| Category 4 hurricane (SSHS) | ||
|---|---|---|
 Hurricane Luis on 3 September 1995 at 1705 UTC |
||
| Formed | August 27, 1995 | |
| Dissipated | September 11, 1995 | |
| Highest winds |
|
|
| Lowest pressure | 935 mbar (hPa; 27. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. 62 inHg) | |
| Fatalities | 17 direct | |
| Damage | $2. Inches of mercury, inHg or "Hg is a measuring unit for Pressure. 5 billion (1995 USD) $4 billion (2008 USD) |
|
| Areas affected |
Leeward Islands, Newfoundland | |
| Part of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season |
||
Hurricane Luis was the twelfth named tropical cyclone and one of the most powerful storms during the very busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands part of the West Indies. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 The Cape Verde-type hurricane lasted for 16 days during August and September. A Cape Verde-type hurricane is an Atlantic hurricane that develops near the Cape Verde islands off the west coast of Africa. Luis passed through the northern Lesser Antilles with winds of 135 mph (215 km/h), killing 16 and causing billions in damage; weeks later Hurricane Marilyn would strike the same area. The Lesser Antilles, also known as the Caribbees, are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas and Greater Antilles form the Hurricane Marilyn was the fifteenth Tropical depression and thirteenth named Storm of the unusually busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season, following closely
Contents |
Storm history
On August 26, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. As it moved slowly westward, it rapidly organized, and developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen on August 27 near the Cape Verde islands. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia At this time, there were five simultaneous Atlantic tropical cyclones, including Hurricanes Humberto and Iris, Tropical Storm Karen, and Tropical Depression Jerry. After attaining tropical storm status on the 29th, the storm remained a weak tropical storm due to vertical shear. After the shear abated, Luis rapidly intensified over the warm waters of the tropical Atlantic Ocean, reaching hurricane strength on the 30th and Category 4 status on September 2. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
Hurricane Luis moved slowly westward due to higher pressures to its north. Continual favorable conditions allowed the hurricane to peak at 140 mph (230 km/h) on September 3 as it neared the Leeward Islands. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands part of the West Indies. The hurricane passed directly over Barbuda, with its 135 mph (217 km/h) winds affecting Antigua, St. Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Martin, and Anguilla. Barbuda is an Island in the Eastern Caribbean, and forms part of the state of Antigua and Barbuda. Antigua (ænˈtiːgə an-TEE-gah) is an Island in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region the main Saint Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemy officially the Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (French Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy) is an Overseas collectivity The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico. Anguilla (English pronunciation ang-GWILL-ah, æŋˈɡwɪlə is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, one of the most northerly of the Leeward
Luis turned to the northwest, and remained a Category 4 hurricane until September 7 while north of Puerto Rico. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Though forecasts predicted a more westward track towards the eastern Bahamas, the hurricane turned to the north, bringing powerful swells to much of the East Coast of the United States. The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and The East Coast of the United States, also known as the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard" refers to the easternmost coastal states in the central and northern Moving around the periphery of the subtropical ridge, Luis turned to the north, and weakened to a Category 2 hurricane on the 9th. After passing to the west of Bermuda, it accelerated to the northeast and slowly weakened. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane Luis crossed over southeastern Newfoundland on September 11, and became extratropical later that day. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul
Preparations
In the days preceding the hurricane's landfall, Luis remained a slow westward moving Category 4 hurricane, giving the Leeward Islands ample time to prepare for its effects. The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands part of the West Indies. Hurricane Warnings were issued around 30 hours before Luis passed through, allowing for the opening of shelters and the preparation of the affected islands.
Impact
| Country | Deaths | Damage (1995 USD) |
|---|---|---|
| St. Martin | 9 | $1. Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico. 8 billion |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 3 | $350 million |
| Puerto Rico | 2 | Unknown |
| Guadeloupe | 1 | Unknown |
| Dominica | 1 | $47 million |
| Newfoundland | 1 | $2 million |
| Total | 17 | $2. Antigua and Barbuda ( Spanish for "Ancient" and "Bearded" is an Island nation located on the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629 sq The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of 5 billion (estimated) |
Leeward Islands
Overall, Luis caused extensive crop and property damage across the Leeward Islands from its high winds and heavy rainfall. Damage totals are unknown, due to lack of reports from every island, though it is estimated at $2. 5 billion (1995 USD).
Dominica experienced between 60% to 100% damage to all crops, the worst crops being the banana. The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Property damage was estimated at $47 million, and contributed to the effects of Tropical Storm Iris only weeks before. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995 [1]
Hurricane Luis brought 6 inches of rain and strong winds as it passed by Saint Martin. Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico. 60% of houses were damaged or destroyed, resulting in $1. 8 billion in damage (1995 USD).
The entire infrastructure of Saint Kitts and Nevis were damaged, with troubles especially occurring to the water system. The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island Luis caused moderate house and crop damage amounting to $197 million (1995 USD).
Antigua and Barbuda
As a result of a direct hit from a Category 4 hurricane, both Antigua and Barbuda experienced extensive house damage from 135-140 mph winds and 10 inches (250 mm) of rain. Antigua (ænˈtiːgə an-TEE-gah) is an Island in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region the main Barbuda is an Island in the Eastern Caribbean, and forms part of the state of Antigua and Barbuda. 70% of houses were damaged or destroyed on Barbuda, and nearly half of the houses on Antigua were eradicated by Hurricane Luis. [2] Much of the islands experienced power outages and disrupted water systems. In all, 3 people were killed, with 165 injured and 1,700 people in shelter. In addition, their government estimated a damage total of $350 million (1995 USD). [3]
International aid was sought after in the days following the storm, with building and food supplies being the most needed. Sanitation in general was lacking subsequent to the storm, contributing to an increased mosquito population. By 2 weeks after the hurricane, life was slowly returning to normalcy as money came to aid the 2 islands, including $200,000 from France to assist in their troubles. [3]
Atlantic Ocean and Canada
Bermuda experienced light winds and seas from Hurricane Luis, and damage was minimal. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean.
During a trip between Southampton, England and New York City, the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, in an attempt to avoid the storm, sailed into the outskirts of Hurricane Luis (which was just a Category 1 hurricane at the time). Southampton ( IPA /ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England The City of New York Characteristics The ship has a and is 963 ft (294 m long She had a top speed of using her original steam turbine powerplant which was increased to when she was re-engined High winds caused the ship to list to one side by seven degrees and a 29 metre (95 ft) freak wave crashed over the bow of the ocean liner. Rogue waves, also known as freak waves, monster waves or extreme waves, are relatively large and spontaneous Ocean surface waves that are a threat
Also, a nearby Canadian buoy recorded a wave 30 meters (98 ft) high at about the same time. [2]
Days after passing through the Caribbean, Luis passed through Newfoundland, bringing heavy winds, seas, and 2 to 5 inches (130 mm) of rain on the Avalon Peninsula. [4] Damage totaled $2 million (1995 USD), and one person died on the island. [5]
Retirement
- See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
The name Luis was retired in the spring of 1996 and will never be used for another Atlantic hurricane. This is a list of retired Atlantic hurricane names. Hurricane names are retired by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO in a meeting in March April or May It was replaced with Lorenzo in the 2001 season. The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active Atlantic hurricane season that produced 17 Tropical cyclones, 15 named storms 9 hurricanes and
Trivia
At one point during the 1995 season, the storm was one of four simultaneous Atlantic tropical systems, along with Humberto, Iris, and Karen. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1995 and lasted until November 30 1995
See also
External links
Notes
- ^ Dominica - Hurricane Situation Report
- ^ a b NHC Luis report
- ^ a b Caribbean - Hurricane Luis Sep 1995 UN DHA Situation Reports
- ^ Canadian Hurricane Centre Luis report
- ^ Université Catholique de Louvain (2007). This is a list of notable Tropical cyclones, subdivided by basin and reason for notability EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database for North America. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic