| Category 4 hurricane (SSHS) | ||
|---|---|---|
 Hurricane Joan making landfall in Nicaragua. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions |
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| Formed | October 11, 1988 | |
| Dissipated | November 2, 1988 | |
| Highest winds |
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| Lowest pressure | 932 mbar (hPa; 27. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. 53 inHg) | |
| Fatalities | 216-334 total (all as Joan) | |
| Damage | $2 billion (1988 USD) $3. Inches of mercury, inHg or "Hg is a measuring unit for Pressure. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 6 billion (2008 USD) |
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| Areas affected |
Windward Islands, Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Panama (as Joan), El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (as Miriam), Nicaragua (as both) | |
| Part of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season 1988 Pacific hurricane season |
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Hurricane Joan was a powerful hurricane that caused death and destruction in over a dozen countries in the Caribbean and Central America. This article is about the Caribbean island group For the eastern Society Islands in French Polynesia, see Windward Islands (Society Islands. Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Island Territory of Bonaire ( Dutch: Eilandgebied Bonaire, Papiamento: Teritorio Insular di Boneiru) is one of five island areas Curaçao (ˈkjuːrəsaʊ in English Dutch: Curaçao, Papiamento: Kòrsou) is an Island in the southern Caribbean Sea, Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America The 1988 Atlantic hurricane season was a moderately active season that proved costly and deadly with 15 Tropical cyclones directly affecting land The 1988 Pacific hurricane season was a Pacific hurricane season that saw a below-average amount of Tropical cyclones form and that had only one landfalling The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Taking an unusual path in October 1988, Hurricane Joan caused widespread flooding and over 200 deaths after smashing into Central America. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) In the aftermath, there was widespread suffering and an economic crisis as the economies of some regions impacted by the hurricane were disrupted.
After crossing Central America into the Pacific, it was renamed Tropical Storm Miriam and eventually dissipated out to sea. Joan-Miriam was the final hurricane of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season and the final named storm of that same year's Pacific hurricane season. The 1988 Atlantic hurricane season was a moderately active season that proved costly and deadly with 15 Tropical cyclones directly affecting land The 1988 Pacific hurricane season was a Pacific hurricane season that saw a below-average amount of Tropical cyclones form and that had only one landfalling [1][2][3]
Contents |
Storm history
Joan
One of the latest Cape Verde-type hurricanes to form in any season,[4] Joan formed from an area of convection in the intertropical convergence zone that moved off the coast of Africa early in October. A Cape Verde-type hurricane is an Atlantic hurricane that develops near the Cape Verde islands off the west coast of Africa. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ, also known as the Intertropical Front, Monsoon trough, Doldrums or the Equatorial It developed banding and was upgraded to Tropical Depression Seventeen on 10 October while located at low latitude in the central Atlantic Ocean. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated [5]
Joan gradually strengthened as it passed over the southern Windward Islands on October 15. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. This article is about the Caribbean island group For the eastern Society Islands in French Polynesia, see Windward Islands (Society Islands. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the It continued heading west in response to a strong Ridge, and passed over the Guajira Peninsula on October 17. A ridge is an elongated region of relatively high Atmospheric pressure, the opposite of a trough. Guajira Peninsula (Peninsula de La Guajira is a Peninsula in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela in the Caribbean sea. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost [5] After entering the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea, Joan strengthened into a hurricane. It then slowly executed a small counterclockwise loop, possibly in response to the nearby Tropical Depression Eighteen. [2] Upwelling caused by the quasi-stationary hurricane weakened the system. As the nearby depression dissipated, Joan resumed its westward track. A strong anticyclone over the southwestern Caribbean Sea created an extremely favorable environment, and Joan underwent rapid deepening at a rate of 38 millibars in the space of a day. In Meteorology, an anticyclone (that is opposite to a Cyclone) is a Weather phenomenon in which there is a descending movement of the air and Rapid deepening, also know as rapid intensification, is a meteorological condition that occurs when the minimum sea-level Atmospheric pressure of a [4] With a minimum pressure of 932 millibars, Joan was one of the strongest October hurricanes since 1961. [4] At the time, it was located at 12°N, the southernmost Category 4 hurricane ever recorded at the time. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions [5] That record has since been broken by Hurricane Ivan. Hurricane Ivan was the strongest hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. [6] [7][2]
Joan made landfall just south of Bluefields on October 22. Bluefields is the capital of the Municipality of the same name and of R Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus [7] It passed over the northern portion of Lake Nicaragua, passed over Managua, and entered the Pacific Ocean near Leon on October 23. León is the second largest City in Nicaragua, after Managua. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - [2] Joan remained a hurricane or tropical storm during its entire passage over Central America, and was a minimal tropical storm when it reached the Pacific. [2] As per the policy at the time, Joan was renamed Miriam. [2]
Miriam
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| Duration | October 23 – November 2 | |||
| Intensity | 60 mph (90 km/h) [8], Pressure unknown | |||
Tropical Storm Miriam hugged the coast of Central America and reached its peak of 986 millibars on October 24. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat [9] Ordinarily, a pressure this low would indicate a Category 1 hurricane, but due to its disorganized convection, Miriam was not upgraded to a hurricane. [9] Land interaction and wind shear weakened Miriam to a tropical depression on October 26. Wind shear, sometimes referred to as windshear or Wind gradient, is a difference in Wind speed and direction over a relatively Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Low-level winds carried the system out to sea, and its convection dissipated on October 28. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine [9]
Miriam's remnants continued out to sea, and they regenerated on October 30. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. The tropical depression hung on for the next few days, until its second, and final, dissipation on November 2. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 [10]
Unusual path
Hurricane Joan's path through the southern Caribbean in late October was highly unusual. Most October storms in the Atlantic gravitate towards the northern portion of the Caribbean, and often recurve quickly. [11] Joan took the southernmost path of a tropical cyclone since a June system in 1933, although Hurricane Irene in 1971 took a path that was just north of Joan's. The 1933 Atlantic hurricane season was the second most active Atlantic hurricane season on record with 21 storms forming during that year in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1971 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1971, and lasted until [5]
Joan-Miriam was also rare in the sense that it survived passage from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean or vice-versa. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Only seven other storms have survived the passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. [12]
Preparations
Tropical Storm watches and later warnings were issued for the Windward Islands as far north as Martinique on October 13. Warnings and watches are two levels of alert issued by national Weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a Tropical cyclone Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees They were dropped over the subsequent two days as Joan passed through. Along the coast of South America, additional warnings were raised and later dropped as Joan paralleled the coast. [13]
The first hurricane watches were issued for parts of Panama, and Providencia starting on October 18. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Isla de Providencia or Old Providence is a mountainous Caribbean island. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid The watch area was expanded to include Costa Rica and Nicaragua on October 19 as the watches were upgraded to warnings. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. These warnings provided several hours' worth of lead time, allowing evacuations and preparations to be made. [14] In addition, flash flood and mudslide warnings were issued for western Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Nicaragua starting on October 21. A flash flood is a rapid flooding of geomorphic lowlying areas - washes rivers and streams Mudslide redirects here it is also the name of a cocktail. A mudflow or mudslide is the most rapid (up to 80 km/h / 50 mph Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.
In response to Miriam, the flood and mudslide warnings issued because of Joan were not lifted until October 23 and 25. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Tropical Storm warnings were issued for the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, El Salvador, and the Gulf of Fonseca on October 24. El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. The Gulf of Fonseca (Golfo de Fonseca part of the Pacific Ocean, is a gulf in Central America, bordering El Salvador, Honduras Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat They were dropped the next day. Guatemala was placed under a warning on October 24. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat In addition, new flash flood and mudslide warnings were raised for Guatemala and the Mexican state of Chiapas on October 24 and 25, respectively. Chiapas is the southernmost state of Mexico, located towards the southeast of the country Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat All warnings and watches were discontinued later on October 25 as Miriam turned away from the coast. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a [15]
Despite the dangers from the intense hurricane, evacuations in Bluefields were met with resistance and disbelief from residents. [3] In Managua, 70,000 people were evacuated to safe areas. [2] In the remaining areas of Nicaragua, 300,000 people were evacuated. [16] In Costa Rica, a total of 55,000 people were evacuated. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in [3]
Impact
| Confirmed Death Tolls by Country | |
|---|---|
| Country | Deaths |
| Nicaragua | 148-248[2] |
| Costa Rica | 28-46[3] |
| Colombia | 25[3] |
| Venezuela | 11[3] |
| Panama | 4[3] |
| Total | 216-334 |
Hurricane Joan killed at least 216 people, with 118 unaccounted for. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The total cost of damage was around 2 billion USD (1988 dollars). [1] All of the deaths and most of the damage were due to the Joan portion of Hurricane Joan-Miriam. [10]
Lesser Antilles
No casualties were reported in the Windward Islands, including Grenada, where, on October 15, Joan made landfall. This article is about the Caribbean island group For the eastern Society Islands in French Polynesia, see Windward Islands (Society Islands. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the There were also no casualties in any of Aruba, Bonaire, or Curacao. Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Island Territory of Bonaire ( Dutch: Eilandgebied Bonaire, Papiamento: Teritorio Insular di Boneiru) is one of five island areas Curaçao (ˈkjuːrəsaʊ in English Dutch: Curaçao, Papiamento: Kòrsou) is an Island in the southern Caribbean Sea, It is not known if there was any damage in the Lesser Antilles. [3] In Trinidad and Tobago, Joan was described as a "minor inconvenience". The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American [17]
South America
In Venezuela, 11 people were killed due to flash-flooding caused by heavy rains. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Landslides and flooding killed 25 people in Colombia. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The rains and flooding left 27,000 people homeless. A monetary value for damage is unavailable. [3]
Nicaragua
Most of the destruction was in Nicaragua. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Throughout the country, 148 people perished, 184 were badly hurt, and 100 were unaccounted for. Roughly 23,300 homes were destroyed, with 6,000 being damaged. [2] Many settlements on the Atlantic coast of the country were completely destroyed. [16] The national electric company had 620 miles of downed power lines, at the cost of 2. 5 million USD (1988 dollars). [18] A port being constructed with Bulgarian help at El Bluff was severely damaged. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian El Bluff is a port city on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua within the bay of Bluefields. On a brighter note, public health measures managed to keep the death toll lower than it could have been. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations [16]
Bluefields was hit with extreme impact. Bluefields is the capital of the Municipality of the same name and of R Almost all of the 6,000 houses in the city were demolished or had their roofs blown off. The majority of the main buildings in the city were destroyed. [2] The hurricane also wreaked havoc on agriculture in the country. Around 15,700 head of cattle, 20,000 pigs, and 456,000 chickens were killed. [2] The hurricane also caused severe disruption in most of Nicaragua's remaining rain forests in the areas it hit, and also stripped trees of leaves. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches [19] Hurricane Joan caused transportation difficulties in the country. Floodwaters destroyed 30 bridges and seriously damaged 36 others. Roads totaling 404 miles in length were washed away. [2]
In an unfortunate coincidence, Hurricane Joan hit shortly after an armed conflict in the region had started to cool off. The hurricane destroyed much of the infrastructure in Nicaragua, contributing to a recession that was already underway. A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U The losses to cash crops severely reduced exports to under 200 million dollars (1988 USD). In Agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for Money. [18] These factors combined to aggravate a recession and deepen the economic crisis. Government spending to rebuild infrastructure negated recently-introduced anti-inflation measures. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Hurricane Joan was a partial cause of Nicaraguans being, on average, worse-off than they were in the 1970s. [20]
Rest of Central America
In Costa Rica, 28 people were killed, 75 were injured, and 18 were missing. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Rainfall caused 20 rivers to burst their banks, flooding 75 settlements, including the city of Quetos on the Pacific coast. At Ciudad Neily, the Rio Corredores broke through a dike. LeveeEmbankmentDitch A dike (or dyke) levee, levée, embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial In total, 7,500 Costa Ricans were rendered homeless. [3]
In the remaining portions of Central America, heavy rainfall, sometimes exceeding 30 centimeters' worth, was reported. These rains caused flooding and landslides, especially in mountainous regions. [2] Those heavy rains caused four deaths in Panama. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The cost of damage is unknown. [3]
Mexico
In Mexico, heavy rainfall associated with Tropical Storm Miriam caused the cancellation of flights from the airport at Tuxtla Gutiérrez. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Tuxtla Gutiérrez is a Municipality and the capital city of the Mexican state of Chiapas. The highest rainfall reported recorded was 10. 37 inches/264 mm at Lazaro Cardenas. [21] In small settlements, rivers were flooded and mudslides were reported. Casualties from the flooding are not known. [10]
Aftermath
The response to requests for international aid was moderate. Aid (from the french word aide, also known as international aid, overseas aid, or foreign aid, especially in the United States) is American church groups, Cuba, and Mexico collectively contributed around 2,500 tons of food and medicine. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Canadian, Swedish, West German, Spanish, and Dutch Governments contributed token aid amounting to 2 million dollars (1988) each. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. The government of Sweden is a Constitutional monarchy based on Parliamentary democracy. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Chief of State King Juan Carlos I, since November 22 1975; Queen Sofia Prince of Asturias Felipe The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a No aid was sent by the United States government. The Soviet Union contributed an unknown sum. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 [18] The slow response to requests for aid was contributed to by the Sandanista Government's actions, which was viewed by a few anonymous diplomats from other countries who commented to the press, as undermining the peace process championed by Óscar Arias. The Sandinista National Liberation Front ( Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional) is a socialist Nicaraguan Political party. Óscar Rafael de Jesús Arias Sánchez (born 13 September 1940) is the current President of Costa Rica, and won the Nobel Peace Prize [18] Those actions were the July 10 arrests of opposition activists and the closing down of independent radio stations. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. [18] In addition, the government also barred foreign humanitarian groups from receiving American aid, as well as turning back a relief shipment days before the storm. [18]
On October 28, 1988, the United Nations General Assembly passed without a vote Resolution 17 of its 43rd session in response to the disaster. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members The resolution called on countries to contribute to the relief effort. [22]
Retirement
- See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
The name Joan was retired in 1989. This is a list of retired Atlantic hurricane names. Hurricane names are retired by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO in a meeting in March April or May It was replaced by Joyce on the list for the 1994 season,[23] but was not used until 2000 due to an El Niño in 1994. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1994 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1994 and lasted until November 30 1994 Because the impact of the Miriam portion of the tropical cyclone was minimal, the name Miriam was not retired in the Pacific and is still on the lists for that basin. [24]
See also
References
- ^ a b 1988 Monthly Weather Review accessed April 9, 2006
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m NHC Joan report p. 2 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k NHC Joan report p. 3 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ a b c Padgett, Gary Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary for October 2003 Part 1 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ a b c d NHC Joan report p. 1 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ NHC Ivan Report accessed April 27, 2006
- ^ a b NHC Joan report p. 7 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ NHC Miriam report p. 3 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ a b c NHC Miriam report p. 1 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ a b c NHC Miriam report p. 2 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ NHC Tropical Cyclone Climatology accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ NHC Tropical Cyclone FAQ Subject E15 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ NHC Joan report p. 8 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ NHC Joan report p. 9 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ NHC Miriam report p. 4 accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ a b c Fox, Robert Nicaragua Still Reeling in Wake of a Hurricane accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service, Tropical Cyclones Affecting Trinidad and Tobago, 1725 to 2000 p 14. This is a list of notable Tropical cyclones, subdivided by basin and reason for notability Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->A South American cyclone Accessed February 18, 2007
- ^ a b c d e f Preston, Julia, Washington Post (1988) Response Tepid to Managua's Aid Plea accessed April 10, 2006
- ^ Vetiver as a Component of World Relief's Sustainable Agriculture Program in Nicaragua accessed April 11, 2006
- ^ Nicaragua Historical Background accessed April 11, 2006
- ^ Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Hurricane Joan-Miriam. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 43/17: Emergency assistance to Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and other countries affected by hurricane (sic) Joan accessed April 11, 2006
- ^ Padgett, G, J. Beven, & J. F. Free (2004) NHC Tropical Cyclone FAQ Subject B3: What names have been retired in the Atlantic and East Pacific basin? accessed May 21, 2006
- ^ World Meteorological Organization (2005) Fact Sheet Tropical Cyclone Names accessed May 21, 2005
External links
- Joan path
- Miriam path
- Joan preliminary report
- Miriam preliminary report
- Miriam advisories
- Atlantic to Pacific crossover storms
