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Hurricane Andrew
Category 5 hurricane (SSHS)
Hurricane Andrew approaching the Bahamas and Florida as a Category 5 hurricane

Hurricane Andrew approaching the Bahamas and Florida as a Category 5 hurricane
Formed August 16, 1992
Dissipated August 28, 1992
Highest
winds
175 mph (280 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure 922 mbar (hPa; 27. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. 24 inHg)
Fatalities 26 direct, 39 indirect
Damage $26. Inches of mercury, inHg or "Hg is a measuring unit for Pressure. 5 billion (1992 USD)
$40. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 7 billion (2008 USD)
Areas
affected		 Bahamas; South Florida, Louisiana, and other areas of the Southern United States
Part of the
1992 Atlantic hurricane season
This article is about the 1992 hurricane; there was also a Tropical Storm Andrew during the 1986 Atlantic hurricane season. The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1986, and lasted until

Hurricane Andrew is the second-most-destructive hurricane in U. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding S. history, and the last of three Category 5 hurricanes that made U.S. landfall during the 20th century, after the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 and Hurricane Camille in 1969. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Landfall is the event of a Tropical cyclone (also known as a hurricane or a Waterspout coming onto Land after being over water The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 was the strongest tropical cyclone during the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Camille was the third and strongest tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season Andrew caused 65 deaths. [1]

The first named storm of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season, Andrew struck the northwestern Bahamas, southern Florida at Homestead (south of Miami), and southwest Louisiana around Morgan City in August. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Homestead is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States nestled between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Morgan City (previously known as Brashear is a City in St Martin and St [2] Andrew caused $26. 5 billion in damage ($38. 1 billion in 2006 US dollars), with most of that damage cost in south Florida. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Its central pressure ranks as fourth-lowest in U. S. landfall records and Andrew was the costliest natural disaster in U. S. history until surpassed by Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 season. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States

Contents

Storm history

Storm path
Storm path
Infrared image of Andrew making landfall in Florida
Infrared image of Andrew making landfall in Florida

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 14. Tropical waves, or easterly waves, also known as African easterly waves in the Atlantic region are a type of Atmospheric trough, Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Under the influence of a ridge of high pressure to its north, the wave tracked quickly westward. A ridge is an elongated region of relatively high Atmospheric pressure, the opposite of a trough. An area of convection developed along the wave axis to the south of the Cape Verde islands, and on August 15 meteorologists began classifying the system with the Dvorak technique. Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within Fluids (i The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed The thunderstorm activity became more concentrated, and narrow spiral rainbands developed around a developing center of circulation. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding Based on a Dvorak T-number of 2. 0, it is estimated Tropical Depression Three developed late on August 16 about 1630 miles (2625 km) eastsoutheast of Barbados. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation [3]

Embedded within the deep easterlies, the depression tracked westnorthwestward at 20 mph (33 km/h). [4] Initially, moderate wind shear prevented strengthening, though a decrease in shear allowed the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Andrew at around 1200 UTC on August 17. Wind shear, sometimes referred to as windshear or Wind gradient, is a difference in Wind speed and direction over a relatively Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli [3] By early on August 18, the storm maintained concentrated convection near the center with spiral bands to its west as the winds increased to 50 mph (85 km/h). Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. [5] Shortly thereafter the thunderstorms decreased markedly during the diurnal minimum,[6] and as the storm turned to the northwest increased southwesterly wind shear from an upper-level low prevented Andrew from maintaining deep convection. [3] On August 19, a Hurricane Hunters flight into the storm failed to locate a well-defined center,[7] and the next day a flight found that the cyclone had degenerated to the extent that only a diffuse low-level circulation center remained; observations indicated the pressure rose to an unusually high 1015 mbar. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Hurricane Hunters are aircraft that fly into Tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeastern Pacific Ocean for the specific purpose of The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. The flight indicated Andrew maintained a vigorous circulation aloft, with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) recorded at flight level. Subsequently, the upper-level low weakened and split into a trough, which decreased the wind shear over the storm. A trough is an elongated region of relatively low Atmospheric pressure, often associated with fronts Unlike fronts there is not a universal symbol for Simultaneously, a strong high pressure cell developed over the southeastern United States, which built eastward and caused Andrew to turn to the west. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [3] Convection became more organized as upper-level outflow became better established. Outflow, in Meteorology, is air that flows outwards from a thunderstorm [8] An eye formed, and Andrew attained hurricane status early on August 22 while located about 650 miles (1040 km) eastsoutheast of Nassau, Bahamas. The eye is a region of mostly calm Weather found at the center of strong Tropical cyclones The eye of a Storm is a roughly circular area and typically 30–65 km Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Nassau is the Capital, largest city and commercial centre of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. [3]

Six hours after becoming a hurricane, Andrew was predicted to make landfall near Jupiter, Florida with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). Landfall is the event of a Tropical cyclone (also known as a hurricane or a Waterspout coming onto Land after being over water Jupiter is a town located in Palm Beach County Florida. As of the 2000 census the town had a total population of 39328 [9] The hurricane accelerated as it tracked due westward into an area of very favorable conditions, and late on August 22 began rapidly intensifying; in a 24 hour period the pressure dropped 47 mbar to a minimum pressure of 922 mbar. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Rapid deepening, also know as rapid intensification, is a meteorological condition that occurs when the minimum sea-level Atmospheric pressure of a The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. [3] On August 23 the cyclone attained Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, and at 1800 UTC Hurricane Andrew reached peak winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) while located a short distance off Eleuthera island in the Bahamas. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of all recorded The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions See also Eleutherae Eleuthera is an island in the Bahamas, lying 50 miles (80 km east of Nassau. The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and [10] Operationally, the National Hurricane Center assessed its peak intensity as 150 mph (240 km/h),[11] which was upgraded to 155 mph (250 km/h) in post-analysis; the hurricane was re-classified as a Category 5 hurricane twelve years subsequent to the hurricane. The US National Hurricane Center, located at Florida International University in Miami Florida, is the division of National Weather Service [10] A small tropical cyclone, winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) extended out only about 90 miles (150 km/h) from its center. [12] Subsequent to peaking in intensity, the hurricane underwent an eyewall replacement cycle,[13] and at 2100 UTC on August 23, Hurricane Andrew struck Eleuthera with winds of 160 mph (260 km/h). The eye is a region of mostly calm Weather found at the center of strong Tropical cyclones The eye of a Storm is a roughly circular area and typically 30–65 km Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire [10] The cyclone weakened further while crossing the Bahama Banks, and at 0100 UTC on August 24 Andrew hit the southern Berry Islands of the Bahamas with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). The Bahama Banks are the submerged Carbonate platforms that make up much of the Bahama Archipelago Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Attractions The Berry islands have become a huge Vacation spot for people from all over the world [10] As it crossed over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream in the Straits of Florida, the hurricane rapidly re-intensified as the eye decreased in size and its eyewall convection deepened. The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that The Straits of Florida, Florida Straits, or Florida Strait is a Strait located south-southeast of the North American Mainland, generally accepted [3] At 0840 UTC on August 24, Andrew struck Elliott Key with winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) and a pressure of 926 mbar. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Elliott Key is the northernmost of the true Florida Keys (those 'keys' which are ancient Coral reefs lifted above the present Sea level) and the largest [10] The hurricane continued to strengthen up to and slightly after landfall, and 25 minutes after its first Florida landfall Andrew hit near Homestead with a slightly lower pressure and the same winds. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Homestead is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States nestled between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades [3]

Satellite image of Hurricane Andrew approaching Louisiana
Satellite image of Hurricane Andrew approaching Louisiana

As the eye moved onshore, the convection in the eyewall strengthened owing to increased convergence, and Hurricane Hunters reported a warmer eyewall temperature than two hours prior. However, Hurricane Andrew weakened as the eye continued further inland, and after crossing southern Florida in four hours, the eye emerged into the Gulf of Mexico with winds of 135 mph (215 km/h). The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world [3] The eye remained well-defined as the hurricane turned to the westnorthwest, a change due to the weakening of the ridge to its north. [14] Andrew steadily re-intensified over the Gulf of Mexico, reaching winds of 145 mph (235 km/h) by late on August 25. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the [10] As the high pressure system to its north weakened, a strong mid-latitude trough approached the area from the northwest. A trough is an elongated region of relatively low Atmospheric pressure, often associated with fronts Unlike fronts there is not a universal symbol for This caused the hurricane to decelerate to the northwest,[3] and winds decreased as Andrew approached the Gulf Coast of the United States. The Gulf Coast region of the United States comprises the coasts of states which border the Gulf of Mexico. At 0830 UTC on August 26 the cyclone made its final landfall in a sparsely populated area of Louisiana about 20 miles (32 km) westsouthwest of Morgan City with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Morgan City (previously known as Brashear is a City in St Martin and St [10] Hurricane Andrew weakened rapidly as it turned to the north and northeast, and within ten hours weakened to a tropical storm. After entering Mississippi, the cyclone deteriorated to tropical depression status early on August 27. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Accelerating northeastward, the tropical depression began merging with the approaching frontal system, and by midday on August 28 Andrew ceased to meet the qualifications of a tropical cyclone while located over the southern Appalachian Mountains. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. [3] The remnants continued to the northeast and lost its identity within the frontal zone over the Mid-Atlantic states. The Mid-Atlantic States (also called Middle Atlantic States or simply Mid Atlantic) form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that [15]

Statistics

Most intense landfalling U. S. hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank Hurricane Season Landfall pressure
1 "Labor Day" 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
2 Camille 1969 909 mbar (hPa)
3 Katrina 2005 920 mbar (hPa)
4 Andrew 1992 922 mbar (hPa)
5 "Indianola" 1886 925 mbar (hPa)
6 "Florida Keys" 1919 927 mbar (hPa)
7 "Okeechobee" 1928 929 mbar (hPa)
8 Donna 1960 930 mbar (hPa)
9 Carla 1961 931 mbar (hPa)
10 Hugo 1989 934 mbar (hPa)
Source: National Hurricane Center

Reports from private barometers helped establish that Andrew's central pressure, at landfall near Homestead, Florida, was 27. The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 was the strongest tropical cyclone during the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1935 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1935 The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. Hurricane Camille was the third and strongest tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1969, and lasted until Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until The Indianola Hurricane of 1886 destroyed the town of Indianola Texas. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1886 The Florida Keys Hurricane or Atlantic Gulf Hurricane of 1919 was an intense Atlantic hurricane, killing over 600 people as it moved through the Florida TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1919 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1919 The Okeechobee hurricane, or Hurricane San Felipe Segundo, was a deadly hurricane that struck the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, the TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1928 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1928 Hurricane Donna in the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season was a Cape Verde-type hurricane which moved across the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1960 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 15, 1960, and lasted until Hurricane Carla was one of two Category 5 Tropical cyclones during the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1961 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 15, 1961, and lasted until Hurricane Hugo was a destructive Category 5 Hurricane that struck Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1989 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1989, and lasted until History The first barometer is thought to have been built unintentionally by Gasparo Berti, sometime between 1640 and 1643 Homestead is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States nestled between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades 23 inches (922 hPa). At the time, this was the third-lowest pressure on record for a landfalling hurricane in the United States (it is now fourth, after 2005's Hurricane Katrina). Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States

Andrew's peak winds in South Florida were not directly measured, primarily because of the destruction or failure of measuring instruments. The Coastal Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) station at Fowey Rocks, with platform elevation of 141 ft (43 m), in its last transmission at 4:00 a. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm m. EDT, August 24, recorded an 8-minute average wind of 142 mph (228 km/h) with a peak gust of 169 mph (272 km/h) shortly before the equipment was destroyed. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. It is probable that higher winds occurred at Fowey Rocks after the station was destroyed. [16]

Another important wind speed report came from the Kendall-Tamiami Executive Airport, located nine miles (14 km) west of the shoreline. While weather observations had been suspended at the station, the official weather observer there stayed on duty and continued to make wind speed readings. At 4:45 a. m. EDT, August 24, he noted that the wind speed indicator was "pegged" at a position a little beyond the instrument's highest value of 100 knots (115 mph, 185 km/h), at a point he estimated to be around 110 knots (125 mph, 205 km/h). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. The needle reportedly remained "fixed" at this location for 3-5 minutes before dropping to "0" when the anemometer failed. These observations were closely corroborated by two other observers. He also indicated that the weather conditions continued to worsen for an additional 30 minutes after the anemometer failed. It is probable that much stronger winds occurred at this location. [17]

The highest recorded surface gust, within Andrew's northern eyewall, occurred at the home of a resident about a mile from the shoreline in Perrine, Florida. Perrine Florida was an unincorporated community in Miami-Dade County about midway between Miami and Homestead. During the peak of the storm, a gust of 212 mph (341 km/h) was observed before both the home and anemometer were destroyed. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. Subsequent wind-tunnel testing at Clemson University of the same type of anemometer revealed a 16. 5% error. The observed value was officially corrected to be 177 mph (285 km/h). (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. [18]

Data collected at the Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station terminated at 5:05 EDT before winds reached maximum strength. Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station is a twin reactor Nuclear power station located on a 3300 acre (13 km² site 2 miles east of Homestead Florida, The anemometer recorded sustained winds of 145 mph before it failed, and a barometric pressure of 922 mb was recorded (equal to the lowest observed surface pressure of 922 mb recorded in Perrine at a private home). Gusts exceeding 175 mph were also observed. The data from Turkey Point reflects shoreline measurements (not inland), as it is situated directly on the coastline. [19]

A National Weather Service-Miami Radar image recorded on 24 August 1992 at 4:35 EDT [08:35 UTC] superimposed on a street map by the Hurricane Research Division of NOAA cleary indicates the most powerful winds within the northern eyewall (conditions greater than 48 dBZ) made landfall between SW 152 St. (Coral Reef Drive) and SW 184 St. (Eureka Drive) in the Perrine/Cutler Ridge area. [20] dBZ readings indicate Decibels of Z (radar echo intensity/reflectivity) and help map the relative strength of storm activity within a weather system. This extremely powerful band within the northern eyewall corresponds with the exact latitude range where the hightest surface wind gusts of 177 mph and lowest barometric pressure (922 mb) were recorded at a private home in Perrine and evaluated by Clemson University. [21] This corridor is also in line with the former Burger King corporate headquarters, located on the shoreline at the terminus of 184th St. (Eureka Drive), where one of the highest storm surge levels was recorded (16. 9 ft). [22]


In 2002, The Atlantic Basin Hurricane Database Reanalysis Project examined Hurricane Andrew and this corridor of extreme winds embedded within Andrew's northern eyewall. The project concluded that Category 5 conditions on land occurred only in a small region of southern Dade (now Miami-Dade) County, specifically close to the coast in Cutler Ridge. The remaining areas affected by Andrew's initial landfall in Florida likely experienced sustained Category 4 and 3 conditions. Andrew was officially re-classified as a Category 5 storm in 2004, and the reanalysis provides a more comprehensive and detailed examination of Andrew's wind field structure upon landfall than originally assessed in 1992. [10]

The National Hurricane Center, then located along U. The US National Hurricane Center, located at Florida International University in Miami Florida, is the division of National Weather Service S. 1 in Coral Gables, recorded a peak gust of 164 mph (272 km/h) measured 130 ft (39. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. 6 m) above the ground, just before 5 a. m. EDT, August 24. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River At 5:17 a. m. EDT, the anemometer was severely damaged and by 5:45 a. m. had been completely destroyed.

High winds occurred in other locations across Southern Florida, including peak gusts of 115 mph (185 km/h) estimated at Miami International Airport and 132 mph (212 km/h) recorded at Haulover Beach, Florida. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. Miami International Airport is a public Airport located eight miles (13 km) northwest of the Central business district of Miami, in unincorporated (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. Baker's Haulover Inlet is a man-made channel in Miami-Dade County Florida connecting the northern end of Biscayne Bay with the Atlantic Ocean, at coordinates [23]

In 2002, as part of an ongoing review of historical hurricane records, National Hurricane Center experts concluded that Andrew had sustained winds of 165 mph (265 km/h) briefly before and during landfall, making it a Category 5

Berwick, Louisiana reported sustained winds of 96 mph (154 km/h) with gusts to 120 mph (193 km/h). Berwick is a Town in St Mary Parish, Louisiana, United States. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. The highest gust of 173 mph (278 km/h) was reported from a drilling barge on Bayou Teche in coastal St. Mary Parish, Louisiana. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. St Mary Parish (Paroisse de Sainte-Marie is a Parish located in the U The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America [24]

Preparations

Before impact in the Bahamas predictions were for a 10 to 14 ft (4. The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and 3 m) storm surge, rising locally to 18 ft (5. Storm surge or tidal surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system typically a Tropical cyclone. 5 m), and for 5 to 8 inches (200 mm) of rain. [25] Evacuations were ordered by emergency management officials, and at 5 PM local time residents throughout the region of Bahamas and Florida were warned to take precautions to protect life and property. By 11 PM local time, residents were warned that precautions to protect life and property should have been completed. A 7 to 10-foot (3. 0 m) storm surge was predicted for Eastern Florida, and the Florida Keys and 7 to 11-foot (3. 4 m) storm surge was predicted for Western Florida was predicted before the storm exited Florida. Some isolated tornadoes were also predicted for South and Central Florida for August 23 and August 24. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River [26] At least 1,500 National Guard troops were deployed to Florida to prevent looting. For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard. [27][28]

Sandbag walls were created in the South Bell Telephone Building in New Orleans. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Sandbag walls were also created in the French Quarter section of New Orleans. The French Quarter, also known as Vieux Carré, is the oldest and most famous neighborhood in the city of New Orleans Louisiana. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Floodgates were also closed throughout New Orleans Levees. Sandbags for the public ran out because of the protection of major areas. Planes headed to and from New Orleans were canceled. [29]

Impact

Bahamas

Damage in the Bahamas was estimated at $250 million.

Florida

The aftermath of Hurricane Andrew in Homestead, Florida.
The aftermath of Hurricane Andrew in Homestead, Florida. Homestead is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States nestled between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades

As with most high-intensity storms (Categories 4 and 5), the worst damage from Andrew is thought to have occurred not from straight-line winds but from vortices, or "miniwhirls" (something like embedded tornadoes). This was the conclusion of Tetsuya Theodore Fujita, a University of Chicago meteorologist who devised the Fujita scale for measuring the strength of tornadoes, after he surveyed Andrew's destruction in the Homestead area. was a severe storms researcher of the twentieth century Born in Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, he studied at Kyushu Institute of Technology The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. The Fujita scale ( F-Scale) or Fujita-Pearson scale, is a scale for rating Tornado intensity based on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures

Looting also occurred in Florida after the storm, with at least 100 people attempted to ransack the Cutler Ridge shopping mall south of Miami. However, the deployment of 600 National Guard troops in the region restored order. [27]

Andrew produced a 17 ft (5. 2 m) storm surge near the landfall point in Florida. Storm surge or tidal surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system typically a Tropical cyclone. A tidal surge of 16. 9 feet (5. 2 m) was recorded at the shoreline of SW 184th Street (Eureka Drive), the former location of the Burger King world corporate headquarters on the coast of the Perrine/Cutler Ridge area (directly within the path of the northern eyewall). [30]

Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes
Total estimated property damage, adjusted for wealth normalization (according to Pielke et al. (2008)). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Rank Hurricane Season Cost (2005 USD)
1 “Miami” 1926 $157 billion
2 “Galveston” 1900 $99. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The 1926 Miami Hurricane (or Great Miami Hurricane) was an intense hurricane that devastated Miami Florida in September 1926 TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1926 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1926 TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1900 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and early fall months of 1900 4 billion
3 Katrina 2005 $81. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States 0 billion
4 “Galveston” 1915 $68. The 1915 Galveston Hurricane was a deadly Hurricane that struck Leeward Islands, Hispanola, Cuba and Texas, in mid August of TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1915 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1915 0 billion
5 Andrew 1992 $55. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until 8 billion
6 “New England” 1938 $39. The New England Hurricane of 1938 (or Great New England Hurricane or Long Island Express or simply The Great Hurricane of 1938) was the first major TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1938 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 16 1938 and lasted until October 31 1938 2 billion
7 “Pinar del Río” 1944 $38. The Pinar del Río Hurricane of 1944 (also known as the 1944 Havana Hurricane and 1944 Cuba-Florida Hurricane) was a large intense Category 3 hurricane TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1944 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 16 1944 and lasted until October 31 1944 7 billion
8 “Okeechobee” 1928 $33. The Okeechobee hurricane, or Hurricane San Felipe Segundo, was a deadly hurricane that struck the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, the TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1928 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1928 6 billion
9 Donna 1960 $26. Hurricane Donna in the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season was a Cape Verde-type hurricane which moved across the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1960 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 15, 1960, and lasted until 8 billion
10 Camille 1969 $21. Hurricane Camille was the third and strongest tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1969, and lasted until 2 billion
Main article: List of Atlantic hurricanes by cost

Unlike most hurricanes, the vast majority of the damage in Florida was due to the winds. The agricultural loss in Florida was $1. 04 billion alone. [31][24]

In Dade County 90% of homes had major roof damage. Miami-Dade County (often referred to as simply Miami or Dade) is a County located in the southeastern part of the state of Florida 117,000 were destroyed or had major damage. [31]

The Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station was hit directly by Andrew. Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station is a twin reactor Nuclear power station located on a 3300 acre (13 km² site 2 miles east of Homestead Florida, Over $90 million of damage was done, largely to a water tank and to a smokestack of one of the fossil-fueled units on-site, but the containment buildings were undamaged. A containment building, in its most common usage is a Steel or reinforced concrete structure enclosing a Nuclear reactor. The nuclear plant was built to withstand winds of up to 235 mph.

Rainfall totals caused by Andrew
Rainfall totals caused by Andrew

Massive damage caused by Andrew at Homestead Air Force Base, very near the point of landfall on the South Florida coast, led to the closing of the base as a full active-duty base. Homestead Joint Air Reserve Base (formerly Homestead Air Force Base) is a United States Air Force base located in South Miami-Dade County Florida adjacent It was later partly rebuilt and operates today as a U. S. Air Reserve base. The aircraft and squadron were relocated to Aviano Air Base in Italy. Aviano Air Base is a NATO Airbase in northeastern Italy, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia region.

Power lines bringing electric power to the Florida Keys were destroyed, leaving residents without power. The Florida Keys are an Archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. However water was maintained, although it had to be boiled. Boiling (also called ebullition) a type of Phase transition, is the rapid vaporization of a Liquid, which typically occurs when a liquid [32]

There was also moderate damage to the coral reef areas offshore of Florida down to depths of 75 feet (23 m). Coral reefs are Aragonite structures produced by living organisms found in marine waters with little to no nutrients in the water [31]

Louisiana

After hitting Florida, Andrew moved across the Gulf of Mexico and once again made landfall in south-central Louisiana. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America [33] About 152,000 electricity customers lost their power because of the impact of Andrew. Four people were also killed, as a result of Andrew.

Storm tides of at least eight ft (2. Storm surge or tidal surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system typically a Tropical cyclone. 4 m) inundated portions of the Louisiana coast. Andrew also produced a killer tornado in southeastern Louisiana. A tornado is a violent rotating column of air which is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a Cumulonimbus cloud or in rare cases the base of a Cumulus The F3 tornado hit Laplace and stayed on ground until Reserve, St. John the Baptist Parish. LaPlace is a Census-designated place (CDP in St John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana, United States, along the east bank of the Mississippi Reserve is a Census-designated place (CDP in St John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana, United States, on the east bank of the Mississippi St John the Baptist Parish (Paroisse de Saint-Jean-Baptiste is a parish located in the U The tornado caused two deaths. [24]

Damage was done to soy bean, corn, and sugar cane crops. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae The damage estimated done to the sugar cane was $200 million. [34]

A Coast Guard helicopter had to rescue 4 people and 2 dogs from a disabled 65-foot (20 m) fishing boat, 50 miles (80 km) south of Houma. Houma (ˈhoʊmə and /ˈhuːmə/  is the Parish seat of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States, and the largest principal city [29]

Aftermath

Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes
Total estimated property damage, adjusted for wealth normalization (according to Pielke et al. (2008)). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Rank Hurricane Season Cost (2005 USD)
1 “Miami” 1926 $157 billion
2 “Galveston” 1900 $99. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The 1926 Miami Hurricane (or Great Miami Hurricane) was an intense hurricane that devastated Miami Florida in September 1926 TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1926 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1926 TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1900 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and early fall months of 1900 4 billion
3 Katrina 2005 $81. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States 0 billion
4 “Galveston” 1915 $68. The 1915 Galveston Hurricane was a deadly Hurricane that struck Leeward Islands, Hispanola, Cuba and Texas, in mid August of TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1915 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1915 0 billion
5 Andrew 1992 $55. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until 8 billion
6 “New England” 1938 $39. The New England Hurricane of 1938 (or Great New England Hurricane or Long Island Express or simply The Great Hurricane of 1938) was the first major TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1938 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 16 1938 and lasted until October 31 1938 2 billion
7 “Pinar del Río” 1944 $38. The Pinar del Río Hurricane of 1944 (also known as the 1944 Havana Hurricane and 1944 Cuba-Florida Hurricane) was a large intense Category 3 hurricane TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1944 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 16 1944 and lasted until October 31 1944 7 billion
8 “Okeechobee” 1928 $33. The Okeechobee hurricane, or Hurricane San Felipe Segundo, was a deadly hurricane that struck the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, the TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1928 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1928 6 billion
9 Donna 1960 $26. Hurricane Donna in the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season was a Cape Verde-type hurricane which moved across the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1960 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 15, 1960, and lasted until 8 billion
10 Camille 1969 $21. Hurricane Camille was the third and strongest tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1969, and lasted until 2 billion
Main article: List of Atlantic hurricanes by cost

Florida

An entire Miami neighborhood is leveled.
An entire Miami neighborhood is leveled.

Andrew's catastrophic damage spawned many rumors, including claims that hundreds or even thousands of migrant farm workers in south Dade County (now Miami-Dade County) were killed and their deaths were not reported in official accounts. Miami-Dade County (often referred to as simply Miami or Dade) is a County located in the southeastern part of the state of Florida An investigation by the Miami Herald found no basis for such rumors. The Miami Herald is a daily Newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company headquartered in Downtown Miami Florida. These rumors were probably based on the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane, when the deaths of migrant workers initially went uncounted, and were still debated at the time of Andrew. The Okeechobee hurricane, or Hurricane San Felipe Segundo, was a deadly hurricane that struck the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, the

The slow response of federal aid to storm victims in southern Florida led Dade County emergency management director Kate Hale to famously exclaim at a nationally televised news conference, "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one? They keep saying we're going to get supplies. Miami-Dade County (often referred to as simply Miami or Dade) is a County located in the southeastern part of the state of Florida The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on For God's sake, where are they?" Almost immediately, President George H. W. Bush promised, "Help is on the way," and mobile kitchens and tents began pouring in. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 [35]

Insurance claims in the wake of the extreme damage caused by Andrew led to the bankruptcy and closure of 11 insurance agencies and drained an excessive amount of equity from 30 more. Nearly one million residences were no longer eligible for coverage by any insurance agency. This led the Florida Legislature to create new agencies (the Joint Underwriting Association, the Florida Windstorm Underwriting Association and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund) to restore adequate insurance coverage.

Homeowners and officials criticized developers and contractors for inadequate building practices and poor building codes. An inquiry after the storm concluded that there were probably construction flaws in some buildings, and that the state of Florida did enforce some strict building codes since 1986, but they were either overlooked or ignored. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the [36] However, the evidence was not sufficient enough to issue criminal charges for neglect. [37]

The effects of Hurricane Andrew on Florida wetlands were considerable. In the Florida Everglades, 25%, 70,000 acres (280 km²) of trees were knocked down by the storm. Everglades is also the name of a city in Collier County Florida It took 20 days for new trees and vegetation to grow following the storms passing. Damage to marine life was moderate as the storm increased the turbidity and lowered the oxygen level in the water, threatening many fish and other marine wildlife. In addition, the storm killed 182 million fish in the basin, causing $160 million (1992 USD) in lost value. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been [38] In the decade after the storm, Hurricane Andrew may have contributed to the massive and sudden housing boom in Broward County, Florida. Broward County is a County located in the US state of Florida. Located just north of Miami-Dade County, residents who had lost their homes migrated to western sections of the county that were just starting to be developed. Miami-Dade County (often referred to as simply Miami or Dade) is a County located in the southeastern part of the state of Florida The result was record growth in places like Miramar, Pembroke Pines and Weston. Miramar is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city was named after the Miramar district of Havana, Cuba Pembroke Pines is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. Weston is a city located in Broward County Florida, USA Established as a city in 1996, much of the community was developed by Arvida / JMB Realty

Louisiana

In Louisiana, the hurricane knocked down 80% of the trees in part of the Atchafalaya River Basin near the coast. The Atchafalaya River is a Distributary of the Mississippi and Red rivers approximately 170 miles (270 km long in south central Louisiana A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, Offshore, the storm killed 9. 4 million fish, causing $7. 8 million (1992 USD) in lost value, and damaged large areas of marshland along the Louisiana coast. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America [38]

About 6,200 people had to be housed in 36 separate shelters, according to the American Red Cross. The American Red Cross (also known as the American National Red Cross) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance disaster relief and education inside The Salvation Army sent in 37 mobile food storage faculties, that served 40,000 meals, to help those who could get little or no food. The Salvation Army is a Christian charity and church that is internally organised like a military service.

Federal aid, from the Pentagon, sent in four 750 kilowatt generators, 2,500 cots, and 30,000 MRE's, or prepackaged meals, to Louisiana. In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic About 1,279 National Guard were deployed to Louisiana, to do various duties, from cooking to patrolling. [34]

Sheriffs along the coast of Louisiana imposed a curfew from 6 p. m. to 6 a. m. local time. The Central Time Zone observes Standard time by subtracting six hours from UTC during standard time ( UTC−6) and five hours during Daylight saving Alcohol sales were also banned immediately after the storm. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon [29]

Retirement

The name "Andrew" was retired in 1993 and will not be used again for an Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced by Alex for the 1998 season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 1998 and lasted until November 30 1998

Notes

  1. ^ Hurricane Andrew. Coastal Services Center. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  2. ^ Rappaport, Ed. Preliminary Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ed Rappaport (1993). Hurricane Andrew Preliminary Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  4. ^ Mayfield (1992). Tropical Depression Three Discussion One. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  5. ^ Rappaport (1992). Tropical Storm Andrew Discussion Five. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  6. ^ Gerrish (1992). Tropical Storm Andrew Discussion Eight. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  7. ^ Lawrence (1992). Tropical Storm Andrew Discussion Thirteen. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  8. ^ Mayfield (1992). Tropical Storm Andrew Discussion Twenty. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
  9. ^ Mayfield (1992). Hurricane Andrew Discussion Twenty-Three. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Christopher Landsea, et al. (2004). A Re-Analysis of Hurricane Andrew's Intensity. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  11. ^ Mayfield (1992). Hurricane Andrew Discussion Thirty. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  12. ^ Chris Landsea (2004). Aren't big tropical cyclones also intense tropical cyclones?. Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  13. ^ Rappaport, Gerrish, & Pasch (1992). Hurricane Andrew Discussion Thirty-One. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  14. ^ Avila & Mayfield (1992). Hurricane Andrew Discussion Thirty-Five. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  15. ^ David Roth (2007). Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Andrew. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
  16. ^ NHC report on Andrew (December 10, 1993)
  17. ^ NHC report on Andrew (December 10, 1993)
  18. ^ NHC report on Andrew (December 10, 1993)
  19. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/gifs/1992ed_andr2.gif
  20. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/gifs/1992andy.JPG
  21. ^ NHC report on Andrew (December 10, 1993)
  22. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/gifs/1992ed_andr2.gif
  23. ^ NHC report on Andrew (December 10, 1993)
  24. ^ a b c Louisiana Hurricane History: Late 20th century (continued)
  25. ^ (Public Advisory 30)
  26. ^ (Public Advisory 31)
  27. ^ a b (Newspaper Upload "at0824p3")
  28. ^ (Newspaper Upload "at0824p1"
  29. ^ a b c (The Inteligencer Summary of Impact (The Inteligencer)
  30. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/gifs/1992ed_andr2.gif
  31. ^ a b c John M. Williams, Iver W. Duedall et Fred Doehring (1997). Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms. University Press of Florida. ISBN 081302417X.  
  32. ^ http://www.keyshistory.org/hurricanelist.html (Florida Keys Hurricanes of the Last Millennium)]
  33. ^ Satellite Gallery:Hurricane Andrew 1992
  34. ^ a b (The Inteligencer)
  35. ^ St. Petersburg Times article (August 2002)
  36. ^ Building Codes St. Petersburg Times: Hurricane Andrew 10 Year Special Edition
  37. ^ Ten Years after Hurricane Andrew St Petersburg Times
  38. ^ a b Environmental Effects of Hurricane AndrewUnited States Geological Survey Report

References

  1. Modified after the National Hurricane Center web site. This U. S. government site is in the public domain. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

See also

External links


Tropical cyclones of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season
A
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS 1 2 3 4 5
This is a list of notable Tropical cyclones, subdivided by basin and reason for notability Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of all recorded TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until Subtropical Storm One in 1992 was the first recorded Atlantic Subtropical cyclone during the month of April Tropical Depression One in June 1992 produced 100-year floods in portions of southwestern Florida. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until Hurricane Bonnie was a long-lived storm in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until Tropical Storm Danielle was a weak tropical storm that made landfall on Virginia in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season. TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until TemplateHurricane season single. -->The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere Tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of Tropical depressions
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