, ESE of the center of Marilyn, passed over Saint Thomas. Saint Thomas is an Island in the Caribbean Sea, a County and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI an unincorporated After passing over Puerto Rico, Marilyn found itself back in the Atlantic Ocean on September 16. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers [3]

Marilyn
Marilyn

A low had formed near Marilyn, which may have had enhanced outflow from Marilyn. An eye started appearing in Marilyn and the storm reached a peak intensity of 949 millibars with winds of only 115 mph, a Category 3-major hurricane. The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. At this time, Marilyn was to peak at 120-125 mph winds instead of 115. [5][6][7][8] Reconnaissance data found a concentric pair of eyewall wind maxima. Marilyn started weakening rapidly falling from peak-level winds of 141 mph (227 km/h) down to 102 mph. [3] The central pressure also rose up 20 mbars in 10 hours. The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. The rapid weakening was from shearing, decaying eyewall and upwelled waters from the previous storm, Hurricane Luis. Hurricane Luis was the twelfth named Tropical cyclone and one of the most powerful storms during the very busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Marilyn sped up towards Bermuda on September 18, passing about 150 nautical miles (280 km) west of the island on September 19. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Marilyn encountered more westerly shear and decayed Marilyn, becoming extratropical on September 20. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. [3] The remnant circulation continued over the central tropical Atlantic Ocean for another 10 days before becoming absorbed in a frontal low.

A Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance flight reported hail, which is unusual for tropical cyclones. [3]

Preparations

Hurricane Marilyn on crossing the Virgin Islands on September 15, 1995.
Hurricane Marilyn on crossing the Virgin Islands on September 15, 1995. See also Culture of the Virgin Islands Music of the Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Creole Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995

Seventeen watches and/or warnings were issued in association with Marilyn. [3] The first two were a tropical storm watch and a tropical storm warning issued on Barbados, St. Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation Vincent, Grenadines, St. Lucia and Grenada on September 12 at 2200 UTC. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Five hours later, a tropical storm watch was issued for Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad ( Spanish: " Trinity " is the largest and most populous of the two major islands and Tobago is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. A tropical storm warning was issued for St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenadines, Grenada and Tobago at 900 UTC September 13. Saint Lucia (ˌseɪnt ˈluːʃɪə is an Island nation in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. The Grenades are a Caribbean island chain of over 600 islands in the Windward Islands. Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September [9][10] At 2100 UTC, a Hurricane Warning was issued for Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenadines, St. Lucia and a hurricane watch for Dominica. Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation The Grenades are a Caribbean island chain of over 600 islands in the Windward Islands. Saint Lucia (ˌseɪnt ˈluːʃɪə is an Island nation in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. [3][11]A hurricane watch as released for Martinique on the 14th. The 2100 UTC September 13 was extended for the Grenadines through St. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Martin, except Guadeloupe, St. Barthelemy and French portion of St. Martin. At 1500 UTC, Puerto Rico was put under a Hurricane Watch. [3][12]At 1700 UTC, Guadeloupe, St. Barthelemy, and French portion of St. Martin were put under a hurricane watch. Saint Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemy officially the Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (French Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy) is an Overseas collectivity Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico. Four hours later, Puerto Rico, U. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} S. and British Virgin Islands, and Guadeloupe were put under a hurricane warning. The British Virgin Islands ( BVI) is a British overseas territory, located in the Caribbean to the east of Puerto Rico. [3]

Throughout the night, several watches and warnings were discontinued. At 1500 UTC September 15, Dominican Republic from Cabrera to Cabo Engano were put under a hurricane watch as Marilyn approached. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Cabo Engaño is the easternmost point of the island of Hispaniola, on the territory of the Dominican Republic. During the night of September 16, all currently active watches and warnings were discontinued. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers At around the same time, a new Hurricane watch was released for Turks and Caicos and Mayaguana, Acklins, and the Crooked Islands of the southeastern Bahamas. The Turks and Caicos Islands ( TCI) (ˈtɜːks ænd ˈkeɪkəs are a British Overseas Territory consisting of two groups of tropical islands in the West Indies Mayaguana is the most easterly island and district of The Bahamas. For the name see Acklin; for the species of iguana see Acklins Ground Iguana The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and [8][13][14][15] This warning was discontinued within 48 hours. At 1500 UTC September 18, Bermuda came under a Tropical Storm Watch, which was upgraded to a warning in six hours. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The warning was discontinued on September 19. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. [3][16][17][18][19][20]

The 250,000 residents of Barbados spent the night of September 13 in shelters. Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September [21]

Impact

Storm deaths by region
Region Direct deaths
St. Thomas 5
St. Croix 1
St. John 1
Puerto Rico 1
Unknown 5[1]
Total 13 (8)[3]

Marilyn caused tremendous damage and 13 deaths throughout the United States Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Saint Thomas is an Island in the Caribbean Sea, a County and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI an unincorporated DSC00835JPG|thumb|250px| Trunk Bay Beach in St John US Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The United States Virgin Islands is a group of Islands in the Caribbean that are an Insular area of the United States. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} [3] Rainfalls from Marilyn off of land were estimated from 4. 0 - 7 inches from September 13 and September 14. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. [22][23][24][25][26]

Martinique

Rainfalls in Martinique peaked at 9. Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² 06 inches in Morne Rouge, 8. 94 in Ajoupa Bouillon, 6. 40 in Saint Pierre, ranging as low as 6. 00 inches (152 mm) in Ducos. The highest wind gust reported was 8 mph (13 km/h) in Trinite, the location of the only recorded sustained winds in Martinique, which was 58 mph. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) [3]

Guadeloupe

Rainfalls over 12-hours in Guadeloupe were 20. Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629  sq 00 inches (508 mm) in Saint-Claude, 19. 09 inches in Guillard-Basse-Terre and 17. 63 in Gaba. The highest wind gust reported in Guadeloupe was 84 mph in Marie-Galante. The next ones were 70 mph (110 km/h) in Raizet and 61 mph (98 km/h) in Desirade. The highest sustained winds reported in Guadeloupe was 51 mph (82 km/h) in Marie-Galante. [3]

U. S. Virgin Islands

Marilyn damage in St. Thomas
Marilyn damage in St. Thomas

The highest wind speed left by Marilyn after passing over the island of St. Croix was 100 mph (160 km/h). The highest rainfalls reported were 11. 67 inches (296 mm) in Annaly, 9. 96 inches in Red Hook Bay and 5. 25 in Granard. [3] The highest storm surge reported was 6. 6 feet (2. 0 m) in St. Thomas and 6. Saint Thomas is an Island in the Caribbean Sea, a County and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI an unincorporated 0 inches (150 mm) in St. Croix. According to NOAA, The storm surge in the U. S. Virgin Islands reached 6 to 7 feet (2. 1 m), with an isolated storm tide of 11. 7 feet (3. 6 m) reported on St. Croix. Rainfall totals reached about 10 inches in St. Croix and St. Thomas.

The highest reported gusts were 129 mph (208 km/h) in a Noncommissioned Automated Surface Observing System and 95 mph (153 km/h) gusts in Sailboat Puffin at Green Cay. The highest sustained winds were 105 mph (169 km/h) in a Noncommissioned Automated Surface Observing System. Automated airport weather stations are automated sensor suites which are designed to serve Aviation and meteorological observing needs for safe and efficient [3] Marilyn was directly responsible for seven deaths, most due to drowning on boats or offshore. Ten thousand people were left homeless on St. Thomas, and most buildings sustained some damage. [3]

The island of St. Thomas was the hardest hit by the storm, where about 80% of the homes and businesses were destroyed, including the hospital and the water desalination plant; five people were killed. Storm surge in the Charlotte Amalie harbor beached the USCGC Point Ledge and damaged many smaller boats. Charlotte Amalie is the Capital and largest city of the US Virgin Islands. [27] Elsewhere in the territory, there was severe damage on St. Croix and St. John. DSC00835JPG|thumb|250px| Trunk Bay Beach in St John US Virgin Islands. [3]

President Bill Clinton declared the U.S. Virgin Islands a Federal Disaster Area, making it available to federal aid. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The United States Virgin Islands is a group of Islands in the Caribbean that are an Insular area of the United States. [28]

Marilyn Rainfall
Marilyn Rainfall

Puerto Rico

The highest rainfalls reported in Puerto Rico from Hurricane Marilyn were 5. 60 inches (142 mm) in Naguabo, 5. 50 inches in Luquillo Pico Del Este (Luquillo Pico Of the East), 2. 52 at Luis Munoz International Airport, and 2. 45 at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. Roosevelt Roads Naval Station is a former United States Military air base in the town of Ceiba Puerto Rico. [3] The highest gusts reported were 125 mph (201 km/h) in Culebra, 60 mph (97 km/h) at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station and 50 mph (80 km/h) at a non-commissioned Automated Surface Observing System. Roosevelt Roads Naval Station is a former United States Military air base in the town of Ceiba Puerto Rico. Automated airport weather stations are automated sensor suites which are designed to serve Aviation and meteorological observing needs for safe and efficient The highest recorded sustained winds was 41 mph (66 km/h) at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. [3] Marilyn passed over the islands of Vieques and Culebra, where it caused much damage. Vieques ( Spanish pronunciation: /'vjɛkɛs/ or /'bjɛkɛs/ or /'βjɛkɛs/ English pronunciation: or) in full Isla de Vieques, is an island

There were reports of extensive flash flooding across northern and eastern Puerto Rico, and 12,000 people were forced to ride out the storm in shelters. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} One person was killed in Culebra. [3] President Bill Clinton declared Puerto Rico a Federal Disaster Area, making it available to federal aid. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States [28]

Culebra Island

100 homes on Culebra Island, twenty miles (32 km) east of Puerto Rico, were destroyed by Marilyn. Another two hundred homes on the island were damaged. [29]

Antigua

The highest reported gust in Antigua was 50 mph (80 km/h). Antigua (ænˈtiːgə an-TEE-gah) is an Island in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region the main The Antigua Meteorological Service reported that the island had extensive flooding and damage to banana trees. The other damage reported was from the wind. [3][30]

Other areas

Bermuda reported sustained winds of 45 mph and a highest gust of 60 mph (97 km/h). Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Antigua reported sustained winds of just 35 mph (56 km/h), tropical depression-strength. Antigua (ænˈtiːgə an-TEE-gah) is an Island in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region the main In St. Maarten, sustained winds were 42½ mph and the peak gust was 61 mph (98 km/h). Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico. Rainfalls in St. Maarten peaked at 3. Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico. 35 inches in an unknown location. [3] The New York Times reported that the British Virgin Islands had little to no damage from Marilyn. The British Virgin Islands ( BVI) is a British overseas territory, located in the Caribbean to the east of Puerto Rico. [30][3] The highest gust in Saint-Barthelemy was 59 mph (95 km/h) and the highest sustained winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) was reported. Saint Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemy officially the Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (French Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy) is an Overseas collectivity [3]

Economic impact

Beached sailboat on St.Thomas used as a billboard
Beached sailboat on St. Thomas used as a billboard

The exact figure for damages in the U. S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico is not available, although the American Insurance Services Group set the combined damage at $875 million USD. However, FEMA estimated the damage cost as $1 billion USD while an economic research group in the U. The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities S. Virgin Islands estimated the damage to be at $3 billion USD. As of 1995, the estimated damages to the U. S. islands were set at $1. 5 billion (1995 USD). [3]

The economic impact to the islands was severe, particularly to St. Thomas and St. John, which are heavily dependent on tourism. DSC00835JPG|thumb|250px| Trunk Bay Beach in St John US Virgin Islands. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel [3]

Aside from high winds and seas, one possible explanation for the storm's heavy damage may have been complacency on the part of local island populations. Marilyn followed on the heals of Luis, a more powerful Category 4 hurricane initially predicted to pass very close to St. Hurricane Luis was the twelfth named Tropical cyclone and one of the most powerful storms during the very busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions Thomas. This prediction prompted locals to be particularly thorough in their pre-storm preparations; however, the hurricane passed further away from the island and caused relatively moderate damage. This may have caused islanders to prematurely relax, as Marilyn was a much smaller hurricane in appearance than Luis. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding [3]

Aftermath

Puerto Rico

Relief supplies in the wake of Hurricane Marilyn were sent to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The United States Virgin Islands is a group of Islands in the Caribbean that are an Insular area of the United States. Officials of the Federal Emergency Management Agency set up camps on the islands to give out food, water and shelter supplies. The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities [31]

U. S. Virgin Islands

80% of the homes on St. Thomas were destroyed or damaged, 1/2 being uninhabitable. Also, 20-30% of businesses were destroyed. Five supply distribution sites were being operated by the Virgin Islands Territorial Emergency Management Agency (VIETMA). More than 2,100 federal agency personnel had been deployed to help out with the cleanup from Hurricane Marilyn. Four contracts were quickly accepted for immediate building repairs. Diving teams were sent to check for harbor damage and Navy Seabees started working on repairing public buildings. Military and security forces included about 500 Army, Air Force, and Navy personnel, 500 National Guardsmen, and 500 federal law enforcement personnel. The airport in St. Thomas was open for flight using a mobile control tower. The St. Thomas hospital was open, but was running on generators. [32]

The first FEMA Disaster Recovery Centers opened on 23 September on St. Thomas. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Saint Thomas is an Island in the Caribbean Sea, a County and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI an unincorporated A reported indicated that by 11 October, 1500 loans were granted for home repair, mostly for under $2500. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Over 19,000 disaster housing applications were filed with over 2800 being accepted. About 5000 of 15,000 assigned inspections were completed. Over 7800 applications for Individual and Family Grants had been received and, of the 4,000 SBA loan applications filed, 43 had been approved for a total of $744,100 - an average loan of $17,300. [32]

In all, Marilyn caused $1. 5 billion (1995 USD) in damage, killing 13 people in its path.

Retirement

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

The name Marilyn was retired in the spring of 1996 and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. This is a list of retired Atlantic hurricane names. Hurricane names are retired by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO in a meeting in March April or May Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely It was replaced with the name Michelle, which was itself retired in 2002. Hurricane Michelle was the 13th named storm and one of the strongest Hurricanes of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c NOAA (2007). Billion Dollar U.S. Weather Disasters. NOAA. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  2. ^ Hurricane Bertha Update
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad National Hurricane Center (1996). Hurricane Marilyn Prelimary Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
  4. ^ Richard J. Pasch (1995-09-13). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Tropical Storm Marilyn Discussion 3. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  5. ^ Lixion A. Avila (1995-09-16). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 18. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  6. ^ Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-16). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 19. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  7. ^ Lixion A. Avila (1995-09-16). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Hurricane Marilyn Forecast/Advisory 18. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  8. ^ a b Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-16). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Hurricane Marilyn Forecast/Advisory 19. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  9. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (1995-09-13). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Tropical Storm Marilyn Discussion 4. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  10. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (1995-09-13). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Tropical Storm Marilyn Public Advisory 4. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  11. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (1995-09-13). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Tropical Storm Marilyn Discussion 5. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  12. ^ Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-14). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 9. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  13. ^ B. Max Mayfield (1995-09-17). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Hurricane Marilyn Forecast/Advisory 20. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  14. ^ Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-17). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Hurricane Marilyn Forecast/Advisory 21. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  15. ^ Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-16). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 17. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  16. ^ Richard J. Pasch (1995-09-17). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 23. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  17. ^ Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-18). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 25. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  18. ^ Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-18). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 26. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  19. ^ Edward N. Rappaport (1995-09-18). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Hurricane Marilyn Discussion 27. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  20. ^ B. Max Mayfield (1995-09-20). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Hurricane Marilyn Public Advisory 31A. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  21. ^ Syracuse Herald-Journal (1995-09-14). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Hurricane Marilyn sweeps past Barbados. Syracuse Herald-Journal. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  22. ^ National Hurricane Center (1995-09-13). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Hurricane Marilyn Rainfalls at 1200 UTC September 13. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  23. ^ National Hurricane Center (1995-09-13). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Hurricane Marilyn Rainfalls at 1800 UTC September 13. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  24. ^ National Hurricane Center (1995-09-14). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Hurricane Marilyn Rainfalls at 1200 UTC September 14. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  25. ^ National Hurricane Center (1995-09-14). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Hurricane Marilyn Rainfalls at 1800 UTC September 14. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  26. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (1995-09-13). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Tropical Storm Marilyn Public Advisory 4A. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  27. ^ U. S. Coast Guard (2007). United States Coast Guard Chronology. U. S. Military. Retrieved on 2006-05-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
  28. ^ a b Donna Gherke (1995-09-17). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Marilyn slams St. Thomas;Likely to miss Florida. The Miami Herald. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  29. ^ Jeff Nelson (1995-09-18). Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Marilyn. The Capital. Retrieved on 2007-02-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum
  30. ^ a b Miles B. Lawrence, Edward N. Rappaport, B. Max Mayfield, Richard J. Pasch and Lixion A. Avila (1996-09-03). Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1995. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum
  31. ^ Relief effort not yet helping hurricane victims
  32. ^ a b Early Relief Efforts

External links


Tropical cyclones of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season
M
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS 1 2 3 4 5
TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 Hurricane Allison was the first named storm and first hurricane of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Tropical Storm Barry was the second named storm of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 Tropical Storm Dean was a short-lived storm in the Gulf of Mexico early in the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Erin was the fifth named Tropical cyclone and the second hurricane of the unusually active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 Hurricane Felix was the sixth named Tropical cyclone and the third hurricane of the unusually active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Tropical Storm Gabrielle was a short-lived storm in the Gulf of Mexico in the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season that had an erratic path across the western Hurricane Humberto was the eighth named storm and fourth hurricane of the busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 Tropical Storm Jerry was a tropical storm that caused severe flooding throughout the southeast United States in August of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 Hurricane Luis was the twelfth named Tropical cyclone and one of the most powerful storms during the very busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 Hurricane Opal was a major hurricane that formed in the Gulf of Mexico in September 1995 TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 Hurricane Roxanne was the seventeenth storm tenth hurricane and the fifth and final major hurricane of the very active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 Hurricane Tanya was the final storm of the very active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions
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