| Magyar Köztársaság
Republic of Hungary
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| Motto: none Historically Regnum Mariae Patronae Hungariae (Latin) |
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| Anthem: Himnusz ("Isten, áldd meg a magyart") "Hymn" ("God, bless the Hungarians") |
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 Location of Hungary (orange)
– on the European continent (camel & white) |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Budapest |
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| Official languages | Hungarian (Magyar) | |||||
| Demonym | Hungarian | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | László Sólyom | ||||
| - | Prime minister | Ferenc Gyurcsány | ||||
| Foundation | ||||||
| - | Foundation of Hungary | 896 | ||||
| - | Recognized as Kingdom | December 1000 | ||||
| EU accession | May 1, 2004 | |||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 93,030 km² (109th) 35,919 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 0. The Flag of Hungary is a horizontal Tricolour of Red, White and Green. The current coat of arms of Hungary was adopted on July 3, 1990, after the end of the Communist regime A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's " Himnusz " (in English: Hymn) – the song beginning with the words Isten áldd meg a magyart (God bless the Hungarians – is the official The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The demographics of Hungary are as follows Historical 900-1910 1920 &ndash today Present Census 2001 recognised along Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government For Heads of State in the Kingdom of Hungary, see List of Hungarian rulers. László Sólyom (ˈlaːsloː ˈʃoːjom) (born on January 3 1942) is the President of Hungary, having overcome the governing Hungarian List of Heads of Government of Hungary (1848-Present Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Prime Ministers Count Lajos Batthyány (ˈfɛrɛnts ˈɟurtʃaːɲ born in Pápa, June 4, 1961) is the Prime Minister of Hungary. See also the History of Europe, the History of present-day nations and states, Pannonian basin before Hungary, and Hungary. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions Areas between 10000 km² and 100000 km² are listed here This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 74% | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2008 February estimate | 10,041,000[1] (79th) | ||||
| - | 2001 census | 10,198,315 | ||||
| - | Density | 109/km² (94nd) 282/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2008 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $198. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 7 billion[2] (48th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $20,000[2] (39th) | ||||
| Gini (2002) | 24. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 96 (low) (3rd) | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. This is a list of countries or dependencies by Income inequality metrics, including Gini coefficients according to the United Nations (UN and the The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 874 (high) (36th) | |||||
| Currency | Forint (HUF) |
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| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .hu1 | |||||
| Calling code | +36 | |||||
| 1 | Also .eu as part of the European Union. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The forint ( Currency code HUF) is the Currency of Hungary. It is divided into 100 Fillér, although fillér coins have not been ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E | |||||
Hungary (Hungarian: Magyarország; IPA: [mɒɟɒrorsaːg]; listen ), officially in English the Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság listen , literally Magyar (Hungarian) Republic), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. A landlocked country is commonly defined as one enclosed or nearly enclosed by land The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Its capital is Budapest. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU and a Schengen state. The North Atlantic Treaty The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls The official language is Hungarian (also known as Magyar), which forms part of the Finno-Ugric family. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and It is one of the four official languages of the European Union that is not of Indo-European origin. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Following a Celtic (after c. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts 450 BC) and a Roman (9 BC - c. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC 4th century) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late Ninth Century by the Magyar chieftain Árpád, whose great grandson István ascended to the throne with a crown sent from Rome in 1000. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Árpád (c 845 &ndash c 907 the second Grand Prince of the Magyars (c Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály The Holy Crown of Hungary ( Hungarian: Magyar Szent Korona, German: Stephanskrone, Croatian: Kruna svetoga Stjepana, Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Kingdom of Hungary existed with minor interruptions for more than 900 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings It was succeeded by a Communist era (1947-1989) during which Hungary gained widespread international attention regarding the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal move of opening its border with Austria in 1989, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of "Fall of Communism" redirects here For the fall of the Soviet Union itself see History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were The present form of government is a parliamentary republic (since 1989). A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government Hungary's current goal is to become a developed country by IMF standards, having become already developed by most traditional measures, including GDP and HDI[3] (world ranking 36th and rising). The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP The country's first ever term of EU presidency is due in 2011[4].
Hungary was one of the 15 most popular tourist destinations in the world in the past decade[5][6], with a capital regarded as one of the most beautiful in the world[7][8]. A tourist destination is a city town or other area that is dependent to a significant extent on the revenues accruing from Tourism. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Despite its relatively small size, the country is home to numerous World Heritage Sites, UNESCO Biosphere reserves, the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe (Lake Balaton), and the largest natural grassland in Europe (Hortobágy). This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries This is a complete list of Biosphere Reserves in Hungary. Aggtelek, 1979 Hortobágy, 1979 Kiskunság, 1979 Lake Hévíz is located close to Hévíz, Hungary, near the western end of Lake Balaton, five miles from Keszthely. Lake Balaton, located in Hungary, is the largest lake in Central Europe, and one of the foremost regional tourist destinations Hortobágy (ɦortobaːɟ is a village in Hajdú-Bihar county in Hungary.
Contents |
History
The land before the Magyars
In the time of the Roman Empire, the region west of the Danube river was known as Pannonia. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, After the Western Roman Empire collapsed under the stress of the migration of Germanic tribes and Carpian pressure, the Migration Period continued bringing many invaders to Europe. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Carpia was an Iberian city which is said to be the site of the ancient city Tartessos, or the refoundation of the sunken city The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name Among the first to arrive were the Huns, who built up a powerful empire under Attila. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Attila the Hun is regarded by some as an ancestral ruler of the Hungarians, opinion rejected by majority of scholars. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. It is believed that the origin of the name "Hungary" does not come from the Central Asian nomadic invaders called the Huns, but rather originated from a later, 7th century Bulgar alliance called On-Ogour, which in Old Turkish meant "(the) Ten Arrows" [9]. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, The Onogurs were a horde of Equestrian nomads that wandered the Eurasian plains in the 5th – 8th centuries. Old Turkic (also East Old Turkic, Orkhon Turkic, Old Uyghur) is the earliest attested Turkic language, found in inscriptions by the After Hunnish rule faded, the Germanic Ostrogoths then the Lombards came to Pannonia, and the Gepids had a presence in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin for about 100 years. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. In the 560s the Avars founded the Avar Khaganate ,[10] a state which maintained supremacy in the region for more than two centuries and had the military power to launch attacks against all its neighbours. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. The Avar Khagnate was weakened by constant wars and outside pressure. The Franks under Charlemagne managed to defeat the Avars ending their 250 year rule. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Neither the Franks nor others were able to create a lasting state in the region until the freshly unified Magyars led by Árpád settled in the Carpathian Basin starting in 896. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Árpád (c 845 &ndash c 907 the second Grand Prince of the Magyars (c The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. [11].
Medieval Hungary (895 – 1526)
Medieval Hungary controlled more territory than medieval France, and the population of medieval Hungary was the third largest of any country in Europe. The Holy Crown of Hungary ( Hungarian: Magyar Szent Korona, German: Stephanskrone, Croatian: Kruna svetoga Stjepana, This article deals with the history of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th century to c The doctrine of the Holy Crown (in Hungarian: Szentkorona-tan) is a complex Tradition that underlies Hungary 's historical unwritten The Árpáds or Arpads (Árpádok Arpadovići Арпадовићи ArpádovciArpatlar was the ruling Dynasty of the federation of the Magyar tribes The Battle of Mohács (mohácsi csata or mohácsi vész/Bane of Mohács; Schlacht bei Mohács Mohačka bitka Мохачка битка/Mohačka bitka Bitka pri Moháči A comitatus (vármegye less frequently a comitat, or inaccurately a county; for the various names their origin and use see here) is the name of an The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of East Slavic principalities such as Kiev and Vladimir Islam in Hungary has a long history that dates back to at least the twelfth century predating the Ottoman Empire. Origins Myths At the end of the 13th century in a chronicle called Gesta Hungarorum, the notary of Hungarian King Béla explained his beliefs about the conquest The Battle of Mohi, or Battle of the Sajó River, (on April 11, 1241) was the main Battle between the Mongols and the Kingdom John Hunyadi ( Medieval Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, Hungarian: Hunyadi János, (c Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály The Illuminated Chronicle ( Vienna Illuminated Chronicle, Chronica Hungarorum, Chronicon (Hungariae Pictum, Chronica Picta or Árpád was the Magyar leader whom sources name as the single leader who unified the Magyar tribes via the Covenant of Blood(Vérszerződés) forged one nation, thereafter known as the Hungarian nation[12] and led the new nation to the territory of the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century[12]. Árpád (c 845 &ndash c 907 the second Grand Prince of the Magyars (c The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. After an early Hungarian state was formed in this territory military power of the nation allowed the Hungarians to conduct fierce campaigns and raids as far as present-day Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A later defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 signaled an end to raids on foreign territories, and links between the tribes weakened. The Battle of Lechfeld ( 10 August 955) perhaps the defining event for holding off the incursions of the Magyars into Central Europe, was a decisive The ruling prince (fejedelem) Géza of the House of Árpád, who was the ruler of only some of the united territory, but the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes, intended to integrate Hungary into Christian (Western) Europe, rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social model[13]. Géza (c 945 &ndash 997 Grand Prince of the Magyars (before 972 - 997 He established a dynasty by naming his son Vajk (later called Stephen) as his successor. Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály This was contrary to the then dominant tradition of the succession of the eldest surviving member of the ruling family.
Hungary was established as a Christian kingdom under Stephen I of Hungary, who was crowned in December 1000 AD in the capital, Esztergom. Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály Esztergom (known by alternative names) is a City in northern Hungary, about 50 km north-west of the Capital Budapest. He was the son of Géza[14] and thus a descendant of Árpád. By 1006, Stephen had solidified his power, eliminating all rivals who either wanted to follow the old pagan traditions or wanted an alliance with the orthodox Christian Byzantine Empire. Then he started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a feudal state, complete with forced Christianisation[15]. What emerged was a strong kingdom[16] that withstood attacks from German kings and Emperors, and nomadic tribes following the Hungarians from the East, integrating some of the latter into the population (along with Germans invited to Transylvania and present-day Slovakia, especially after 1242), and subjugating Croatia in 1102[17]. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between King Andrew II. led crusade to Holy Land in 1217. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש ( Fifth Crusade ) The Golden Bull, in 1222, it was the first constitution in continental Europe. The Fifth Crusade ( 1217 &ndash 1221) was an attempt to take back Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering the powerful The Golden Bull of 1222 was a Golden bull, or Edict, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European
In 1241-1242, this kingdom received a major blow in the form of the Mongol invasion of Europe: after the defeat of the Hungarian army in the Battle of Muhi[18], King Béla IV fled, and a large part (though not as great as suspected by historians earlier) of the population died[19] (leading later to the invitation of settlers from neighbours in the West and South) in the ensuing destruction (Tatárjárás). The Battle of Mohi, or Battle of the Sajó River, (on April 11, 1241) was the main Battle between the Mongols and the Kingdom Béla IV (IV Béla (1206 &ndash 3 May 1270 King of Hungary and Croatia (1214-1270 Duke of Styria (1254-1258 Only strongly fortified cities and abbeys could withstand the assault. As a consequence, after the Mongols retreated, King Béla ordered the construction of stone castles, meant to be defence against a possible second Mongol invasion. Mongols returned to Hungary in 1286, but the new built stone-castle systems and new tactics (with large ratio of heavy calvary) stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated near Pest by the royal army of king Ladislaus IV. Pest (ˈpɛʃt Slovak: Pešť, Croatian: Pešta, Serbian: Пешта / Pešta is the eastern mostly flat part of Budapest Ladislaus IV the Cuman (IV (Kun László Ladislav III Ladislav IV (August 1262 &ndash July 10 1290 Kőrösszeg, Hungary) also known as László IV
These castles proved to be very important later in the long struggle with the Ottoman Empire in the following centuries (from the late 14th century onwards), but their cost indebted the King to the major feudal landlords again, so the royal power reclaimed by Béla IV after his father King András II weakened it (leading to the issue of the so called 'Arany Bulla' or Golden Bull, in 1222), was lost again. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Golden Bull of 1222 was a Golden bull, or Edict, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary.
Árpád's direct descendants in the male line ruled the country until 1301. During the reigns of the Kings after the house of Árpád, the Kingdom of Hungary reached its greatest extent, yet royal power was weakened as the major landlords greatly increased their influence. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Turks confronted the country ever more often. The second Hungarian king in the 'Anjou' Angevin line also descendant of Árpád on the female line, Louis I the Great (I. Angevin (ˈændʒəvɪn ( French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin Andegavinus from Andegavia Anjou, France) is the name applied Louis I the Great (I (Nagy Lajos Ludwik Węgierski Serbian: Lajoš I/Лајош I Croatian: Ludovik I Czech: Ludvík I or Nagy Lajos, king 1342-1382) extended his rule over territories from the Black Sea to the Adriatic Sea, and temporarily occupied the Kingdom of Naples (after his brother was murdered there by his wife, who was also his cousin). The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian From 1370, the death of Casimir III the Great, he was also king of Poland. Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki April 30 1310 – November 5 1370 last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty (1333–1370 was the son of King Władysław The alliance between Casimir and Charles I of Hungary, the father of Louis, was the start of a still lasting Polish-Hungarian friendship. Charles I of Hungary (Károly Róbert Karlo Robert Karol Róbert (1288 Naples, Italy &ndash 16 July 1342, Visegrád, Pole Hungarian two good friends is the short form of the popular Bilingual proverbial rhyme about the historical friendship of the Polish and the Sigismund, a prince from the Luxembourg line succeeded to the throne by marrying Louis's daughter, Queen Mary. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by In 1433 he even became Holy Roman Emperor. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, The last strong king was the renaissance king Matthias Corvinus. Matthias Corvinus ( Matthias the Just; February 23 1443 &ndash April 6 1490) was King of Hungary and Hungary was the first non-Italian country, where the renaissance appeared in Europe. Andras Hess set up a printing press in Buda in 1472. Matthias was the son of the feudal landlord and warlord John Hunyadi, who led the Hungarian troops in the 1456 Siege of Nándorfehérvár. John Hunyadi ( Medieval Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, Hungarian: Hunyadi János, (c The Siege of Belgrade occurred from July 4 to July 22, 1456. After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman Building on his fathers' vision, the aim of taking on the Ottoman Empire with a strong enough background, Matthias set out to build a great empire, expanding southward and northwest, while he also implemented internal reforms. His army called the 'Fekete Sereg' (Black Army of Hungary) accomplished a series of victories also capturing the city of Vienna in 1485. The Black Army ( Black Legion or Host) - named after their black armor panoply - is in historigraphy the common name given to the excellent quality of diverse and polyglot In 1514, the weakened King Ladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa, which was crushed barbarously by the nobles mainly by János Szapolyai. This article is about the János Szapolyai For his son see John Zápolya II. As central rule degenerated, the stage was set for a defeat at the hands of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South Nándorfehérvár (modern Belgrade) fell to the Turks, and in 1526, the Hungarian army was destroyed in the Battle of Mohács. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. The Battle of Mohács (mohácsi csata or mohácsi vész/Bane of Mohács; Schlacht bei Mohács Mohačka bitka Мохачка битка/Mohačka bitka Bitka pri Moháči
Through the centuries the Kingdom of Hungary kept its old "constitution", which granted special "freedoms" or rights to the nobility and groups like the Saxons resident in Hungary or the Jassic people, and to free royal towns such as Buda, Kassa (Košice), Pozsony (Bratislava), Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca). The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. The Jassic people or Jász (from Iranic: Iyasi Os> Ossetian are an ethnic group of Hungarians which mostly live in the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a City formally ruled by the Emperor only &mdash Buda ( German: Ofen, Croatian: Budim, Slovak / Czech: Budín, Serbian: Будим or Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third
Ottoman Conquest 1526-1699
After some 150 years of wars with the Hungarians and other states, the Turks conquered parts of Hungary, and continued their expansion until 1556. Ottoman Hungary refers to parts of the Ottoman Empire situated in what is today Hungary in the period from 1541 to 1699. The Wesselényi conspiracy, also known as the Magnate conspiracy, was a 17th century attempt to throw off Habsburg and other foreign influences over Hungary The kuruc ( Hungarian: kuruczok/kurucok ''kuruc(z'' Slovak: kuruci ''kuruc'' was a term used to denote the armed anti- Habsburg The House of Esterházy (also spelled Eszterházy) was a Hungarian Noble family in Hungary since the Middle Ages. The Battle of Saint Gotthard (Szentgotthárd was fought on August 1 1664 between an Habsburg army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, Jean de The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe are also sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Wars or as Turkish Wars, particularly in older European The Ottomans gained their first decisive victory over the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács in 1526. The Battle of Mohács (mohácsi csata or mohácsi vész/Bane of Mohács; Schlacht bei Mohács Mohačka bitka Мохачка битка/Mohačka bitka Bitka pri Moháči The next decades were characterised by political chaos; the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, 'Szapolyai János' (1526-1540) and Ferdinand Habsburg (1527-1540), whose armed conflicts weakened the country further. This article is about the János Szapolyai For his son see John Zápolya II. Ferdinand Habsburg may refer to Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor (1503–1564 Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor (1578–1637 With the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Turks, Hungary fell into three parts. The north-western part see map) termed as Royal Hungary remained under the Habsburgs who ruled as Kings of Hungary. Royal Hungary was the name of a territory of medieval Hungary (together with Kingdom of Croatia) where the Habsburgs were recognized as Kings of Hungary This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Árpád See Heads of state of Hungary for a list of post-1918 presidents The eastern part of the kingdom (Partium and Transylvania), in turn, became independent as the Principality of Transylvania,often under Turkish influence. Partium or Részek is the name given in Latin and Hungarian to the region located to the north and west of Transylvania. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The remaining central area (mostly present-day Hungary), including the capital of Buda was known as Ottoman Hungary. Ottoman Hungary refers to parts of the Ottoman Empire situated in what is today Hungary in the period from 1541 to 1699. A large part of the area became devastated by permanent warfare. Most smaller settlements disappeared. The Turks were indifferent to the type of Christian religion of their subjects and the Habsburg counter-reformation measures could not reach this area. As a result, the majority of the population of the area became Protestant (Calvinist). In 1686, Austria-led Christian forces reconquered Buda, and in the next few years, all of the country except areas near Temesvár (Timişoara). Buda ( German: Ofen, Croatian: Budim, Slovak / Czech: Budín, Serbian: Будим or Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar In the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz these changes were officially recognized, and in 1718 the entire Kingdom of Hungary was restored from the Ottomans. The Treaty (Peace of Karlowitz (Karlovci was signed on January 26, 1699 in Sremski Karlovci ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сремски Карловци
Pozsony (Bratislava) became the new capital (1536-1784), coronation town (1563-1830) and seat of the Diet (1536-1848) of Hungary. Ferenc (Francis II Rákóczi ( March 27, 1676 – April 8, 1735) was the leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Nagyszombat(Trnava) in turn, became the religious center in 1541. Trnava ( Nagyszombat Tyrnau Tyrnavia is a city in western Slovakia, 47 km to the north-east of Bratislava, on the Trnávka river Parallelly, between 1604 and 1711, there was a series of anti-Habsburg (i. e. anti-Austrian) and anti-Catholic (requiring equal rights and freedom for all Christian religions) uprisings, which – with the exception of the last one – took place in Royal Hungary. The uprisings were usually organized from Transylvania. The last one was an uprising led by 'II. Rákóczi Ferenc', who after the dethronement of the Habsburgs in 1707 at the Diet of Ónód took power as the "Ruling Prince" of Hungary. Ferenc (Francis II Rákóczi ( March 27, 1676 – April 8, 1735) was the leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs When Austrians defeated the uprising in 1711, Rákóczi was in Poland. He later fled to France, finally Turkey, and lived to the end of his life (1735) in nearby Rodosto. Tekirdağ (see also its other names) is a city in Eastern Thrace, Turkey. Afterwards, to make further armed resistance impossible, the Austrians blew up some castles (most of the castles on the border between the now-reclaimed territories occupied earlier by the Ottomans and Royal Hungary), and allowed peasants to use the stones from most of the others as building material (the végvárs among them).
History of Hungary 1700-1918
During the Napoleonic Wars and afterwards, the Hungarian Diet had not convened for decades. This article describes the History of Hungary between the end of Ottoman Hungary in 1699 and the end of Austria-Hungary 1919 Count István Széchenyi, in Hungarian Gróf Széchenyi István ( 21 September 1791 &ndash 8 April 1860) was a Hungarian Lajos Kossuth (ˈlɒjoʃ ˈkoʃut Monok, September 19 1802 &ndash Turin, March 20 1894 was a Hungarian lawyer politician and Regent-President The events leading to the revolution The Hungarian Diet (parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions In the 1820s, the Emperor was forced to convene the Diet, and thus a Reform Period began. Nevertheless, its progress was slow, because the nobles insisted on retaining their privileges (no taxation, exclusive voting rights, etc. ). Therefore the achievements were mostly of national character (e. g. introduction of Hungarian as the official language of the country, instead of the former Latin).
On March 15, 1848, mass demonstrations in Pest and Buda enabled Hungarian reformists to push through a list of 12 demands. Sándor Petőfi (born January 1 1823, Kiskőrös, (slov Malý Kereš) Hungary – died most likely July 31 1849 The Nemzeti dal or "National Song" written by Petőfi Sándor, was the poem that inspired the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Faced with revolution both at home and in Vienna, Austria first had to accept Hungarian demands. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Later, under governor Lajos Kossuth and the first Prime minister, Lajos Batthyány, the House of Habsburg was dethroned and the form of government was changed to create the first Republic of Hungary. Lajos Kossuth (ˈlɒjoʃ ˈkoʃut Monok, September 19 1802 &ndash Turin, March 20 1894 was a Hungarian lawyer politician and Regent-President Count Lajos Batthyány de Németújvár ( February 10, 1807 &ndash October 6, 1849) was from a long line of Counts and a descendant After the Austrian revolution was suppressed, Franz Joseph replaced his mentally retarded uncle Ferdinand I as Emperor. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November Mental retardation is a generalized triarchic disorder characterized by subaverage cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors with onset before the age Ferdinand ( April 19, 1793 &ndash June 29, 1875) was Emperor of Austria as Ferdinand I, King of Hungary and Croatia and Archduke The Habsburg Ruler and his advisors skillfully manipulated the Croatian, Serbian and Romanian peasantry, led by priests and officers firmly loyal to the Habsburgs, and induced them to rebel against the Hungarian government. The Hungarians were supported by the vast majority of the Slovak, German and Rusyn nationalities and by all the Jews of the kingdom, as well as by a large number of Polish, Austrian and Italian volunteers. [20] Some members of the nationalities gained coveted positions within the Hungarian Army, like General János Damjanich, an ethnic Serb who became a Hungarian national hero through his command of the 3rd Hungarian Army Corps. János Damjanich ( December 8, 1804 – October 6, 1849) was a Hungarian general of Serb origin Initially, the Hungarian forces (Honvédség) defeated Austrian armies. To counter the successes of the Hungarian revolutionary army, Franz Joseph asked for help from the "Gendarme of Europe," Czar Nicholas I, whose Russian armies invaded Hungary. The huge army of the Russian Empire and the remnants of the Austrian forces proved too powerful for the Hungarian army, and General Artúr Görgey surrendered in August 1849. Artúr Görgey ( January 30 1818 &ndash May 21 1916) was a Hungarian military leader Julius Freiherr von Haynau, the leader of the Austrian army, then became governor of Hungary for a few months and on October 6, ordered the execution of 13 leaders of the Hungarian army as well as Prime Minister Batthyány. Julius Jacob von Haynau ( October 14, 1786 - March 14, 1853) Austrian General, was the bastard natural son of the landgrave--afterwards The 13 Martyrs of Arad were the thirteen Hungarian rebel honvéd Generals who were executed on October 6, 1849 in the city of Lajos Kossuth escaped into exile.
Following the war of 1848-49, the whole country was in "passive resistance". The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Hősök tere (meaning "Heroes' Square" in Hungarian) is one of the major squares of Budapest, Hungary. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Archduke Albrecht von Habsburg was appointed governor of the Kingdom of Hungary, and this time was remembered for Germanization pursued with the help of Czech officers. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Germanisation (also spelled Germanization) is either the spread of the German language, people and culture either by force or Assimilation
Due to external and internal problems, reforms seemed inevitable to secure the integrity of the Habsburg Empire. Major military defeats, like the Battle of Königgrätz (1866), forced the Emperor to concede internal reforms. The Battle of Königgrätz (Schlacht von Königgrätz also known as the Battle of Sadowa, Sadová, or Hradec Králové, was the decisive Battle To appease Hungarian separatism, the Emperor made a deal with Hungary, negotiated by Ferenc Deák, called the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, by which the dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary came into existence. Deák Ferenc, ( October 17, 1803, Söjtör - January 28, 1876, Budapest) was a Hungarian statesman known as The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The two countries were governed separately with a common ruler and common foreign and military policies. The first prime minister of the Hungary after the Compromise was Count Gyula Andrássy. Gyula Count Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka ( Csíkszentkirályi és Krasznahorkai Gróf Andrássy Gyula; sometimes called Count Julius Andrassy in The Hungarian Constitution was restored, and Franz Joseph was crowned as King of Hungary. The era witnessed an impressive economic development. The formerly backward Hungarian economy become a relatively modern and industrialized by the turn of the century, although agriculture remained fairly dominant. Many of the state institutions and the administrative system of Hungary were established during this period. However, Magyars represented a minority of the population: according to the 1787 data, the population of the Kingdom of Hungary numbered 2,322,000 Hungarians (29%) and 5,681,000 non-Hungarians (71%). Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. In 1809, the population numbered 3,000,000 Hungarians (30%) and 7,000,000 non-Hungarians (70%). As an increasingly intense Magyarization policy was implemented after 1867, the census in 1910 (excluding Croatia), recorded the following distribution of population Hungarian 54. Magyarization (also "Magyarisation" "Hungarisation" "Hungarization" "Hungarianization" "Hungarianisation" is a designator applied 5%, Romanian 16. 1%, Slovak 10. 7%, and German 10. 4%. The largest religious denomination was the Roman Catholic (49. 3%), followed by the Calvinist (14. 3%), Greek Orthodox (12. 8%), Greek Catholic (11. 0%), Lutheran (7. 1%), and Jewish (5. 0%) religions. In 1910, 6. 37% of the population were eligible to vote in elections due to census. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population [21]
In First World War Austria-Hungary was fighting on the side of Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All With great difficulty, the Central Powers, as they were called, conquered Serbia and Romania but could not make significant progress against Italy. By 1918, the economic situation had deteriorated, uprisings in the army had become commonplace, and Entente troops had landed in Greece. In October 1918, the personal union with Austria was dissolved.
Between the two world wars (1918-1941)
In 1918, as a result of defeat in World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy collapsed. On October 31, 1918, the success of the Aster Revolution in Budapest brought the liberal count Mihály Károlyi to power as Prime-Minister. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Count Mihály Ádám György Miklós Károlyi de Nagykároly ( March 4, 1875 - March 19, 1955) was briefly Hungary 's By February 1919 the government had lost all popular support, having failed on domestic and military fronts. On March 21, after the Entente military representative demanded more territorial concessions from Hungary, Károlyi resigned. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. The Communist Party of Hungary, led by Béla Kun, came to power and proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Béla Kun ( February 20 1886 – August 29 1938) born Béla Kohn, was a Hungarian Communist Politician The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Soviet Republic of Hungary (Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság was a Communist regime established in Hungary from The Communists – "The Reds" – came to power largely thanks to being the only group with an organized fighting force, and they promised that Hungary would defend its territory (possibly with the help of the Soviet Red Army). The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The Communists also promised equality and social justice. Initially, Kun's regime achieved some impressive military successes: the Hungarian Red Army, under the lead of the genius strategist, Colonel Aurél Stromfeld, ousted Czech troops from the north and planned to march against the Romanian army in the east. In terms of domestic policy, the Communist government nationalized industrial and commercial enterprises, socialized housing, transport, banking, medicine, cultural institutions, and all landholdings of more than 400,000 square metres. Still, the popular support of the Communists proved to be short lived. In the aftermath of a coup attempt, the government took a series of actions called the Red Terror, murdering several hundred people, which alienated much of the population. The Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and Executions conducted by the Bolshevik government The Soviet Red Army was never able to aid the new Hungarian republic. Although it did not lose any battles, the Hungarian Red Army gave up land under pressure from the Entente. In the face of domestic backlash and an advancing Romanian force, Béla Kun and most of his comrades fled to Austria, while Budapest was occupied on August 6. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. All these events, and in particular the final military defeat, led to a deep feeling of dislike among the general population against the Soviet Union (which had not kept its promise to offer military assistance) and the Jews (since many members of Kun's government were Jewish, making it easy to blame the Jews for the government's mistakes). PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The new fighting force in Hungary were the Conservative counter-revolutionaries – the "Whites". A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a Revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it in full or in part These, who had been organizing in Vienna and established a counter-government in Szeged, assumed power, led by István Bethlen, a Transylvanian aristocrat, and Miklós Horthy, the former commander in chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Szeged ( (approximate pronunciation Seg-ed (known also by alternative names) is the fourth largest City of Hungary, the Regional centre Count István Bethlen de Bethlen ( October 8, 1874 &ndash October 5, 1946 ? was a Hungarian Aristocrat and Statesman Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya ( Vitéz nagybányai Horthy Miklós vitez nɒɟbaɲɒi horti mikloʃ German Nikolaus von Horthy und Nagybánya Starting in Western Hungary and spreading throughout the country, a White Terror began by other half-regular and half-militarist detachments (as the police power crashed, there were no serious national regular forces and authorities), and many Communists and other leftists were executed without trial. In general the term White Terror refers to acts of violence carried out by Reactionary (usually monarchist or conservative) groups as part of a Radical Whites launched pogroms against the Jews, displayed as the cause of all the difficulties of Hungary. The leaving Romanian army pillaged the country: livestock, machinery and agricultural products were carried to Romania in hundreds of freight cars. [22][23] The estimated property damage of their activity was so much that the international peace conference in 1919 did not require Hungary to pay war redemption to Romania. On November 16, with the consent of Romanian forces, Horthy's army marched into Budapest. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published His government gradually restored security, stopped terror, and set up authorities, but thousands of sympathizers of the Károlyi and Kun regimes were imprisoned. Radical political movements were suppressed. In March, the parliament restored the Hungarian monarchy but postponed electing a king until civil disorder had subsided. Instead, Miklos Horthy was elected Regent and was empowered, among other things, to appoint Hungary's Prime Minister, veto legislation, convene or dissolve the parliament, and command the armed forces. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor
Hungary's signing of the Treaty of Trianon on June 4, 1920, ratified the country's dismemberment. The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The territorial provisions of the treaty, which ensured continued discord between Hungary and its neighbors, required Hungary to surrender more than two-thirds of its pre-war lands, along ethnic lines (see picture above). However, nearly one-third of the 10 million ethnic Hungarians found themselves outside the diminished homeland. The country's ethnic composition was left almost homogeneous, Hungarians constituting about 90% of the population, Germans made up about 6%, and Slovaks, Croats, Romanians, Jews and Gypsies accounted for the remainder. New international borders separated Hungary's industrial base from its sources of raw materials and its former markets for agricultural and industrial products. Hungary lost 84% of its timber resources, 43% of its arable land, and 83% of its iron ore. Because most of the country's pre-war industry was concentrated near Budapest, Hungary retained about 51% of its industrial population, 56% of its industry, 82% of its heavy industry, and 70% of its banks. Horthy appointed Count Pál Teleki as Prime Minister in July 1920. Pál Count Teleki de Szék ( Budapest, Hungary, November 1 1879 &ndash Budapest, Hungry, April 3 1941 was prime minister His right-wing government issued a numerus clausus law, limiting admission of "political insecure elements" (these were often Jews) to universities and, in order to quiet rural discontent, took initial steps toward fulfilling a promise of major land reform by dividing about 3,850 km² from the largest estates into smallholdings. Numerus clausus ("closed number" in Latin) is one of many methods used to limit the number of Students who may study at a University Teleki's government resigned, however, after, Charles IV, unsuccessfully attempted to retake Hungary's throne in March 1921. "Karl I" redirects here For the prince of Liechtenstein see Karl I of Liechtenstein. King Charles's return produced split parties between conservatives who favored a Habsburg restoration and nationalist right-wing radicals who supported election of a Hungarian king. Count István Bethlen, a non-affiliated right-wing member of the parliament, took advantage of this rift forming a new Party of Unity under his leadership. Horthy then appointed Bethlen prime minister. Charles IV died soon after he failed a second time to reclaim the throne in October 1921. (For more detail on Charles's attempts to retake the throne, see Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy. After Miklós Horthy had been chosen Regent of Hungary on 1 March 1920, Charles I of Austria, who had reigned in Hungary as Károly IV )
As prime minister, Bethlen dominated Hungarian politics between 1921 and 1931. Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya ( Vitéz nagybányai Horthy Miklós vitez nɒɟbaɲɒi horti mikloʃ German Nikolaus von Horthy und Nagybánya He fashioned a political machine by amending the electoral law, providing jobs in the expanding bureaucracy to his supporters, and manipulating elections in rural areas. Bethlen restored order to the country by giving the radical counterrevolutionaries payoffs and government jobs in exchange for ceasing their campaign of terror against Jews and leftists. In 1921, he made a deal with the Social Democrats and trade unions (called Bethlen-Peyer Pact), agreeing, among other things, to legalize their activities and free political prisoners in return for their pledge to refrain from spreading anti-Hungarian propaganda, calling political strikes, and organizing the peasantry. Magyarization (also "Magyarisation" "Hungarisation" "Hungarization" "Hungarianization" "Hungarianisation" is a designator applied Bethlen brought Hungary into the League of Nations in 1922 and out of international isolation by signing a treaty of friendship with Italy in 1927. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The revision of the Treaty of Trianon rose to the top of Hungary's political agenda and the strategy employed by Bethlen consisted by strengthening the economy and building relations with stronger nations. Revision of the treaty had such a broad backing in Hungary that Bethlen used it, at least in part, to deflect criticism of his economic, social, and political policies. The Great Depression induced a drop in the standard of living and the political mood of the country shifted further toward the right. In 1932 Horthy appointed a new prime-minister, Gyula Gömbös, that changed the course of Hungarian policy towards closer cooperation with Germany and started an effort to magyarize the few remaining ethnic minorities in Hungary. Gyula Gömbös de Jákfa ( Hungarian: Vitéz jákfai Gömbös Gyula; December 26, 1886 - October 6, 1936) was Magyarization (also "Magyarisation" "Hungarisation" "Hungarization" "Hungarianization" "Hungarianisation" is a designator applied Gömbös signed a trade agreement with Germany that drew Hungary's economy out of depression but made Hungary dependent on the German economy for both raw materials and markets. Adolf Hitler used promises of returning lost territories, and threats of military intervention and economic pressure to compel Hungarians into supporting Nazi policies, including those related to Jews. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Imrédy’s attempts to improve Hungary’s diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom initially made him very unpopular with Germany and Italy. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Undoubtedly aware of Germany's Anschluss with Austria in March, he realized that he could not afford to alienate Germany and Italy on a long term basis; in the autumn of 1938 his foreign policy became very much pro-German and pro-Italian. The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi [24] Intent on amassing a base of power in Hungarian right wing politics, Imrédy began to suppress political rivals, so the increasingly influential Arrow Cross Party was harassed, and eventually banned by Imrédy’s administration. As Imrédy drifted further to the right, he proposed that the government be reorganized along totalitarian lines and drafted a harsher Second Jewish Law. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private The Parliament under the new government of Pál Teleki approved the Second Jewish Law, which greatly restricted Jewish employment and defined Jews by race instead of religion. Pál Count Teleki de Szék ( Budapest, Hungary, November 1 1879 &ndash Budapest, Hungry, April 3 1941 was prime minister This definition altered the status of those who had formerly converted from Judaism to Christianity.
Hungary in World War II (1941-1945)
After being awarded by the Germans and Italians part of southern Czechoslovakia and Subcarpathia in the First Vienna Award of 1938, and then northern Transylvania in the Second Vienna Award of 1940, in 1941 Hungary participated in their first military maneuvers on the side of the Axis. The First Vienna Award was the result of the First Vienna Arbitration ( November 2, 1938) which took place at Vienna 's Belvedere The Second Vienna Award was the second of two Vienna Awards Rendered on August 30, 1940, it assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania from Thus, Hungary was part in the invasion of Yugoslavia, gaining some more territory but effectively joining the Axis powers in the process (showing his non-agreement, prime minister Pál Teleki committed suicide). The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Pál Count Teleki de Szék ( Budapest, Hungary, November 1 1879 &ndash Budapest, Hungry, April 3 1941 was prime minister On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union using the code name Operation Barbarossa. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II Hungary joined the German effort and declared war on the Soviet Union on 26 June, and entered World War II on the side of the Axis. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In late 1941, the Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front experienced success at the Battle of Uman. The "Battle of Uman" (July 15 1941 – August 8 1941 was an English name given to the German encirclement of the 6th (General Lieutenant I By 1943, after the Hungarian Second Army suffered extremely heavy losses at the river Don, the Hungarian government sought to negotiate a surrender with the Allies. The Hungarian Second Army (Second Magyar Honved was a Hungarian field army which saw action during World War II. On 19 March 1944, as a result of this duplicity, German troops quietly occupied Hungary in what was known as Operation Margarethe. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. During World War II, the Germans planned two discrete operations using the codename Margarethe. But, by now it was clear that the Hungarians were Germany's "unwilling satellite". On 15 October 1944, Horthy made a token effort to disengage Hungary from the war. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This time the Germans launched Operation Panzerfaust and Horthy was replaced by a puppet government under the pro-German Prime Minister Ferenc Szálasi. Operation Panzerfaust, known as Unternehmen Eisenfaust in Germany was a military operation conducted in October 1944 by the German military Ferenc Szálasi (salaʃi fɛrɛnts (6 January 1897 – 12 March 1946 was the leader of the National Socialist Arrow Cross Party - Hungarist Movement the "Leader Szálasi and his pro-Nazi Arrow Cross Party remained loyal to the Germans until the end of the war. The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right In late 1944, Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front again experienced success at the Battle of Debrecen. The Battle of Debrecen, called by the Red Army the Debrecen Offensive Operation, (6 October - 28 October 1944 was conducted by the 2nd Ukrainian Front on the But this was followed immediately by the Soviet invasion of Hungary and the Battle of Budapest. The Siege of Budapest was a siege of the Hungarian Capital city of Budapest, fought towards the end of World War II in Europe During the German occupation in May-June 1944, the Arrow Cross Party and Hungarian police deported nearly 440,000 Jews, mostly to Auschwitz. The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany [25] Over 400,000 Hungarian Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, as well as tens of thousands of Romani people. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Hundreds of Hungarian people were also executed by the Arrow Cross Party for sheltering Jews. The Arrow Cross Party ( Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally "Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement" was a Far-right The war left Hungary devastated destroying over 60% of the economy and causing huge loss of life. World War II was humanity's deadliest war causing tens of millions of deaths On 13 February 1945, the Hungarian capital city surrendered unconditionally. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar On 8 May 1945, World War II in Europe officially ended. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Communist era (1947-1989)
Following the fall of Nazi Germany, Soviet troops occupied all of the country and through their influence Hungary gradually became a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union. The State Protection Authority (Államvédelmi Hatóság or ÁVH) was the Secret police force of Hungary from 1945 until 1956 The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of Imre Nagy ( June 7, 1896 – June 16 1958) was a Hungarian politician appointed Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions The People's Republic of Hungary or Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Népköztársaság was the official state name of Hungary from 1949 to 1989 during its Germans of Hungary (Ungarndeutsche are any German -speaking minority group in Hungary who would be counted among the Danube Swabians (German Donauschwaben Goulash Communism (Hungarian gulyáskommunizmus) or goulash democracy refers to the variety of Socialism as practised in the Hungarian People's Republic József Cardinal Mindszenty ( March 29 1892 &mdash May 6 1975) was elevated to the College of Cardinals by Pope The Golden Team ( Aranycsapat) is one of several names that refer to the legendary Hungary national football team of the 1950s Szoborpark or Statue Park is a park in Budapest 's XXII district with a gathering of monumental Soviet-era statues. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of After 1948, Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi established Stalinist rule in the country complete with forced collectivization and planned economy. Mátyás Rákosi ( born March 9, 1892 as Mátyás Rosenfeld - died February 5, 1971 was a Hungarian communist politician A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. The rule of the Rákosi government was nearly unbearable for Hungary's war-torn citizens. This led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Hungary's temporary withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. The Soviets retaliated massively with military force, sending in over 150,000 troops and 2,500 tanks[26]. Nearly a quarter of a million people left the country during the brief time that the borders were open in 1956. From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Hungary was often satirically referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc. Goulash Communism (Hungarian gulyáskommunizmus) or goulash democracy refers to the variety of Socialism as practised in the Hungarian People's Republic During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were This was under the autocratic rule of its controversial communist leader, János Kádár. János Kádár, né Giovanni Czermanik (his Italian first name was due to the laws of Fiume, his father the soldier János Kressinger denied paternity and refused The last Soviet soldier left the country in 1991 thus ending Soviet military presence in Hungary. With the Soviet Union gone the transition to a market economy began. The Hungarian economy is a medium-sized structurally politically and institutionally open economy in Central Europe and is part of the EU Single market.
Hungarian Republic (1989-)
In June 1987 Károly Grósz took over as premier. Károly Grósz ( August 1 1930 - January 7 1996) was a Hungarian communist politician In January 1988 all restrictions were lifted on foreign travel. In March demonstrations for democracy and civil rights brought 15,000 onto the streets. In May, after Kádár’s forced retirement, Grósz was named party secretary general. Kádár ( Hungarian: "cooper" is a Hungarian surname which may refer to János Kádár (1912–1989 Hungarian politician Under Grósz, Hungary began moving towards full democracy, change accelerated under the impetus of other party reformers such as Imre Pozsgay and Rezső Nyers. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Imre Pozsgay (born 1933 in Kóny) is a Hungarian politician who played a key role in Hungary's transition to democracy after 1988 Also in June 1988, 30,000 demonstrated against Romania’s plans to demolish Transsylvanian villages.
In February, 1989 the Communist Party’s Central Committee, responding to ’public dissatisfaction’, announced it would permit a multi-party system in Hungary and hold free elections. In March, for the first time in decades, the government declared the anniversary of the 1848 Revolution a national holiday. Opposition demonstrations filled the streets of Budapest with more than 75,000 marchers. Grósz met Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, who condoned Hungary’s moves toward a multi-party system and promised that the USSR would not interfere in Hungary’s internal affairs. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In May, Hungary began taking down its barbed wire fence along the Austrian border – the first tear in the Iron Curtain. The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end June brought the reburial of Prime Minister Nagy, executed after the 1956 Revolution, drawing a crowd of 250,000 at the Heroes’ Square. Hősök tere (meaning "Heroes' Square" in Hungarian) is one of the major squares of Budapest, Hungary. The last speaker, 26-year-old Viktor Orbán publicly called for Soviet troops to leave Hungary. Viktor Orbán (b May 31, 1963) is a Hungarian politician He was the Prime Minister of Hungary between 1998 and 2002, and is In July U. S. President George Bush visited Hungary. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 In September Foreign Minister Gyula Horn announced that East German refugees in Hungary would not be repatriated but would instead be allowed to go to the West. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race The resulting exodus shook East Germany and hastened the fall of the Berlin Wall. Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including On October 23, Mátyás Szűrös declares Hungary a republic. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Mátyás Szűrös ( born September 11, 1933 in Püspökladány) is a Hungarian politician
At a party congress in October 1989 the Communists agreed to give up their monopoly on power, paving the way for free elections in March 1990. The party’s name was changed from the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party to simply the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) and a new programme advocating social democracy and a free-market economy was adopted. The Hungarian Socialist Party ( Hungarian: Magyar Szocialista Párt, MSZP is a Social Democratic party in Hungary. This was not enough to shake off the stigma of four decades of autocratic rule, however, and the 1990 election was won by the centrist Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), which advocated a gradual transition towards capitalism. The social-democratic Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), which had called for much faster change, came second and the Socialist Party trailed far behind. The Alliance of Free Democrats – Hungarian Liberal Party ( Hungarian: Szabad Demokraták Szövetsége – a Magyar Liberális Párt, abbreviation SZDSZ As Gorbachev looked on, Hungary changed political systems with scarcely a murmur and the last Soviet troops left Hungary in June 1991.
In coalition with two smaller parties, the MDF provided Hungary with sound government during its hard transition to a full market economy. Antall died in December 1993 and was replaced by Interior Minister Péter Boross. Péter Boross (born August 27 1928) was Prime Minister of Hungary from December 1993 to July 1994
The economic changes of the past few years have resulted in declining living standards for most people in Hungary. In 1991 most state subsidies were removed, leading to a severe recession exacerbated by the fiscal austerity necessary to reduce inflation and stimulate investment. This made life difficult for many Hungarians, and in the May 1994 elections the Hungarian Socialist Party led by former Communists won an absolute majority in parliament. This in no way implied a return to the past, and party leader Gyula Horn was quick to point out that it was his party that had initiated the whole reform process in the first place (as foreign minister in 1989 Horn played a key role in opening Hungary's border with Austria). Gyula Horn (born in July 5 1932, Budapest) is a Hungarian politician and former Prime Minister of Hungary (1994–1998 leading All three main political parties advocate economic liberalisation and closer ties with the West. In March 1996, Horn was re-elected as Socialist Party leader and confirmed that he would push ahead with the party’s economic stabilisation programme.
In 1997 in a national referendum 85% voted in favour of Hungary joining the NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty A year later the European Union began negotiations with Hungary on full membership. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in In 1999 Hungary joined NATO. Hungary voted in favour of joining the EU, and joined in 2004.
Politics
The President of the Republic, elected by the Parliament every five years, has a largely ceremonial role, choosing the dates of elections. Politics of Hungary takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Hungary is For Heads of State in the Kingdom of Hungary, see List of Hungarian rulers. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those
The Prime Minister is elected by Parliament and can only be removed by a constructive vote of no confidence. The constructive vote of no confidence (in German: konstruktives Misstrauensvotum) is a specialty of the 1949 German Constitution, the Grundgesetz The prime minister selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. In Anglo-Saxon law, an exclusive right is a de facto non-tangible Prerogative existing in law (that is the power or in a wider sense Right Each Cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in open hearings and must be formally approved by the President.
A unicameral, 386-member National Assembly (the Országgyűlés) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the Prime Minister. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber The National Assembly of Hungary ( Országgyűlés) is the national Parliament of Hungary. National Parliamentary elections are held every four years; the next are due to be held in 2010.
An 11-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality. The Constitutional Court of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmánybírósága is a Supreme court of Hungary, the other being the Supreme Court of Hungary
Regions, counties, and subregions
- See also List of historic counties of Hungary
Administratively, Hungary is divided into 19 counties. Hungary is subdivided administratively into 20 regions which are the 19 counties ( megyék, singular megye) and the capital city ( főváros) There are seven statistical regions of Hungary created in 1999 by the Law 1999/XCII amending Law 1996/XXI |||} The counties and the capital city of Hungary are subdivided into 173 subregions ( kistérségek, sing The following lists show the administrative divisions of the lands belonging to the Hungarian crown (1000 -1918 at selected points of time Hungary is subdivided administratively into 20 regions which are the 19 counties ( megyék, singular megye) and the capital city ( főváros) In addition, the capital city (főváros), Budapest, is independent of any county government. Capitals of the Hungarian State During the History of Hungary the country has had more than one Capital city. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, The counties and the capital are the 20 NUTS third-level units of Hungary. The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode
The counties are further subdivided into 173 subregions (kistérségek), and Budapest is its own subregion. |||} The counties and the capital city of Hungary are subdivided into 173 subregions ( kistérségek, sing Since 1996, the counties and City of Budapest have been grouped into 7 regions for statistical and development purposes. There are seven statistical regions of Hungary created in 1999 by the Law 1999/XCII amending Law 1996/XXI These seven regions constitute NUTS' second-level units of Hungary.
There are also 23 towns with county rights (singular megyei jogú város), sometimes known as "urban counties" in English (although there is no such term in Hungarian). The local authorities of these towns have extended powers, but these towns belong to the territory of the respective county instead of being independent territorial units.
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Economy
Hungary held its first multi-party elections in 1990, following four decades of Communist rule, and has succeeded in transforming its centrally planned economy into a market economy. Bács-Kiskun is a county ( megye in Hungarian; baːtʃ kiʃkun located in southern Hungary. Kecskemét (kɛtʃkɛmet (approximate pronunciation Kech-ke-mate is a city in the central part of Hungary. Baranya ( Croatian: Baranja, Serbian: Барања Baranja, German: Branau) is the name of an administrative county ( Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close For the historical county see Békés (former county Békés County (Békés megye is an administrative division ( county or megye Békéscsaba ( Slovak: Békešská Čaba) is a city and urban county in Southeast Hungary, the capital of the county Békés. Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén (borʃod ɒbɒuːj zɛmpleːn is the name of an administrative county ( Comitatus or megye in north-eastern Hungary (commonly Miskolc (miʃkolts approximate pronunciation "Me-shkolts" in Slovak Miškovec, in Polish Miszkolc) is a city in North-East This article is about the county For the town see Csongrád. For the historical comitatus see Csongrád (former county. Szeged ( (approximate pronunciation Seg-ed (known also by alternative names) is the fourth largest City of Hungary, the Regional centre For the historical county see Fejér (former county. For the mathematician of the same name see Lipót Fejér Fejér Székesfehérvár (ˈseːkɛʃfɛˈheːrvaːr, colloquial Fehérvár Stuhlweißenburg İstolni Belgrad is a city in central Hungary, located around southwest of Győr-Moson-Sopron is the name of an administrative county ( Comitatus or megye in north-western Hungary, on the border with Slovakia and Austria Győr (ˈɟøːr, known under alternative names) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and lies Hajdú-Bihar is an administrative county ( Comitatus or megye in eastern Hungary, on the border with Romania. Debrecen, (approximate pronunciation Deb-ret-sen known by alternative names) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. This article is about the current administrative entity called Heves county Eger is also the German name for the Czech town of This article is about the modern county for the historical one see Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok (former county. Szolnok (approximate pronunciation Solnok is the capital of the county of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok in central Hungary. Komárom-Esztergom is the name of an administrative county ( Comitatus or megye in northern Hungary, on the border with Slovakia. Tatabánya is a city of 70636 inhabitants in north-western Hungary, in the Northern Transdanubian region Nógrád is an administrative county ( comitatus or megye in present Hungary, and also in the former Kingdom of Hungary. Salgótarján (approximate pronunciation shal-gow-tahr-yaan) is a city with county rights in Nógrád county north-eastern Hungary. Pest County (pɛʃt is a County ( megye) in central Hungary. It covers an area of 6394 km², and has a population of 1077300 (2003 Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Somogy is the name of an administrative county ( Comitatus or megye in present Hungary, and also in the former Kingdom of Hungary. Kaposvár ( Croatian: Kapošvar Kapuš(ar Kapušvar, German: Kopisch Ruppertsberg Ruppertsburg, Turkish: Kapoşvar Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg is an administrative county (Hungarian megye) in north-eastern Hungary, bordering Slovakia, Ukraine Nyíregyháza (IPA /ɲireɟhazɒ/ approximate pronunciation "nyee-rayd'y-haa-zoh" is a city in North-east Hungary and the county capital of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Tolna is the name of an administrative county ( comitatus or megye in present Hungary and in the former Kingdom of Hungary. Szekszárd ( Croatian: Seksar) is a city in Hungary and the capital of Tolna county Vas ( German: Eisenburg, Slovenian Železna županija) is the name of an administrative county ( Comitatus or megye in present Szombathely, (pronounced sombɒthɛj known by alternative names) is a city in Hungary. For the historical county see Veszprém (former county. Veszprém (in Slovak Vesprím) is the name of an administrative county Veszprém ( German: Weißbrunn, Croatian: Vesprim Besprim Slovak: Vesprím, Serbian: Vesprim Zala is the name of an administrative county ( Comitatus or megye in Hungary. Zalaegerszeg (Jagarsek Egersee is the administrative center of Zala county in western Hungary. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Western Transdanubia is a statistical ( NUTS 2 region of Hungary. Southern Transdanubia is a statistical ( NUTS 2 region of Hungary. Central Transdanubia is a statistical ( NUTS 2 region of Hungary. Central Hungary is a statistical ( NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 region of Hungary. Northern Hungary is the name of a region in Hungary. As a statistical region it includes the counties Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Heves and Nógrád Northern Great Plain is a statistical ( NUTS 2 region of Hungary. Southern Great Plain is a statistical ( NUTS 2 region of Hungary. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Debrecen, (approximate pronunciation Deb-ret-sen known by alternative names) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. Szeged ( (approximate pronunciation Seg-ed (known also by alternative names) is the fourth largest City of Hungary, the Regional centre Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close Győr (ˈɟøːr, known under alternative names) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and lies Miskolc (miʃkolts approximate pronunciation "Me-shkolts" in Slovak Miškovec, in Polish Miszkolc) is a city in North-East Kecskemét (kɛtʃkɛmet (approximate pronunciation Kech-ke-mate is a city in the central part of Hungary. Székesfehérvár (ˈseːkɛʃfɛˈheːrvaːr, colloquial Fehérvár Stuhlweißenburg İstolni Belgrad is a city in central Hungary, located around southwest of Veszprém ( German: Weißbrunn, Croatian: Vesprim Besprim Slovak: Vesprím, Serbian: Vesprim Eger is also the German name for the Czech town of For the historical county in the Kingdom of Hungary named Sopron / Ödenburg Sopron (county. Kőszeg (Güns Croatian: Kiseg is a town in Vas county, Hungary. The Hungarian National Bank (Magyar Nemzeti Bank is the Central bank of Hungary The Hungarian economy is a medium-sized structurally politically and institutionally open economy in Central Europe and is part of the EU Single market. A multi-party system is a system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a Both foreign ownership of and foreign investment in Hungarian firms are widespread. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country The governing coalition, comprising the Hungarian Socialist Party and the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats, prevailed in the April 2006 general election. The Hungarian Socialist Party ( Hungarian: Magyar Szocialista Párt, MSZP is a Social Democratic party in Hungary. The Alliance of Free Democrats – Hungarian Liberal Party ( Hungarian: Szabad Demokraták Szövetsége – a Magyar Liberális Párt, abbreviation SZDSZ Hungary needs to reduce government spending and further reform its economy in order to meet the 2012-13 target date for accession to the euro zone. Euro Enlargement of the
. Hungary continues to demonstrate economic growth as one of the newest member countries of the European Union (since 2004). Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Hungary gets nearly one third of all foreign direct investment flowing into Central Europe, with cumulative foreign direct investment totalling more than US$23 billion since 1989. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country It enjoys strong trade, fiscal, monetary, investment, business, and labor freedoms. The top income tax rate is fairly high, but corporate taxes are low. Corporate tax refers to a Tax levied by various jurisdictions on the Profits made by companies or associations. Inflation is low, it was on the rise in the past few years, but it is now starting to regulate. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Investment in Hungary is easy, although it is subject to government licensing in security-sensitive areas. Foreign capital enjoys virtually the same protections and privileges as domestic capital. In Economics, capital or capital Goods or real capital refers to items of extensive value The rule of law is strong, a professional judiciary protects property rights, and the level of corruption is low. The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain Total government spending is high, and many state-owned enterprises have not been privatized. Government spending or government expenditure is classified by economists into three main types Public ownership (also called government ownership, state ownership or state property) refers to Government Ownership of any Business licensing is also a problem, as regulations are not applied consistently. [27]
According to the conservative think tank Heritage Foundation, Hungary's economy was 67. The forint ( Currency code HUF) is the Currency of Hungary. It is divided into 100 Fillér, although fillér coins have not been The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. 2 percent "free" in 2008[27], which makes it the world's 43rd-freest economy. Its overall score is 1 percent lower than last year, partially reflecting new methodological detail. Hungary is ranked 25th out of 41 countries in the European region, and its overall score is slightly lower than the regional average. [27]
The Hungarian sovereign debt's credit rating is BBB+ as of July 2006, making Hungary the only other country in the EU apart from Poland not to enjoy an A grade score. A credit rating assesses the Credit worthiness of an individual Corporation, or even a country Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Foreign investors' trust in the Hungarian economy has declined, as they deem that the stringency measures planned in the second half of 2006 are not satisfactory, their focus being mainly on increasing the income side rather than curbing government spendings. Economic reform measures such as health care reform, tax reform, and local government financing are being addressed by the present government. This article is about political movements affecting the delivery of health care and health care systems Tax reform is the process of changing the way Taxes are collected or managed by the Government. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State.
Geography
- See also: List of national parks of Hungary
Landscape
Slightly more than one half of Hungary's landscape consists of flat to rolling plains of the Carpathian Basin: the most important plain regions include the Little Hungarian Plain in the west, and the Great Hungarian Plain in the southeast. With a land area of 93030 square kilometers Hungary is a country in Central Europe. Hungary has 10 national parks 145 minor nature reserves and 35 landscape protection areas Kékes is Hungary 's highest Mountain, in the Mátra range of Heves county Mátra is a Mountain range in northern Hungary, between to the Towns Gyöngyös and Eger. The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. The Little Hungarian Plain or Little Alföld ( Hungarian: Kisalföld, Slovak: Malá dunajská kotlina, German: Kleine The Great Hungarian Plain (also known as Great Alföld, Alföld, or Pannonian Plain) is a plain occupying the southern and eastern part of Hungary The highest elevation above sea level on the latter is only 183 metres.
Transdanubia is a primarily hilly region with a terrain varied by low mountains. This article is about Transdanubia the region in Hungary Transdanubia can also refer to the 21st and 22nd Districts of Vienna, which are the only ones lying on the left These include the very eastern stretch of the Alps, Alpokalja, in the west of the country, the Transdanubian Medium Mountains, in the central region of Transdanubia, and the Mecsek Mountains and Villány Mountains in the south. Alpokalja (English "foots of the Alps" is a geographic region in Western Hungary, which is part of the Alps. The Transdanubian Medium Mountains ( Hungarian: Dunántúli-középhegység) are a mountain range in Hungary covering about 7000 km² Mecsek ('mɛtʃɛk Serbian and Croatian: Meček or Мечек; German Metscheck) is a mountain range in southern Villány Mountains (vilaɲ are a relatively low mountain range located west from the town of Villány, in Baranya county, Southern Hungary. The highest point of the area is the Írott-kő in the Alps, at 882 metres.
The highest mountains of the country are located in the Carpathians: these lie in the northern parts, in a wide band along the Slovakian border (highest point: the Kékes at 1,014 m (3327 ft)). The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати This page is about the Hungarian geographical region called "Northern Medium Mountains" Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Kékes is Hungary 's highest Mountain, in the Mátra range of Heves county
Hungary is divided in two by its main waterway, the Danube (Duna); other large rivers include the Tisza and Dráva, while Transdanubia contains Lake Balaton, a major body of water. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation. Drava or Drave ( German: Drau; Italian, Croatian, and Slovene: Drava; Hungarian: Dráva Lake Balaton, located in Hungary, is the largest lake in Central Europe, and one of the foremost regional tourist destinations The largest thermal lake in the world, Lake Hévíz (Hévíz Spa), is located in Hungary. Lake Hévíz is located close to Hévíz, Hungary, near the western end of Lake Balaton, five miles from Keszthely. Hévíz Spa and the Szent András Hospital Hévíz (St Andrew's State Hospital for Rheumatology and Rehabilitation is a spa in Hungary. The second largest lake in the Carpathian Basin is the artificial Lake Tisza (Tisza-tó). The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. Lake Tisza (Tisza-tó also known as Kisköre Reservoir (Hungarian Kiskörei-víztározó) is the largest Artificial lake in Hungary.
Phytogeographically, Hungary belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. Phytogeography, also called geobotany is the branch of Biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of Plant Species, or more generally Vaccinium vitis-idaea 20060824 003jpg|thumb|right| Vaccinium vitis-idaea ]]Alnus-viridis Rhododendron-palustreJPG|thumb|right| Rhododendron tomentosum ]]The Boreal Kingdom or Holarctic Kingdom ( Holarctis) is a Floristic kingdom According to the WWF, the territory of Hungary belongs to the ecoregion of Pannonian mixed forests.
Climate
Hungary has a Continental climate [28], with hot summers with low overall humidity levels but frequent rainshowers and frigid to cold snowy winters. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year Average annual temperature is 9. 7 °C (49. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 5 °F). Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 Temperature extremes are about 42 °C (110 °F) in the summer and −29 °C (−20 °F) in the winter. Average temperature in the summer is 27 to 35 °C (81 to 95 °F), and in the winter it is 0 to −15 °C (32 to 5 °F). The average yearly rainfall is approximately 600 millimeters (24 in). Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. A small, southern region of the country near Pécs enjoys a reputation for a Mediterranean climate, but in reality it is only slightly warmer than the rest of the country and still receives snow during the winter. Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide
 Hungarian Grey Cattle in the Great Hungarian Plain |
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 Sunset by Lake Balaton |
 Cave in Aggtelek |
 Old abbey in village Bélapátfalva at the foot of the Bükk Mountains |
 The Castle of Vázsonykő in village Nagyvázsony |
Military
Demographics
Hungary's population by ethnicity
| Ethnic composition of Hungary | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian | 94. Visegrád Group Visegrád is a small Castle town in Pest County, Hungary. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Hungarian Grey Cattle or Hungarian Steppe Cattle (in Hungarian: Magyar szürke szarvasmarha or Magyar alföldi) are an old Beef cattle The Great Hungarian Plain (also known as Great Alföld, Alföld, or Pannonian Plain) is a plain occupying the southern and eastern part of Hungary This article is about Transdanubia the region in Hungary Transdanubia can also refer to the 21st and 22nd Districts of Vienna, which are the only ones lying on the left Lake Balaton, located in Hungary, is the largest lake in Central Europe, and one of the foremost regional tourist destinations Bélapátfalva is a town in Heves county, in Hungary, located north of the city of Eger. The Bükk Mountains (bykː literally Beech Mountains) are a section of the Carpathian Mountains in northeastern Hungary. Nagyvázsony is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary. The Military of Hungary, or "Hungarian Armed Forces" currently has two branches the " Hungarian Ground Force " and the " Hungarian Air Force The demographics of Hungary are as follows Historical 900-1910 1920 &ndash today Present Census 2001 recognised along 4% | |||
| Roma | 2. 02% | |||
| German | 1. 18% | |||
| Slovak | 0. 38% | |||
| Other | 2. 02% | |||
For 95% of the population, the mother language is Hungarian, a Finno-Ugric language unrelated to any neighbouring language and distantly related to Finnish and Estonian. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 The main Minority group are the Roma (2. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins 1%). Other groups include: Germans (1. This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general 2%), Slovaks (0. } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is 4%), Croats (0. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries 2%), Romanians (0. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni 1%), Ukrainians (0. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens 1%), and Serbs (0. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, 1%). [29]
- The Roma minority
The real number of Roma people, referred to as "Gypsies" or "Gipsies" in the English-speaking world, in Hungary is a disputed question. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins In the 2001 census, only 190,000 people declared themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 600,000 Roma living in Hungary. [30] Since World War II, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Today every fifth or sixth newborn Hungarian child belongs to the Roma minority. Estimates based on demographic trends claim that in 2050 15-20 percent of the population (1. 2 million people) will be Roma. [31]
Counties with the highest concentration of Roma minority are Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg (officially 45,525 and 25,612 people in 2001)[32], but there are other regions with a traditionally high Roma population like parts of Baranya and the middle reaches of the Tisza valley. Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén (borʃod ɒbɒuːj zɛmpleːn is the name of an administrative county ( Comitatus or megye in north-eastern Hungary (commonly Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg is an administrative county (Hungarian megye) in north-eastern Hungary, bordering Slovakia, Ukraine "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation. Although they were traditionally living in the countryside, under general urbanization trends from the second half of the 20th century many of them moved into the cities. There is a sizeable Roma minority living in Budapest (12,273 people in 2001, officially). Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political,
Romas (called cigányok or romák in Hungarian) suffer particular problems in Hungary. Rampant poverty and a subsequent lack of education are the main origin of the bad position of the Romas. Racial prejudice compounds the issue. The traditional lifestyle of the Romas is often an obstacle to integration into society and it is a source of conflicts, especially in the villages. As a result, school segregation is especially acute, with many Roma children sent to classes for pupils with learning disabilities. Slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. The situation is made still worse by the fact that a large proportion of young Roma are qualified in subjects that provide them only limited chances for employment. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates. Their low status on the job market and higher unemployment rates cause poverty, widespread social problems and crime. [33]
Ethnic Hungarians in neighbouring countries
For historical reasons (see Treaty of Trianon), significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Romania (in Transylvania), Slovakia, Serbia (in Vojvodina), Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Croatia (mainly Slavonia) and Austria (in Burgenland); Slovenia is also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians, where Hungarian language has an official status. The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Not to be confused with Slovenia, a nearby country Slavonia ( Croatian, Serbian: Slavonija, Cyrillic script Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Burgenland ( Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko, Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west See also:
Religion in Hungary
;
| Denominations | Population | % of total |
|---|---|---|
| Christianity | 7,584,115 | 74. The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania consisting of 1434377 people and making up 6 Hungarians are the second largest ethnic group in the Vojvodina province Serbia. Hungarians or Magyars are the largest ethnic minority of Slovakia, numbering 520528 people or 9 Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings 4 |
| Catholicism | 5,558,901 | 54. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described 5 |
| Roman Catholics | 5,289,521 | 51. 9 |
| Greek Catholics | 268,935 | 2. Greek Catholic Church is a term which refers to the Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine ( Constantinopolitan) liturgical tradition 6 |
| Protestantism | 1,985,576 | 19. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. 5 |
| Calvinists | 1,622,796 | 15. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the 9 |
| Lutherans | 304,705 | 3. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther 0 |
| Baptists | 17,705 | 0. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. 2 |
| Unitarians | 6,541 | 0. Unitarianism as a theology is the belief in the single personality of God in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity (three persons in one God 1 |
| Other Protestants | 33,829 | 0. List of Christian denominations (or Denominations self-identified as Christian) ordered by historical and doctrinal relationships 3 |
| Orthodoxism | 15,298 | 0. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world 1 |
| Other Christians | 24,340 | 0. List of Christian denominations (or Denominations self-identified as Christian) ordered by historical and doctrinal relationships 2 |
| Judaism | 12,871 | 0. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut 1 |
| Other religions | 13,567 | 0. 1 |
| Total religions | 7,610,553 | 74. 6 |
| No religion | 1,483,369 | 14. 5 |
| Did not wish to answer | 1,034,767 | 10. 1 |
| Unknown | 69,566 | 0. 7 |
| total | 10,198,315 | 100. 00 |
Religious history
The majority of Hungarian people became Christian in the 10th century. The Primatial Basilica of the Blessed Virgin Mary taken into heaven and St Adalbert is an ecclesiastic Basilica in Esztergom, Hungary, the Esztergom (known by alternative names) is a City in northern Hungary, about 50 km north-west of the Capital Budapest. Matthias Church (Mátyás-templom is a church located in Budapest, Hungary at the heart of Buda's Castle District. Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen I, took up Western Christianity, although his mother, Sarolt, was baptized in the eastern rite. Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály Western Christianity is a term used to cover the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, the Churches of the Anglican Communion, the Lutheran Church Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation took place and, as a result, first Lutheranism, then soon afterwards Calvinism became the religion of almost the entire population. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the In the second half of the 16th century, however, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the The Jesuits founded educational institutions, including Péter Pázmány, the oldest university that still exists in Hungary, but organized so-called missions too in order to promote popular piety. Péter Pázmány de Panasz ( October 4, 1570 – March 19, 1637) was a Hungarian Philosopher, Theologian, By the 17th century, Hungary had once again become predominantly Catholic. The eastern parts of the country, however, especially around Debrecen ("the Calvinist Vatican") and Transylvania (except the majority of the Székelys), remained predominantly Protestant. Debrecen, (approximate pronunciation Deb-ret-sen known by alternative names) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably, Romanians, Rusyns and Ukrainians, Serbs. The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to The Eastern Orthodox Church: the Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Rusyns (also referred to as Русины Ruthenians Ruthenes Rusins Carpatho-Rusyns and Rusnaks) are a Slavic Ethnic group that speaks Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia,
Hungary has been the home of a sizable Armenian community as well. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large They still worship according to the Armenian rite, but they have reunited with the Church of Rome (Armenian Catholics) under the primacy of the Pope. (Refer to List of Armenian Catholic Patriarchs of Cilicia) The Armenian Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church Sui juris within History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and According to the same pattern, a significant number of Orthodox Christians became re-united with the rest of the Catholic world (Greek Catholics). The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Greek Catholic Church is a term which refers to the Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine ( Constantinopolitan) liturgical tradition
Jewish Hungarians
Hungary has been the home of a significant number of Jews, especially since the 19th century when many Jews, persecuted in Russia, found refuge in the Kingdom of Hungary. History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The largest synagogue in Europe is located in Budapest. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Some Hungarian Jews were able to escape the Holocaust during World War II, although many were either deported to concentration camps or simply executed. History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Today
The 2001 Hungarian Census[34] showed religious adherency to be the following: Catholics 54. 5%, Calvinist 15. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the 9%, No Religion 14. Irreligion is a lack of religion indifference to religion or hostility to religion 5%, refused to answer 10. 1%, Lutheran 3% and other 2%. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther
According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005,[35]
- 44% of Hungarian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God". Eurobarometer is a series of surveys regularly performed on behalf of the European Commission since 1973
- 31% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force".
- 19% answered that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".
Culture
Architecture
100.jpg/180px-Hungary(ocsavilage)100.jpg)
Hungary is home to the largest synagogue in Europe (Great Synagogue), the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath), the third largest church in Europe (Esztergom Basilica), the second largest territorial abbey in the world (Pannonhalma Archabbey), the second largest Baroque castle in the world (Gödöllő), and the largest Early Christian Necropolis outside Italy (Pécs). The culture of Hungary is rich and varied from the twin cities of Buda and Pest on the Danube, to the Great Plain bordering Ukraine. The Great Synagogue in Dohány Street, also known as Dohány Street Synagogue (Dohány utcai Zsinagóga / Nagy Zsinagóga בית הכנסת הגדול של בודפשט The Széchenyi Medicinal Bath in Budapest ( Széchenyi-gyógyfürdő) is the largest medicinal bath in Europe The Primatial Basilica of the Blessed Virgin Mary taken into heaven and St Adalbert is an ecclesiastic Basilica in Esztergom, Hungary, the Pannonhalma 's most notable landmark the Benedictine Pannonhalma Archabbey, one of the oldest historical monuments in Hungary, can be found next to Pécs, (IPA, approximate pronunciation Pitch known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country close
Music
The music of Hungary consists mainly of traditional Hungarian folk music and music by prominent composers such as Liszt, Dohnányi, Bartók, Kodály, and Rózsa. Hungary has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music. Hungarian folk music includes a broad array of styles including the recruitment dance Verbunkos, the Csárdás and Nóta. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Ernő Dohnányi ( July 27 1877 – February 9 Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest Zoltán Kodály ( Hungarian: Kodály Zoltán, ˈkodaːj ˈzoltaːn December 16 1882 &ndash March 6 1967 was a Hungarian Composer, Ethnomusicologist Miklós Rózsa (ˈmikloːʃ ˈroːʒɒ or Miklos Rozsa ( April 18, 1907 - July 27, 1995) was a Hungarian -born Composer Hungarian traditional music tends to have a strong dactylic rhythm, as the language is invariably stressed on the first syllable of each word. A dactyl (Gr δάκτυλος dáktulos, “finger” is a type of meter in poetry. Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of Hungary also has a number of internationally renowned composers of contemporary classical music, György Ligeti, György Kurtág, Péter Eötvös and Zoltán Jeney among them. György Kurtág (ˈɟørɟ ˈkurtaːɡ born February 19, 1926) is a Hungarian composer of Contemporary music. Peter Eötvös (born January 2, 1944) is a Hungarian Composer and conductor. Zoltán Jeney (b Szolnok, Hungary, March 4, 1943) is a Hungarian Composer.
Literature
In the earliest times Hungarian language was written in a runic-like script (although it was not used for literature purposes in the modern interpretation). The Old Hungarian 'Lamentations of Mary' (OHLM ( Ómagyar Mária-siralom) is the oldest extant Hungarian poem copied in about 1300 into a Latin codex similarly to the first The Illuminated Chronicle ( Vienna Illuminated Chronicle, Chronica Hungarorum, Chronicon (Hungariae Pictum, Chronica Picta or The Old Hungarian script, also known as rovásírás (rovásírás hu ''székely rovásírás'' ( or simply hu ''rovás'' is a type of Writing system used The country switched to the Latin alphabet after being Christianized under the reign of Stephen I (1000–1038). Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály There are no existing documents from the pre-11th century era. The oldest written record in Hungarian is a fragment in the founding document of the Abbey of Tihany (1055) which contains several Hungarian terms, among them the words feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea, "up the military road to Fehérvár" The rest of the document was written in Latin. Tihany is a village on the northern shore of Lake Balaton on the Tihany Peninsula ( Hungary, Veszprém County Székesfehérvár (ˈseːkɛʃfɛˈheːrvaːr, colloquial Fehérvár Stuhlweißenburg İstolni Belgrad is a city in central Hungary, located around southwest of The oldest complete text is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) (1192–1195), a translation of a Latin sermon. The Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés is an old handwritten Hungarian text dating to 1192-1195 Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A sermon is an oration by a Prophet or member of the Clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, or religious topic The oldest poem is the Old Hungarian Laments of Mary (Ómagyar Mária-siralom), also a (not very strict) translation from Latin, from the 13th century. The Old Hungarian 'Lamentations of Mary' (OHLM ( Ómagyar Mária-siralom) is the oldest extant Hungarian poem copied in about 1300 into a Latin codex similarly to the first It is also the oldest surviving Finno-Ugric poem. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and Among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Hungarians") by the unknown author usually called Anonymus, and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Huns and the Hungarians") by Simon Kézai. Gesta Hungarorum may also refer to Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, written by Simon of Kéza The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ( Latin: "Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians" written mainly by Simon of Kéza around 1282-1285 is one of the Both are in Latin. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic. Another chronicle is the Képes krónika (Illustrated Chronicle), which was written for Louis the Great. Louis I the Great (I (Nagy Lajos Ludwik Węgierski Serbian: Lajoš I/Лајош I Croatian: Ludovik I Czech: Ludvík I
Renaissance literature flourished under the reign of King Matthias (1458–1490). The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Matthias Corvinus ( Matthias the Just; February 23 1443 &ndash April 6 1490) was King of Hungary and Janus Pannonius, although wrote in Latin, counts as one of the most important persons in Hungarian literature, being the only significant Hungarian Humanist poet of the period. Janus Pannonius ( Latin: Janus Pannonius, Hungarian: János Csezmicei or Kesencei, Croatian: Ivan Česmički The first printing house was also founded during Matthias' reign, by András Hess, in Buda. András Hess printed the first book in Hungary on June 5 1473 in his Buda press The first book printed in Hungary was the Chronica Hungarorum. The most important poets of the period was Bálint Balassi (1554–1594) and Miklós Zrínyi (1620–1664). This page is about a poet If you are interested by the economist who gave his name to the Balassa-Samuelson effect, see Balassa Béla Bálint Balassi, Nikola Zrinski redirects here See Nikola Šubić Zrinski for the member of the Zrinski family who lived in the 16th century Balassi's poetry shows Mediaeval influences, his poems can be divided into three sections: love poems, war poems and religious poems. Zrínyi's most significant work, the epic Szigeti veszedelem ("Peril of Sziget", written in 1648/49) is written in a fashion similar to The Iliad, and recounts the heroic Battle of Szigetvár, where his great-grandfather died while defending the castle of Szigetvár. Szigeti veszedelem ( Latin Obsidionis Szigetianae, English Peril of Sziget) was the title of the Hungarian Epic poem in fifteen Szigeti veszedelem ( Latin Obsidionis Szigetianae, English Peril of Sziget) was the title of the Hungarian Epic poem in fifteen The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient The Battle of Szigetvár (Sigetska Bitka Zigetvar Savaşı was a siege of the small fort located in Szigetvár, Hungary between 6 August and 8 September Among the religious literary works the most important is the Bible translation by Gáspár Károli, the Protestant pastor of Gönc, in 1590. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Gáspár Károli ( 1529 (? Nagykároly — 1591, Gönc) was a Hungarian Calvinist pastor Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Gönc is a small Town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county Northern Hungary, 70 kilometers from county capital Miskolc. The translation is called the Bible of Vizsoly, after the town where it was first published. (See Hungarian Bible translations for more details. The Bible has been translated into many languages from the Biblical languages of Hebrew and Greek. )
The Hungarian enlightenment delayed about fifty years compared to the Western European enlightenment. The new thoughts arrived to Hungary across Vienna. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. The first enlightened writers were Maria Theresia's bodyguards (György Bessenyei, János Batsányi and so on). Maria Theresia may refer to Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (1684-1696, daughter of Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor and Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg Batsányi János ( May 11, 1763 - May 12, 1845) was a Hungarian poet, born in Tapolca. The greatest poets of the time was Mihály Csokonai Vitéz and Dániel Berzsenyi. Mihály Csokonai Vitéz ( November 17, 1773 - January 28, 1805) Hungarian Poet, was born in Debrecen Dániel Berzsenyi ( May 7, 1776 in Hetye (now Egyházashetye - February 24, 1836 in Nikla was a Hungarian poet The greatest figure of the language reform was Ferenc Kazinczy. Ferenc Kazinczy ( October 27, 1759 &ndash August 22, 1831) was a Hungarian author the most indefatigable agent in the regeneration The Hungarian language became feasible for scientific explanations this time, farther a lot of new words were coined for describing new inventions. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe.
Hungarian literature has recently gained some renown outside the borders of Hungary (mostly through translations into German, French and English). Hungarian literature is literature written in the Hungarian language, predominantly by Hungarians. Some modern Hungarian authors became increasingly popular in Germany and Italy especially Sándor Márai, Péter Esterházy, Péter Nádas and Imre Kertész. Sándor Márai (originally Sándor Károly Henrik Grosschmied de Mára ( April 11, 1900 – February 22, 1989) was a Hungarian Péter Esterházy (born 14 April 1950 in Budapest) is one of the most widely known contemporary Hungarian writers Péter Nádas (born 14 October 1942) is a Hungarian writer playwright essayist Imre Kertész (imrɛ ˈkɛrteːs (born November 9, 1929, Budapest) is a Hungarian Jewish author Holocaust The latter is a contemporary Jewish writer who survived the Holocaust and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 2002. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature The older classics of Hungarian literature and Hungarian poetry remained almost totally unknown outside Hungary. János Arany, a famous nineteenth century Hungarian poet is still much loved in Hungary (especially his collection of Ballads), among several other "true classics" like Sándor Petőfi, the poet of the Revolution of 1848, Endre Ady, Mihály Babits, Dezső Kosztolányi, Attila József and János Pilinszky. János Arany ( March 2, 1817 &mdash October 22, 1882) was a Hungarian journalist writer poet and translator A ballad is a Poem usually set to Music; thus it often is a story told in a Song. Sándor Petőfi (born January 1 1823, Kiskőrös, (slov Malý Kereš) Hungary – died most likely July 31 1849 Endre Ady (Érmindszent - November 22 1877 Budapest - January 27 1919 was a Hungarian Poet. Mihály Babits Mihaai Babich] ( November 26, 1883 in Szekszárd - August 4, 1941 in Budapest) was a Hungarian Dezső Kosztolányi ( March 29, 1885 – November 3, 1936) was a famous Hungarian Poet and Prose -writer Biography The son of Áron József a soap factory worker and Hungarian peasant girl Borbála Pőcze he was born in Ferencváros, a poor district of Budapest János Pilinszky (Budapest 25 November 1921 - Budapest 27 May 1981 was one of the most notable Hungarian poets of the 20th century Other well-known Hungarian authors are Ferenc Mora,Geza Gardonyi,Zsigmond Móricz, Gyula Illyés, Albert Wass, and Magda Szabó. Ferenc Móra ( Kiskunfélegyháza, 19 July 1879 &ndash Szeged, 8 February 1934) was a Hungarian novelist journalist Géza Gárdonyi, born Géza Ziegler (Agárdpuszta Austria-Hungary, August 3 1863 &ndash Eger, Hungary, October Zsigmond Móricz ( June 29, 1879 &mdash September 4, 1942) was a Hungarian novelist and Social Realist Gyula Illyés ( November 2, 1902 &ndash April 15, 1983) was a Hungarian Poet and Novelist Born into a poor peasant Albert Wass de Szentegyed et Czege (Hungarian gróf szentegyedi és czegei Wass Albert; Válaszút, Kingdom of Hungary (now Răscruci, Cluj Magda Szabó ( October 5 1917 &ndash November 19 2007) was a Hungarian writer arguably Hungary 's foremost woman novelist
Comics
Cuisine
Hungarian cuisine is also a prominent feature of Hungarian culture, with traditional dishes such as the world famous goulash (gulyás or gulyásleves) a main feature of the Hungarian diet. Hungarian comics are Comics made in Hungary and by the Hungarian diaspora of the surrounding countries. Hungarian or Magyar cuisine is the Cuisine characteristic to the nation of Hungary and its primary ethnic group the Magyars. For the historical county in the Kingdom of Hungary named Sopron / Ödenburg Sopron (county. Goulash is a dish originally from Hungary, usually made of Beef, red Onions vegetables spices and ground Paprika powder This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. Dishes are often flavoured with paprika (pure powdered pepper), a Magyar innovation [36]. Paprika is a spice made from the grinding of dried sweet red or green Bell peppers ( Capsicum annuum) Goulash is, contrary to popular belief, not a stew but an artistically prepared thick soup. Sour cream is often used to soften flavour. Sour cream is a Dairy product rich in Fats obtained by fermenting a regular Cream by certain kinds of Lactic acid bacteria. Fisherman’s soup (halászlé) is a rich mixture of several kinds of poached fish, tomatoes, green peppers and paprika. It is a meal in itself. Lake Balaton pike-perch (fogas) is generally served breaded and fried or grilled. Lake Balaton, located in Hungary, is the largest lake in Central Europe, and one of the foremost regional tourist destinations Sander (formerly known as Stizostedion) is a genus of fish in the Percidae (Perch family Other distinctive dishes include, chicken paprika, homemade pörkölt (stew), "vadas" which is a cooked wild meat in carrot sauce and special dumplings, and trout with almond. Trout is the common name given to a number of Species of Freshwater Fish belonging to the Salmonidae family Goose liver (libamáj) is also very popular, either fried or grilled, cold or hot. Desserts include the iconic Dobos Cake, strudels (rétes in Hungarian, they are layered pastries filled with apple, cherry, poppyseed, curd or cheese), Gundel pancakes (palacsinta), plum in pasta dumplings (szilvás gombóc), somlói dumplings and gesztenyepüré (cooked chestnuts mashed, topped with whipped cream). Dobos Cake ( "DOE-boesh" /'doboš/ Hungarian dobostorta) is a famous Hungarian cake invented by and named after a well-known Hungarian Confectioner For the typographical character nicknamed 'strudel' see At sign. The Central European Pancake is called Palatschinke (the plural Palatschinken) in Austrian and Bavarian German Dumplings are "piece of Dough, sometimes filled that cooked in liquid such as water or soup" or "sweetened dough wrapped around fruit such as an apple baked Chestnut ( Castanea) (including some chinkapin or Chinquapin) is a Genus of eight or nine Species of Deciduous Specialities include salty and sweet pastas, of which túrós csusza (pasta with curd and sour cream) is the most famous[37].
Healthy brown bread is made from four to six different grains and is sprinkled with sesame seeds, sunflower seeds and rolled oats. Brown bread is a designation often given to breads made with significant amounts of Whole grain Flour, usually Rye or Wheat, and sometimes dark-colored Grains make up the structure of Metals Metal surfaces contain a number of small crystals known as grains with boundaries where they join Sesame ( Sesamum indicum) is a Flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. The sunflower seed is the Fruit of the Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) Rolled oats are traditionally oat Groats that have been rolled into flat flakes under heavy rollers Kifli is a wildly popular crescent roll made from reform dough. Kifli (ˈkifli is a traditional Hungarian Pastry made by cutting sheets of soft flour dough into triangular wedges and wrapping those wedges to create a crescent-shaped
The csárda is the most distinctive type of Hungarian inns, an old-style tavern offering traditional cuisine, wine and pálinka. Borozó usually denotes a cozy old-fashioned wine bar, pince is a beer or wine cellar and a söröző is a pub offering draught beer (csapolt sör) and sometimes meals. The bisztró is an inexpensive restaurant that is often self-service (önkiszolgáló). The büfé is the cheapest place, although one may have to eat standing at a counter. Pastries, cakes and coffee are served at a cukrászda, while an eszpresszó is a cafeteria.
- Drinks
Pálinka: This alcoholic drink is distilled from fruit grown in the orchards situated on the Great Hungarian Plain. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Pálinka ( Hungarian: Pálinka, Romanian: Pălincă, Slovak: Pálenka) is a traditional type of Brandy The Great Hungarian Plain (also known as Great Alföld, Alföld, or Pannonian Plain) is a plain occupying the southern and eastern part of Hungary It is a spirit native to Hungary and comes in a variety of flavours including apricot (barack) and cherry (cseresznye). Barack, pronounced "BUH-ruhtsk" is a type of Hungarian Brandy ( Pálinka) made of (or flavored with Apricots. However plum (szilva) is considered the best of all.
Beer: Beer goes well with many traditional Hungarian dishes and many Hungarians chose to drink is with their lunch. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea The four main Hungarian breweries are: Soproni, Arany Ászok, Kõbányai, and Dreher. Dreher History In the success story of Dreher beer the year 1796 is the first significant date
Wine: As Hugh Johnson says in its book, The History of Wine: the territory of Hungary is ideal for wine-making. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Hugh Johnson may refer to Hugh Johnson (cinematographer Hugh Johnson (wine writer Hugh Samuel Johnson, American Since the fall of communism we have seen the renaissance of Hungarian wine-making. The choice of good wine is widening from year to year. The country can be divided to six wine regions: North-Transdanubia, Lake Balaton, South-Pannónia, Duna-region or Alföld, Upper-Hungary and Tokaj-Hegyalja. Lake Balaton, located in Hungary, is the largest lake in Central Europe, and one of the foremost regional tourist destinations This page is about the World Heritage Site. For places with similar names see Tokaj town or Tokaj (region in Slovakia The Hungarian wine regions offer a great variety of style: the main products of the country are elegant and full-bodied dry whites with good acidity, although complex sweet whites (Tokaj), elegant (Eger) and full-bodied robust reds (Villány and Szekszárd). Eger is also the German name for the Czech town of Villány ( German: Wieland, Serbian and Croatian: Vilanj / Вилањ) is a town in Baranya county, Szekszárd ( Croatian: Seksar) is a city in Hungary and the capital of Tolna county The main varieties are: Olaszrizling, Hárslevelű, Furmint, Pinot gris or Szürkebarát, Chardonnay (whites), Kékfrankos (or Blaufrankisch in German), Kadarka, Portugieser, Zweigelt, Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc and Merlot. Welschriesling is an ancient variety of white Wine grape that is unrelated to the Rhine Riesling. Hárslevelű (in Hungarian) also called Lipovina (in Slovak) Lindenblättriger (in German) and Feuille Furmint is a variety of Wine Grape from the Pontian Balcanica branch of Vitis vinifera, used for white wines Chardonnay is a green-skinned Grape variety used to make white Wine. Blaufränkisch ( German for blue "Frankish") is a dark-skinned variety of Grape used for red Wine. Kadarka is an old Red wine Grape Varietal, most popular in Hungary, where it was introduced with the Turkish occupation Blauer Portugieser is a red Austrian and German wine grape found primarily in the Rheinhessen, Pfalz and wine regions of Lower Zweigelt is a red Wine grape variety developed in 1922, at the Federal Institute for Viticulture and Pomology at Klosterneuburg Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the world's most widely recognized red Wine grape varieties. Cabernet Franc is one of the major varieties of red Wine Grape in Bordeaux Merlot ('MERL-oh' in British English mer-LOH in American English and standard French is a red Wine Grape that is used as both a blending grape and for The most famous wines from Hungary are Tokaji Aszú and Egri Bikavér. For Tokajský wine and the wine region in Slovakia see Tokaj (Slovakia Tokaji (of Tokaj is the name of the wines from the region of Tokaj-Hegyalja "Bull's Blood" redirects here For the senior-year secret society at Rutgers University, see Order of the Bull's Blood.
Tokaji: Tokaji, meaning "of Tokaj", or "from Tokaj" in Hungarian, is used to label wines from the wine region of Tokaj-Hegyalja in Hungary. For Tokajský wine and the wine region in Slovakia see Tokaj (Slovakia Tokaji (of Tokaj is the name of the wines from the region of Tokaj-Hegyalja This page is about the World Heritage Site. For places with similar names see Tokaj town or Tokaj (region in Slovakia Tokaji wine has received accolades from numerous great writers and composers including Beethoven, Liszt, Schubert and Goethe; Joseph Haydn's favorite wine was a Tokaji. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Louis XV and Frederick the Great tried to outdo one another in the excellence of the vintages they stocked when they treated guests like Voltaire to some Tokaji. Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Napoleon III, the last Emperor of the French, ordered 30–40 barrels of Tokaji for the Court every year. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President Gustav III, King of Sweden, never had any other wine to drink. Gustav III ( – 29 March 1792) was King of Sweden from 1771 until his death In Russia, customers included Peter the Great and Empress Elizabeth of Russia. Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́т Петро́вна (December 29 1709 – January 5 1762 (New Style December 18 1709 – December 25 1761 (
Zwack Unicum: For over 150 years, a blend of 40 Hungarian herbs has been used to create Unicum. Unicum is a Hungarian herbal Bitters, drunk as a Digestif and Apéritif. This is a bitter, dark-coloured liqueur that can be drunk as an apéritif or after a meal, thus helping digestion. The recipe is held in secrecy by the Zwack family[37].
Science
Hungary is famous for its excellent mathematics education which has trained numerous outstanding scientists. The Rubik's Cube is a Mechanical puzzle invented in 1974 by Hungarian Sculptor and Professor of Architecture Ernő Rubik Mathematics education is a term that refers both to the practice of Teaching and Learning Mathematics, as well as to a field of scholarly Research Famous Hungarian mathematicians include Paul Erdős (Erdős Pál), famed for publishing in over forty languages and whose Erdős numbers are still tracked; János (John) Bolyai (Bolyai János), designer of non-Euclidean (or "absolute") geometry in 1831;[38] and John von Neumann (Neumann János), a pioneer of digital computing. Paul Erdős ( Hungarian: Erdős Pál, in English occasionally Paul Erdos or Paul Erdös, March 26, 1913 &ndash The Erdős number (ɛrdøːʃ honoring the late Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős, is a way of describing the "collaborative distance" between a person János Bolyai ( December 15, 1802 – January 27, 1860) was a Hungarian Mathematician, known for his work in Non-Euclidean In mathematics non-Euclidean geometry describes how this all works--> hyperbolic and Elliptic geometry, which are contrasted with Euclidean geometry Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Many Hungarian Jewish scientists, including Erdős, von Neumann, Edward Teller (Teller Ede), and Eugene Wigner (Wigner Jenő), fled rising anti-Semitism in Europe and made their most famous contributions in the United States. Edward Teller (original Hungarian name Teller Ede) (January 15 1908 &ndash September 9 2003 was a Hungarian -American theoretical Physicist Eugene Paul "EP" Wigner ( Hungarian Wigner Pál Jenő) ( November 17, 1902 &ndash January 1, 1995) was a Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility
Hungarian inventions include the noiseless match (János Irinyi), Rubik's cube (Ernő Rubik), and the krypton electric bulb (Imre Bródy). A match is a consumable Tool for lighting a Fire under controlled circumstances on demand János Irinyi ( May 17, 1817 &ndash December 17, 1895) janoʃ iriɲi sometimes also spelled János Irínyi)was a Hungarian The Rubik's Cube is a Mechanical puzzle invented in 1974 by Hungarian Sculptor and Professor of Architecture Ernő Rubik Ernő Rubik (born July 13, 1944) is a Hungarian Inventor, sculptor and professor of Architecture. Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 Imre Bródy (1891-1944 a Hungarian physicist (the nephew of writer Sándor Bródy) who invented in 1930 the Krypton -filled Fluorescent lamps Several other inventions were made by Hungarians who fled the country prior to World War II, including holography (Dennis Gabor), the ballpoint pen (László Bíró), the theory of the hydrogen bomb (Edward Teller (Teller Ede)), and the BASIC programming language (John Kemeny, with Thomas E. Kurtz). Holography (from the Greek, ὅλος - hólos whole + γραφή - grafē writing drawing is a technique that allows the Dennis Gabor (original Hungarian name Gábor Dénes) FRS, ( June 5, 1900, Budapest &ndash February 9 A ballpoint pen ( Hungarian: golyóstoll also Eponymously known in British English and Australian English as a biro and ˈbaɪroʊ László József Bíró (Bíró László József ( September 29, 1899 &ndash November 24, 1985) was the Inventor of the modern The Teller–Ulam design is a Nuclear weapon design which is used in Megaton -range Thermonuclear weapons and is more colloquially referred to as "the Edward Teller (original Hungarian name Teller Ede) (January 15 1908 &ndash September 9 2003 was a Hungarian -American theoretical Physicist In Computer programming, BASIC (an Acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of High-level programming languages A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. John George Kemeny (Kemény János György ( May 31, 1926, Budapest – December 26, 1992, New Hampshire) was a Hungarian Thomas Eugene Kurtz (born February 22, 1928) is an American Computer scientist who co-developed the BASIC programming language in 1963/64 together [38]
Sport
One of the most famous Hungarians is the footballer Ferenc Puskás (1927 – 2006). Gábor Talmácsi (born in Budapest, Hungary) is a professional motorcycle racer Ferenc Purczeld Biró ( 2 April 1927 &ndash 17 November 2006) or "Ferenc Puskás", was a legendary Hungarian He scored 84 goals in 85 internationals for Hungary, and 511 goals in 533 matches in the Hungarian and Spanish leagues. The Hungary national football team represents Hungary in international football and is controlled by the Hungarian Football Federation. The Nemzeti Bajnokság I, the National Championship, or short the NBI, currently known as the Soproni Liga for sponsorship reasons is the highest level The Primera División of the es Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( Professional Football League) commonly known as La Liga or Puskás played the 1954 World Cup final against West Germany. The 1954 FIFA World Cup Final was played at the Wankdorf Stadium in Berne, Switzerland on July 4, 1954. The German national football team (Die deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft From 1950 to 1990 the team was also informally called West Germany in English as since In 1958, after the Hungarian Revolution, he emigrated to Spain where he played in the legendary Real Madrid team that also included Alfredo Di Stéfano, and Francisco Gento. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Alfredo di Stéfano Laulhé (born 4 July 1926 in Barracas, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine - Spanish former footballer and Francisco "Paco" Gento López (born October 21, 1933in Guarnizo Cantabria) is a former Spanish football player
Hungarians are also known for their prowess at water sports, mainly swimming, water polo (in which they have defeated the Soviet team in 1956) and canoeing (they have won multiple medals); this can be said to be surprising at first, due to Hungary being landlocked. Swimming is the movement by humans or animals through Water, usually without artificial assistance Water polo is a team water sport A team consists of six field players and one Goalkeeper. Canoeing is the activity of paddling a Canoe for the purpose of recreation (also called a float trip Sport, or transportation. A landlocked country is commonly defined as one enclosed or nearly enclosed by land On the other hand, the presence of two major rivers (the Duna and the Tisza) and a major lake (Balaton) give excellent opportunities to practice these sports. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation. Lake Balaton, located in Hungary, is the largest lake in Central Europe, and one of the foremost regional tourist destinations Some of the world's best sabre fencing athletes have historically hailed from Hungary. The sabre or saber (see spelling differences) is a kind of Sword that usually but not always has Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand The Hungarian national ice hockey team have also qualified for their first IIHF World Championship in more than seventy years. The Ice Hockey World Championship is an annual event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation.
Spa Culture
Hungary is a land of thermal water. Rudas Bath or Rudas fürdő is a thermal and medicinal bath that was first built in 1550 during the time of the Turkish occupation of Hungary. A thermal column (or thermal) is a column of rising Air in the lower altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere. A passion for spa culture and Hungarian history have been connected from the very beginning. See also the History of Europe, the History of present-day nations and states, Pannonian basin before Hungary, and Hungary. It has been shown that Hungarian spa culture is multicultural. The basis of this claim is architecture: Hungarian spas feature Roman, Greek, Turkish, and northern country architectural elements. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Architecture was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC to the 7th century BC when urpeppeeban life and prosperity recovered Ottoman architecture is the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries Due to an advantageous geographical location thermal water can be found with good quality and in great quantities on over 80% of Hungary’s territory. The Romans heralded the first age of spa in Hungary, the remains of their bath complexes are still to be seen in Óbuda, to this day. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Óbuda (sometimes written in English as Obuda) was a historical city in Hungary. The spa culture was revived during the Turkish Invasion who used the thermal springs of Buda for the construction of a number of bathhouses, some of which are still functioning (Király Baths, Rudas Baths). The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, launched on July 20 1974, was a Turkish Military operation against a coup which had been staged by the Cypriot Buda ( German: Ofen, Croatian: Budim, Slovak / Czech: Budín, Serbian: Будим or Kiraly Bath or Kiraly fürdő is a Thermal bath that was first built in the second half of the sixteenth century during the time of the Turkish occupation Rudas Bath or Rudas fürdő is a thermal and medicinal bath that was first built in 1550 during the time of the Turkish occupation of Hungary. In the 19th century the advancement in deep drilling and medical science provided the springboard for a further leap in bathing culture. Grand spas such as Gellért Baths, Lukács Baths, Margaret Island, and Széchenyi Medicinal Bath are a reflection of this resurgence in popularity. Gellért Thermal Baths and Swimming Pool, also called Gellért fürdő or Gellért Baths, is one of the most beautiful and elegant baths in Budapest, built Margaret Island (Margit-sziget Margaretheninsel is a 25 km long island ( 0 The Széchenyi Medicinal Bath in Budapest ( Széchenyi-gyógyfürdő) is the largest medicinal bath in Europe Approximately 1,500 thermal springs can be found in Hungary. About the half of these are used for bathing. The spa culture has a nearly 2,000 year history in Budapest. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Budapest has the richest supply of thermal water among the capitals of the world. The amount of thermal water used in Budapest is roughly equal to two million bath tubs per day. There are approximately 450 public baths in Hungary. Nowadays the trend shows that bath operators are modernizing their facilities and expanding the services offered. A total of 50 of the 160 public baths are qualified as spas throughout the country. Services are offered for healing purposes. These spas provide every type of balneal and physical therapy. Throughout history bathing and spa tourism has always played an important role in Hungary.
- The thermal lake of Hévíz
The thermal lake of Hévíz is the largest biologically active, natural thermal lake of the world. Lake Hévíz is located close to Hévíz, Hungary, near the western end of Lake Balaton, five miles from Keszthely. The oldest and most well-known bath of Hungary, in accordance with records from the Roman era, has a history of 2000 years. The Roman Era is a period in Western history when Ancient Rome was the centre of power of the world around the Mediterranean Sea, where Latin was the The Hévíz treatment, in its present sense, also dates back more than 200 years. The 4. 4 ha lake is fed by its spring rushing up at a depth of 38 m, containing sulphur, radium and minerals. Radium (ˈreɪdiəm is a radioactive Chemical element which has the symbol Ra and Atomic number 88 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Due to the high water output of the spring, the water of the lake is completely changed within 48 hours. The water of the Hévíz Lake is equally rich in dissolved substances and gases, combining the favourable effects of naturally carbonated medicinal waters and those containing sulphur, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen-carbonate, as well as those with a slightly radioactive content. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 The medicinal mud, which covers the bed of the lake in a thick layer, deserves special attention. The Hévíz mud, which is unique of its kind, contains both organic and inorganic substances and the radium-salts and reduced sulphuric solutions in it represent special medicinal factors. The medicinal water and mud originating from the several then thousand year-old Pannonian Sea, together with the complex physiotherapeutic treatments, are suitable for treating all kinds of rheumatic and locomotory diseases. The temperature of the water is 23-25 C in winter and 33-36 C in summer.
Folk Art
Folk Dance
Ugrós (Jumping dances): Old style dances dating back to the Middle Ages. Solo or couple dances accompanied by old style music, shepherd and other solo man’s dances from Transylvania, and marching dances along with remnants of medieval weapon dances belong in this group. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian
Karikázó: a circle dance performed by women only accompanied by singing of folksongs.
Csárdás: New style dances developed in the 18-19. Csárdás (ˈt͡ʃaːrdaːʃ " char -dash" is a traditional Hungarian Folk dance. centuries is the Hungarian name for the national dances, with Hungarian embroidered costumes and energetic music. From the men's intricate bootslapping dances to the ancient women's circle dances, Csárdás demonstrates the infectious exuberance of the Hungarian folk dancing still celebrated in the villages.
Verbunkos: a solo man’s dance evolved from the recruiting performances of the Austro-Hungarian army. Verbunkos (ˈvɛɾbunkoʃ other spellings are Verbounko, Verbunko, Verbunkas, Werbunkos, Werbunkosch, Verbunkoche) is
The Legényes: is a men's solo dance done by the ethnic Hungarian people living in the Kalotaszeg region of Transylvania. A legényes is a men's solo dance done by the ethnic Hungarian people living in the Kalotaszeg region of Transylvania. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Although usually danced by young men, it can be also danced by older men. The dance is performed freestyle usually by one dancer at a time in front of the band. Women participate in the dance by standing in lines to the side and sing/shout verses while the men dance. Each lad does a number of points (dance phrases) typically 4 to 8 without repetition. Each point consists of 4 parts, each lasting 4 counts. The first part is usually the same for everyone (there are only a few variations).
Embroidery
It was in the beginning of the eighteenth century that the present style of Hungarian folk art took shape, incorporating both Renaissance and Baroque elements, depending on the area, as well as Persian Sassanide influences. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Flowers and leaves, sometimes a bird or a spiral ornament, are the principal decorative themes. In Mathematics, a spiral is a Curve which emanates from a central point getting progressively farther away as it revolves around the point The most frequent ornament is a flower with a centerpiece resembling the eye of a peacock's feather. Nearly all the manifestations of folk art practiced elsewhere in Europe also flourished among the Magyar peasantry at one time or another, their ceramics and textile being the most highly developed of all. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The finest achievements in their textile arts are the embroideries which vary from region to region. Those of Kalotaszeg in Transylvania are charming products of Oriental design, sewn chiefly in a single color - red, blue, or black. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Soft in line, the embroideries are applied on altar cloths, pillow cases and sheets. In Hungary proper Sárköz in Transdanubia and the Matyóföld in the Great Hungarian Plain produce the finest embroideries. This article is about Transdanubia the region in Hungary Transdanubia can also refer to the 21st and 22nd Districts of Vienna, which are the only ones lying on the left Mezőkövesd is a town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county Northern Hungary. The Great Hungarian Plain (also known as Great Alföld, Alföld, or Pannonian Plain) is a plain occupying the southern and eastern part of Hungary In the Sárköz region the women's caps show black and white designs as delicate as lace and give evidence of the people's wonderfully subtle artistic feeling. Sárköz might refer to Sárköz, a historical area in the Tolna comitate Livada Satu Mare (formerly Şarchiuz The embroidery motifs applied to women's wear have also been transposed to tablecloths and runners suitable for modern use as wall decorations.
Black pottery
These vessels, made of black clay, reflect more than three hundred years of traditional Transdanubian folk patterns and shapes. This article is about Transdanubia the region in Hungary Transdanubia can also refer to the 21st and 22nd Districts of Vienna, which are the only ones lying on the left No two are precisely alike, since all work is done by hand, including both the shaping and the decorating. The imprints are made by the thumb or a finger of the ceramist who makes the piece.
Hungarian public holidays and special events
Hungary has nine fixed public holidays:
| Date | English Name | Local Name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| January 1 | New Year's Day | Újév | |
| March 15 | National Day | Nemzeti ünnep | Márciusi ifjak ("March youths"), memorial day of the 1848 Revolution. Lists of holidays The words holiday or vacation have related meanings in different English-speaking countries and continents but will usually refer to one of New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC The New Year is an event that happens when a Culture celebrates the end of one Year and the beginning of the next year Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, The National Day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the Nationhood of a Nation or non-sovereign Country. The events leading to the revolution The Hungarian Diet (parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs There are usually speeches and music pieces performed; several people wear a cockade with the national colours (red, white and green). A cockade is a knot of ribbons or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colors which is usually worn on a Hat. |
| Moveable | Easter Sunday | Húsvétvasárnap | Good Friday work-free for Protestants |
| Moveable | Easter Monday | Húsvéthétfő | Men visit women and ask for permission for sprinkling by reciting a little Easter poem, they sprinkle them with some perfume (or sometimes a bucket of cold water in the countryside), and they get eggs (mostly of chocolate) in exchange. In Christianity, a moveable feast or movable feast is a holy day &mdash a Feast day or a Fast day &mdash whose date is not fixed to a Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Good Friday, also called Holy Friday or Great Friday, is the Friday preceding Easter Sunday ("Pascha" In Christianity, a moveable feast or movable feast is a holy day &mdash a Feast day or a Fast day &mdash whose date is not fixed to a Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Children get chocolate bunnies and eggs (from the Bunny), and sometimes fruits, nuts etc. as well. They sometimes have to look for these presents in the garden or in their room. (Living bunnies are not infrequent, either. ) Mothers often cook turkey and/or ham for dinner. |
| May 1 | Labour day; anniversary of the accession to the EU |
A munka ünnepe | The countries of the EU are represented with special programmes, bridges are decorated and exhibitions are arranged. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Labour Day is an annual Holiday celebrated all over the world that resulted from efforts of The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in |
| Moveable | Pentecost Sunday | Pünkösdvasárnap | Sunday, 50 days after Easter |
| Moveable | Pentecost Monday | Pünkösdhétfő | Monday after Pentecost |
| August 20 | Saint Stephen Day | Szent István ünnepe | St. Stephen's Day, Foundation of State, "the day of the new bread" as well. In Christianity, a moveable feast or movable feast is a holy day &mdash a Feast day or a Fast day &mdash whose date is not fixed to a Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. In Christianity, a moveable feast or movable feast is a holy day &mdash a Feast day or a Fast day &mdash whose date is not fixed to a Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály St. Stephen of Hungary (Szent István király in Hungarian) (ca. 975 – August 15, 1038), was the first king of Hungary.
Celebrated with a half-hour fireworks on the bank of the Danube in the evening, attended by several hundreds of thousands of people. A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj |
| October 23 | National Day | Nemzeti ünnep | The day of the Republic (since 1989), 1956 Revolution memorial day. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - The National Day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the Nationhood of a Nation or non-sovereign Country. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of Celebrated with speeches and exhibitions. |
| November 1 | All Saints Day, Day of the Dead | Mindenszentek, Halottak napja | It is a day to remember the lost ones. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often On this day people generally visit all their lost relatives' graves which they decorate with flowers. |
| December 24 evening, December 25 |
Christmas | Karácsony | People buy (or make) presents for their relatives and friends in the preceding couple of weeks (so this period is the absolute boom of the year for most stores). Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Public transport stops operating at about 4 p. m. Families reunite and people prepare their (labelled) presents under the Christmas tree. A Christmas tree, Yule tree, holiday tree or Tannenbaum (fir tree is one of the most popular Traditions associated with the celebration It is made of a fir which is decorated by one or two people in the family so nobody else can see it before they signal with a little bell for the rest to come in. Firs ( Abies) are a genus of between 45-55 species of Evergreen conifers in the family Pinaceae. The family sings Christmas songs together and everyone unwraps their presents. On 25th, people usually visit their farther relatives (eg. aunts, uncles and grandparents) and exchange presents. |
| December 26 | Second Day of Christmas | Karácsony másnapja |
Holidays not endorsed by the state:
| Date | English Name | Local Name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| December 6 | Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas Day | Télapó, Mikulás | Children get various chocolate pieces from the Santa Claus by morning. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Boxing Day is a public holiday in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and Australia, as well as many other members of the Commonwealth Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, or simply " Santa " is the Saint Nicholas (Άγιος Νικόλαος, Agios Nikolaos, "victory of the people" is the common name for Nicholas of Myra, a Christian Saint If they were bad, they might get (birch) rods exclusively or beside their presents. |
| December 31 | New Year's Eve | Szilveszter | Young people go partying until morning. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. The New Year is an event that happens when a Culture celebrates the end of one Year and the beginning of the next year Streets are noisy with paper trumpets, hoots and champagne cracks; people often wear masks. Those who stay home usually watch the comedies made for this occasion; at midnight they drink champagne and wish each other good luck for the new year. National television channels broadcast the orchestral and choral national anthem at midnight, and then the speech of the current President. " Himnusz " (in English: Hymn) – the song beginning with the words Isten áldd meg a magyart (God bless the Hungarians – is the official With these finished, further comedies and various movies follow. The next day streets are as empty as ever, and people sleep long (or sleep themselves sober). |
| Moveable | Carnival | Farsang | A six day regional carnival, originally celebrated by the Šokci (ethnic-Croatians) living in the town of Mohács. In Christianity, a moveable feast or movable feast is a holy day &mdash a Feast day or a Fast day &mdash whose date is not fixed to a Carnival is a festival season which occurs immediately before Lent; the main events are usually during February and March The parasang is a historical Iranian unit of itinerant distance comparable to the European league. Šokci, ( Croatian, Bosnian Šokci, singular Šokac, Serbian Cyrillic: Шокци in Hungarian: Sokácok Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Mohács ( Croatian and Bunjevac: Mohač, Serbian: Мохач German: Mohatsch, Turkish: Mohaç Traditions include folk music, masquerading, parades and dancing. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous A masquerade ball (or bal masqué) is an event which the participants attend in Costume wearing a Mask. A parade (also called march or marchpast) is a procession of people usually organized along a street often in Costume, and often accompanied by Fire Dance (from French danser, perhaps from Frankish) is an Art form that generally refers to movement of the body usually rhythmic |
Hungarian domestic animals
There are special Hungarian species of domestic animals which are seen as national symbols in Hungary, and there are "gene banks" to ensure their survival, especially in national parks.
- Long-horn Hungarian Grey Cattle- Hungarian breed, traditionally kept in the open full year. Hungarian Grey Cattle or Hungarian Steppe Cattle (in Hungarian: Magyar szürke szarvasmarha or Magyar alföldi) are an old Beef cattle Nowadays they are raised for infant food due to natural, healthy meat.
- Magyar Vizsla - one of the oldest hunting dogs of the world. The ancestors of this dog came into the Carpathian Basin with the nomadic Hungarian tribes. The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe.
- Hungarian Puli - small shepherd dog
- Hungarian Komondor - large shepherd dog, was brought to Hungary a thousand years ago by nomadic Magyars. The Komondor (lat Canis familiaris pastorialis villosus hungaricus is a Livestock guardian dog breed originally Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary.
- Hungarian Kuvasz - large shepherd dog.
- Hungarian Pumi - small shepherd dog. The Pumi is a medium-small Terrier -type breed of Dog. It is a Sheep dog from Hungary.
- Magyar Agár (Hungarian Greyhound) is already known in the 8th century, it is as old as the Vizsla.
- Transylvanian Bloodhound - Hungarian hound.
- Hungarian Mudi shepherd dog.
- Hungarian thoroughbred horses - a mid-19th century mixture of the best Arab and English race horse characteristics. The Thoroughbred is a horse breed
- Mangalica, a breed of pigs, characterised by their long curly hair and relatively fatty meat which makes them ideal for making sausages and salami.
Special events
Hungary’s most outstanding annual events include the Budapest Spring Festival (mid-march to mid-April), Hortobágy Equestrian Days (late June), Sopron Early Music Days (late June), Búcsú (Farewell), Festival in Budapest (late June), Miskolc Opera Festival (late June), Miskolc Kalálka International Folk Festival (July), Győr Summer Festival (late June), Győr Summer Cultural Festival (late June to lateJuly), Pannon Festival in Pécs (July and August), Szentendre Summer Festival (July), Kőszeg Street Theatre Festival (late July), Savaria International Dance Competition in Szombathely (July), Debrecen Jazz Days (July), Szeged Open Air Festival (mid-July to August), Diáksziget (Student Island or Pepsi Island) north of Budapest (August), Eger Wine Harvest Festival (September), and Budapest Autumn Arts Festival (mid-September to mid-October). The Miskolc Opera Festival or International Opera Festival of Miskolc (Miskolci Nemzetközi Operafesztivál is a cultural event held every summer in Miskolc The Sziget Festival (pronounced, similar to see'-get is one of the largest music and cultural festivals in Europe and more recently in the world
St Stephen’s Day (20 August) is celebrated with sporting events, parades and fireworks nationwide. On the same day there is a Floral Festival in Debrecen and a Bridge Fair in nearby Hortobágy. Formula 1 car races are held in early August at the Hungaroring near Mogyoród, 24 km northeast of Budapest[39]. The Hungaroring is a Formula 1 racing circuit in Mogyoród, near Budapest, Hungary where the Hungarian Grand Prix is held Mogyoród is a village in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary.
Budapest Spring Festival
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Designed to fit the needs of Budapest’s cultural heritage and its requirements as a modern Central European centre, this metropolitan festival was instituted in 1981. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, The building of the Hungarian State Opera House (Magyar Állami Operaház is a splendid example of Neo-Renaissance architecture By presenting and disseminating cultural assets it boosts the city’s image and encourages dynamic development of its cultural tourism. This "festival of festivals", traditionally covering a range of artistic fields, presents a series of homogeneous artistic activities to which international professional symposia are linked. The Budapest Spring Festival takes place in the last two weeks of March. Its main emphasis is on those symphony orchestra concerts, opera and ballet performances which will appeal to the widest audience, but the program also includes open-air events and an Operetta Festival. Operetta is a genre of light Opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter The performances take place in the capital’s most important concert halls and theatres, and often near historic monuments. Over the years a number of regional towns have been included in the Budapest Spring Festival - Debrecen, Gödöllő, Győr, Kaposvár, Kecskemét, Sopron, Szentendre and Szombathely - and thus it has more or less expanded into a national festival. Debrecen, (approximate pronunciation Deb-ret-sen known by alternative names) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. Győr (ˈɟøːr, known under alternative names) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and lies Kaposvár ( Croatian: Kapošvar Kapuš(ar Kapušvar, German: Kopisch Ruppertsberg Ruppertsburg, Turkish: Kapoşvar Kecskemét (kɛtʃkɛmet (approximate pronunciation Kech-ke-mate is a city in the central part of Hungary. For the historical county in the Kingdom of Hungary named Sopron / Ödenburg Sopron (county. Szentendre ( Medieval Latin: Sankt Andrae; Serbian: Сентандреја Sentandreja; German: Sankt Andrä; Szombathely, (pronounced sombɒthɛj known by alternative names) is a city in Hungary. The list of events always includes renowned foreign guests as well as distinguished artists and groups from the Hungarian musical life. Highlights include classical concerts, productions at the Opera House, open air events, the Operetta Festival, the Dance House Convention, the Dance Panorama, and what are considered to be the real treat, the exhibitions[40]. The building of the Hungarian State Opera House (Magyar Állami Operaház is a splendid example of Neo-Renaissance architecture
Haydn Festival in Eszterháza
Haydn at Eszterháza: During its first quarter century, the palace was the primary home of the celebrated composer Joseph Haydn, who wrote the majority of his symphonies for the Prince's orchestra. Eszterháza is a Palace built in Fertőd, Hungary by Prince Nikolaus Esterházy. Eszterháza is a Palace built in Fertőd, Hungary by Prince Nikolaus Esterházy. Starting in 1768, the theater was a major venue for opera, often with more than a hundred performances per year. The palace was geographically isolated, a factor which led to loneliness and tedium among the musicians. This is seen in some of Haydn's letters, as well as in the famous tale of the Farewell Symphony
The basic aim of the festival is to evoke the musical paradise that Eszterháza was in Haydn's time, within the original walls, with the help of period instruments and performing practice. Symphony No 45 in F-sharp minor, known as the "Farewell" Symphony (in German: Abschieds-Symphonie) was composed by Joseph Haydn Eszterháza is a Palace built in Fertőd, Hungary by Prince Nikolaus Esterházy. The programmes focus mainly on the works composed during the Eszterháza period of Haydn's creative life, and among these, on compositions belonging to the most important genres (symphonies, string quartets, keyboard sonatas and trios). In addition, however, the concert programmes regularly include works by the "unknown Haydn" (baryton pieces, rarely-heard church compositions, wind divertimenti, etc. ). The festival aims to provide opportunities for the world's most outstanding Haydn performers to meet here, to gain inspiration from the atmosphere and acoustics of the place, and to inspire one another through shared music-making. The majority of the performers play only compositions by Joseph Haydn, but also in exceptional cases other works closely connected, either directly or through their composers, with Haydn, Eszterháza or the family of the Esterházy princes - such as, for example, the string quartets dedicated to Haydn by Mozart, and certain pieces by Michael Haydn (the composer's younger brother), Luigi Tomasini (leader of the Eszterháza orchestra) and others. The House of Esterházy (also spelled Eszterházy) was a Hungarian Noble family in Hungary since the Middle Ages. Nikolaus Esterházy (18 December 1714-28 September 1790 was a Hungarian Prince, a member of the famous Esterházy family The venue for most of the concerts is the enchantingly beautiful ceremonial hall of the palace, which has superb acoustics. Some of the more intimate, solistic performances are given in the sala terrena, the central hall of the original, smaller, Renaissance hunting palace. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Some concerts of church music take place in one or other of the churches in the nearby villages.
Győr Summer Festival
This festival is held annually, from the second week in June to the second week in July. The Győr Summer International Cultural Festival, which displays Győr's cultural heritage, has a history of over three decades. Győr (ˈɟøːr, known under alternative names) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and lies The list of events, which covers a wide range of genres, is based on a series of separate activities. Every year, for a month in June and July, the Baroque decorations of the city centre, its atmospheric courtyards and the banks of the Rába river are home to the International Ballet Festival, the International Puppet and Street Theatre Convention, the International Folk Dancing and Folk Music Festival, and the International Handcraft Fair and Exhibition. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc The Rába (Raab Rába Raba is a River in southeastern Austria and western Hungary and a tributary of the Danube. In addition to the performances of the hosts - the Győr Ballet, the Győr National Theatre, and the Győr Philharmonic Orchestra - visitors can also see those of the visiting theatre companies and musical groups [41].
Miscellaneous
Hungarian folk art, including dances, music, cross stitchings, embroideries, costumes, potteries, wood carvings, basket wavings, porcelains etc. has a long and rich history which play a significant role in local folk traditions and customs.
Hungarian women are rumored to be among the most beautiful of the general Eastern European bloc (Posner, pp. 23-24).
See also
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- Lists
- List of cities in Hungary
- List of Hungarians
- List of Hungarian rulers
- List of Hungarian writers
- List of colleges in Hungary
- List of universities in Hungary
- Common Hungarian surnames
- Eastern name order used in Hungarian personal names
References
- ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office Retrieved 2008-05-09
- ^ a b IMF report retrieved 2008-04-09
- ^ Microsoft Word - NHDP_HU_NSRF_en_r1.doc
- ^ The Budapest Times - Hungary‘s leading English Language source for daily news - Parties discuss preparations for Hungary's EU presidency in 2011
- ^ Index - Miért menjünk Magyarországra? Miért menjünk Szlovákiába?
- ^ http://www.mth.gov.hu/download.php?ctag=download&docID=185
- ^ http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/400bis.pdf
- ^ Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports
- ^ Hungary, Encyclopædia Britannica. Telephones - main lines in use 3577300 (2004 Telephones - mobile cellular 11000000 (109%(2008 Telephone system General assessment The The Curse of Turan (Turáni átok is a belief that Hungarians have been under the influence of a malicious spell for many centuries Except for the short-lived neutrality declared by the Anti-Soviet leader Imre Nagy in November 1956 Hungary 's foreign policy generally followed the Hungarian Americans are American citizens of Hungarian descent History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins There are special Hungarian species of domestic animals which are seen as national symbols in Hungary, and there are "gene banks" to ensure their survival especially Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Hungarian or Magyar cuisine is the Cuisine characteristic to the nation of Hungary and its primary ethnic group the Magyars. Hungarian notation is a naming convention in Computer programming, in which the name of a variable indicates its type or intended use Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Magyar Cserkészszövetség ( Hungarian Scout Association) the primary national Scouting organization of Hungary, was founded in 1912 and became a The Military of Hungary, or "Hungarian Armed Forces" currently has two branches the " Hungarian Ground Force " and the " Hungarian Air Force Hungarians are the second largest ethnic group in the Vojvodina province Serbia. The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania consisting of 1434377 people and making up 6 Hungarians or Magyars are the largest ethnic minority of Slovakia, numbering 520528 people or 9 Hungary has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music. This is a calendar of Namesdays in Hungary. Railways Total 7606 km Broad gauge: 36 km 1524-m gauge Standard gauge: 7394 km 1 Galleryi Bárczay Castle Palota Castle of Matthias Corvinus There are more than 2000 castles and mansions today in Hungary with about 700 of them under protection The Countrywide Blue Tour (in Hungarian O rszágos K ék' t' úra Kéktúra or simply OKT) is a part of the Hungarian section of the European The Old Hungarian script, also known as rovásírás (rovásírás hu ''székely rovásírás'' ( or simply hu ''rovás'' is a type of Writing system used Hungary has 3152 localities as of January 1, 2008: 298 towns (Hungarian term város, plural városok; the terminology doesn't distinguish The following is a list of prominent Magyars ( Hungarians) the majority of whom grew to be famous within Hungary rather than abroad This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Árpád See Heads of state of Hungary for a list of post-1918 presidents A Emil Ábrányi (1850&ndash1920 Ignác Acsády (1845&ndash1904 Tamás Aczél (1921&ndash1994 See also List of universities in Hungary Academy of Drama and Film (Hungary, Budapest * Andrássy Gyula German Language University of Budapest * Budapest University of Technology and Economics Surnames are unique and there are thousands of them all over the world A personal name is the Proper name identifying an individual Person. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ The Avar Khaganate
- ^ Magyar (Hungarian) migration, 9th century
- ^ a b Stephen Sisa : The Spirit of Hungary - 1 Who Are the Magyars?
- ^ http://www.babylon.com/definition/Géza/English
- ^ Hungaria Travel Information | Asia Travel Europe
- ^ Hunmagyar.Org - The Controversy On The Origins And Early History Of The Hungarians
- ^ Welcome to Cambridge Szeged website :: www.cambridge-szeged-society.org.uk
- ^ WHKMLA : History of Croatia, 802-1102
- ^ The Daco-Roman Legend
- ^ http://www.kulugyminiszterium.hu/NR/rdonlyres/C9FDF041-86A7-4B20-8B73-94C568E448E5/0/Culture_en.pdf
- ^ Géza Jeszenszky: From "Eastern Switzerland" to Ethnic Cleansing ,Address at Duquesne History Forum, November 17, 2000, The author is former Ambassador of Hungary to the United States and was Foreign Minister in 1990-94.
- ^ Vol. 3, p. 825 in Magyarország Történelmi Kronológiája, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1982.
- ^ Magyar Tudomány 2000. január
- ^ Ignác Romsics: Magyarország története a XX. században, 2004, p. 134
- ^ Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite John F. Montgomery, Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite. Devin-Adair Company, New York, 1947. Reprint: Simon Publications, 2002.
- ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Holocaust Encyclopedia
- ^ Findley, Carter V. , and John Rothney. Twentieth Century World. sixth ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. 278.
- ^ a b c Index of Economic Freedom
- ^ Hungary
- ^ Population Census 2001 – National and county data – Summary Data
- ^ Stratégiai Audit 2005 - DEMOS Magyarország
- ^ See, for instance, Romani World, where a high estimate of 19. 62% is given for 2050.
- ^ Népszámlálás 2001 – 4. Nemzetiségi kötődés – Központi Statisztikai Hivatal
- ^ See an abstract of Poverty and Ethnicity: A Cross-Country Study of Roma Poverty in Central Europe. by the World Bank for an overview. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e
- ^ 18. Demographic data – Hungarian Central Statistical Office
- ^ Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 - page 11. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
- ^ Sulinet: Magyar növény-e a paprika?
- ^ a b Food in Hungary
- ^ a b The Contribution of Hungarians to Universal Culture (includes inventors), Embassy of the Republic of Hungary, Damascus, Syria, 2006. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria.
- ^ Public Holidays and Special Events
- ^ Budapest Spring Festival, programs, events
- ^ Győr Summer Festival
External links
- Official site of the National Assembly
- Official site of the President of Hungary
- Official site of the Prime Minister of Hungary
- hungary.hu
- History of Hungary: Primary Documents
- History of Hungary – The Corvinus Library
- In The Land of Hagar - The Jews of Hungary – A Virtual Exhibition
- Budapest Photos
- Aerial photography: Hungary
- Artistic photos of Hungary
- Translation of Hungarian literary works - a database
- 1100 photos about the Hungarian countryside - along the long distance path "Countrywide Blue Tour"
- Hungary at the Open Directory Project
- An online gallery of photographs - Szeged, Kőszeg, ...
- Agricultural land use profile
- Cool Budapest Photos
Dictionary
Hungary
-proper noun
- Country in Europe. Official name: Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság).
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