Hungarians Magyarok
Saint Stephen I Matthias Corvinus Gábor Bethlen Béla Bartók Tivadar Kosztka János Bolyai Loránd Eötvös József Eötvös
Total population
c. 15. Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály Matthias Corvinus ( Matthias the Just; February 23 1443 &ndash April 6 1490) was King of Hungary and Gabriel Bethlen (de Iktár (- English, Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor, Romanian: Gabriel Bethlen, German: Gabriel Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest Tivadar Kosztka Csontváry ˈkostkɒ ˈʧontvaːri}} (1853-1919 was a Hungarian painter. János Bolyai ( December 15, 1802 – January 27, 1860) was a Hungarian Mathematician, known for his work in Non-Euclidean Baron Loránd von Eötvös, more commonly called Baron Roland von Eötvös in the English literature (in Hungarian Vásárosnaményi Báró Eötvös Loránd, or See also Eötvös Baron József Eötvös de Vásárosnamény ( September 13, 1813 - February 2, 1871) Hungarian Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" 0 million
Regions with significant populations
Central Europe c. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and 10. 65 million  Hungary 9,967,921  (2001) [1]  Slovakia 520,528  (2001) [2]  Germany 120,000  (2004) [3]  Austria 40,583  (2001) [4]  Slovenia 6,243  (2001) Southeastern Europe c. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west 1. 6 million  Romania 1,431,807  (2002)  Serbia 293,299  (2002) [5]  Croatia 16,595  (2001)  Turkey 6,800  (2001) [6]  Bosnia and Herzegovina 893  (1991) [7] Eastern Europe 230,000 to 240,000  Ukraine 156,600  (2001)  Russia 76,500  (2002) Western Europe  United Kingdom 80,135  (2001)  Ireland 3,328  (2006) [8] North America c. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. 1. 65 million  United States 1,398,724  (2000) [6]  Canada 267,255  (2001) [9] South America [6]  Brazil 80,000 [10] Asia  Israel 200,000 to 250,000 [6] Australasia  (AUS / NZ) 62,000 [6] Africa 10,000 [6]
Languages
Hungarian
Religions
54. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. 5% Roman Catholic 19. 4% Protestant (mainly Calvinist and Lutheran) 1 to 2% Jewish 25. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut 4% Unaffiliated, agnostic, atheist

Hungarians (Hungarian: magyarok) or Magyars are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic There are around 9. 97 million Magyars in Hungary (as of 2001). Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic ^[1] Magyars were the main inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary that existed through most of the second millennium. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 After the Treaty of Trianon Magyars became minority inhabitants in the territory of present-day Romania (1,440,000; see: Hungarian minority in Romania), Slovakia (520,500), Serbia (293,000; largely in Vojvodina), Ukraine and Russia (170,000), Austria (40,583), Croatia (16,500), the Czech Republic (14,600) and Slovenia (10,000). The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania consisting of 1434377 people and making up 6 Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Significant groups of people with Magyar ancestry live in various other parts of the world (e. g. 1,400,000 in the United States), but unlike the Magyars living within the former Kingdom of Hungary, only some of these largely preserve the Hungarian language and traditions. Hungarian Americans are American citizens of Hungarian descent The Hungarians can be classified in several sub-groups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics. Hungarian ethnic subgroups that have a distinct identity are the Székelys, Csángós, Jassic people and Palócs. For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely The Jassic people or Jász (from Iranic: Iyasi Os> Ossetian are an ethnic group of Hungarians which mostly live in the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok The Palóc are an ethnic minority group in north-east Hungary.

Etymology

The word "Hungarian" is thought to be derived from the Bulgar-Turkic Onogur, possibly because the Magyars were neighbours (or confederates) of the Empire of the Onogurs in the sixth century, whose leading tribal union was called the "Onogurs" (meaning "ten tribes" in Old Turkic). Bulgar (also Bolğar and Proto-Bulgarian) was the language of the Bulgars, now extinct Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria (Стара Велика България Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία in Byzantine chronicles alternative The Onogurs were a horde of Equestrian nomads that wandered the Eurasian plains in the 5th – 8th centuries. Old Turkic (also East Old Turkic, Orkhon Turkic, Old Uyghur) is the earliest attested Turkic language, found in inscriptions by the ^[11][12]

The "H-" prefix in many languages (Hungarians, Hongrois, Hungarus etc. ) is a later addition. It was taken over from the name of the "Huns", a semi-nomadic tribe that briefly lived in the area of present-day Hungary and, according to legends originating in the medieval period, was the people from which the Magyars arose. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The identification of the "Hungarians" with the "Huns" has often occurred in historiography and literature. Even today, Hun names like Attila, Réka, and Ildikó are popular among Hungarians. Réka is an old Hungarian female given name from the 10th century This identification began to be disputed in the late nineteenth century, and is still a source of major controversy among scholars who insist that there could be no direct connection between the two.

"Magyar" is the term Hungarians refer to themselves or to their language in their own language. The English equivalent for the word would be "Hungarian". However the word "Magyar" is frequently used in English context. In most of the cases, it is used, when referring to Hungarian nationality, ethnicity, and even more general, when describing the medieval nomadic Hungarian/Magyar tribes. ^[13] Some sources^[14] claim "Magyar" to be the proper form instead of Hungarian, although "Hungarian" is the form that took root in the English language over the centuries.

Many theories exist on the origins and meanings of the word "Magyar""^[15], although the etymology of the word Hungary/Hungarian is accompanied by less debate. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time In Old slavic texts Hungarians were referred to as Ugors or Ogurs (Ugri), in Byzantine and early Latin texts uniguri, Ungri words were used, presumably from the Turkic word On ogur, meaning ten arrows, i. Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. e. ten tribes (the traditional Hungarian tribes (Megyer, Jenő, Keszi, Nyék, Kér, Tarján, while Kürt and Gyarmat merged into one tribe making it seven total) joined by three Kabar tribes whose names are not known for sure (with the usual suspects being Ság, Ladány, Berény, Tárkány). The Kabars (Gr Kabaroi or Kavars were a Turkic tribal confederation who lived in the vicinity of Poltava in the 9th century. Later, from the Unugor form evolved the words Ungarus, Ungar, Venger. In the middle ages the Latin Ungarus, Ungaria words changed to Hungarus, Hungaria, that also referred to the Hungarians being related to the Huns, a common belief until the 19th century. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy ^[16] This finally was the base for many languages' word for Hungarian/Hungary.

Ethnic affiliations and origins

Main article: Hungarian prehistory

The origin of the Hungarians is partly disputed. See Pannonian basin before Hungary for the prehistory of Hungary (as opposed to the prehistory of the Hungarian people The most widely-accepted Finno-Ugric theory of origin from the late nineteenth century is based primarily on linguistic and ethnographical arguments^[17]. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and Contesting these, the theory is criticized as relying too much on August Schleicher's Stammbaumtheorie of historical linguistics, and some cite that Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples have a wide range of cultural, ethnic and genetic variation. August Schleicher ( February 19, 1821 – December 6, 1868) was a German linguist born in Meiningen ( Duchy Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change ^[18] It should also be noted that though modern-day Hungarians have a predominantly European genetic makeup, one research states that about 13% of the population have retained their Uralic genes, while another sees no genetic continuity. ^[19][20] There are also other theories stating that the Magyars are descendants of Scythians, Huns and/or Avars. In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. These other theories tend to be based upon unsound critical methodology, especially in regard to existing linguistic evidence, so most scholars dismiss them as speculation.

Based on linguistic research the closest related Finno-Ugric groups to the Hungarians are the Khanty people and the Mansi people (or Voguls)^[21]. Khanty / Hanti (obsolete Ostyaks) are an endangered Indigenous people calling themselves Khanti Khande Kantek (Khanty living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Mansi (obsolete Voguls) are an endangered Indigenous people living in Khantia-Mansia, an Autonomous okrug within Tyumen Oblast in

Pre-fourth century AD

Migration of the Magyars

Sometime during the fourth millennium BC, the Uralic-speaking peoples who were living in the central and southern regions of the Urals split up. The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye The peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages dispersed primarily towards the west and northwest and came into contact with Iranian speakers who were spreading northwards. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and ^[22] From at least 2000  BC onwards, the Ugrian speakers became distinguished from the rest of the Finno-Ugric community. They interacted with the Andronovo Culture^[23], the evidence for that comes from burial mounds and settlement sites^[23]. Indo-Iranian originspng|thumb|300px|Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC) More advanced tribes arriving from the southern steppes taught them how to farm, breed cattle and produce bronze objects. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Around 1500 BC, they started to breed horses and horse riding became one of their typical activities.

In the early first millennium BC, the northern Ugrian subgroup (the Ob-Ugrians) moved to the lower Ob River, while southern Ugrians remained in the south and became nomadic herdsmen. Ob River (Обь also Obi, is a major river in West Siberia, Russia, the country's fourth longest Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Since these southern Ugrians became the ancestors of the Magyars, this division is usually marked as the beginning of the Magyars as a distinct ethnic group. During the following centuries, the Magyars continued to live in the wood-steppes and steppes southeast of the Ural Mountains, strongly influenced by their immediate neighbours of Iranian extraction.

Fourth century to c. 830 AD

Map showing location of the Magyars in 600 AD.

In the fourth and fifth centuries AD, the Magyars moved to the west of the Ural Mountains to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga River known as Bashkiria (Bashkortostan). Republic of Bashkortostan (Респу́блика Башкортоста́н Башҡортостан Республикаһы or Bashkiria (ru Башки́рия

In the early eighth century, some of the Magyars moved to the Don River to an area between the Volga, Don and the Seversky Donets rivers. The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast The river Seversky Donets (Северский Донец Сіверський Донець alternatively Donetz) flows into the Don River Russia Meanwhile, the descendants of those Magyars who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241. Republic of Bashkortostan (Респу́блика Башкортоста́н Башҡортостан Республикаһы or Bashkiria (ru Башки́рия As a consequence, earlier scholarship considered the Magyars and the Bashkirs as two branches of the same nation. The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. The earlier Bashkirs, however, were decimated during the Mongol invasion of Europe (thirteenth century) and assimilated into Turkic peoples. The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of East Slavic principalities such as Kiev and Vladimir The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family

The Magyars around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar khaganate. "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title Their neighbours were the archaeological Saltov Culture, i. Saltovo-Mayaki is the name given by Archaeologists to the early medieval culture of the Pontic steppe region roughly between the Don and the Dnieper e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, descendants of the Onogurs) and the Alans, from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, The Onogurs were a horde of Equestrian nomads that wandered the Eurasian plains in the 5th – 8th centuries. The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The Bulgars and Magyars shared a long-lasting relationship in Khazaria, either by alliance or rivalry. "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. The system of two rulers (later known as kende and gyula) is also thought to be a major inheritance from the Khazars. The kende (or kündü) was one of the kings of the dual-monarchy of the early Magyars, along with the Gyula or war-chief Gyula is a Hungarian male given name It was adopted as a Given name sometime after the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary. Tradition holds that the Magyars were organized in a confederacy of tribes called hétmagyar. The tribes of the hétmagyar were; Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer, Nyék, and Tarján. The confederacy was formed as a border defending allies of Khazaria mainly during the reign of Khagan Bulan and Ovadyah, with the Magyar tribe as ascendant. "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title Bulan was a Khazar king who led the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism.

c. 830 to c. 895

Around 830, a civil war broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes out of the Khazars joined the Magyars and they moved to what the Magyars call the Etelköz, i. The Kabars (Gr Kabaroi or Kavars were a Turkic tribal confederation who lived in the vicinity of Poltava in the 9th century. See Pannonian basin before Hungary for the prehistory of Hungary (as opposed to the prehistory of the Hungarian people e. the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River (today's Ukraine). The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Around 854, the Magyars had to face a first attack by the Pechenegs. The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται (According to other sources, the reason for the departure of the Magyars to Etelköz was the attack of the Pechenegs. ) Both the Kabars and earlier the Bulgars may have taught the Magyars their Turkic languages; according to the Finno-Ugric theory, this is used to account for at least three hundred Turkic words and names still in modern Hungarian. The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The new neighbours of the Magyars were the Vikings and the eastern Slavs. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Archaeological findings suggest that the Magyars entered into intense interaction with both groups. From 862 onwards, the Magyars (already referred to as the Ungri) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz to the Carpathian Basin–mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia, but also against the Balaton principality and Bulgaria. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century The Balaton Principality (also called Pannonia, Lower Pannonia, Pannonian Principality, Transdanubian Principality or Slavic Pannonian State The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian

Entering the Carpathian Basin (after 895)

Prince Árpád crossing the Carpathians. Árpád (c 845 &ndash c 907 the second Grand Prince of the Magyars (c The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати A detail from Árpád Feszty and his assistants' vast canvas (over 1800 m²), painted to celebrate the one-thousandth anniversary of the Magyar conquest of Hungary, now displayed at the Ópusztaszer National Memorial Site in Hungary. Árpád Feszty ( December 24, 1856 - June 1, 1914) was a Hungarian painter. M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here Ópusztaszer (till 1974 Sövényháza is a Village in Csongrád county in the Southern Great Plain Region of southern Hungary.

The entry of the Magyars into the Carpathian basin, from the Chronicon Pictum, 1360. The Illuminated Chronicle ( Vienna Illuminated Chronicle, Chronica Hungarorum, Chronicon (Hungariae Pictum, Chronica Picta or

In 895/896, probably under the leadership of Árpád, some Magyars crossed the Carpathians and entered the Carpathian Basin. Árpád (c 845 &ndash c 907 the second Grand Prince of the Magyars (c The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. The tribe called Magyars (Megyer) was the leading tribe of the Magyar alliance that conquered the center of the basin. At the same time (c. 895), due to their involvement in the 894-896 Bulgaro-Byzantine war, Magyars in Etelköz were attacked by Bulgaria and then by their old enemies the Pechenegs. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts were the cause of the Magyar departure from Etelköz.

In the Carpathian Basin, the Magyars initially occupied the Great Moravian territory at the upper/middle Tisza river, a scarcely populated territory, where, according to Arabian sources, Great Moravia used to send its criminals, and where the Roman Empire had settled the Iazyges centuries earlier. "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Iazyges ( Jazyges is an orthographic variant were a nomadic tribe From there, they intensified their looting raids across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia (Pannonia), which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Their allies, the Kabars (probably led by Kurszán), appear to have settled in the region around Bihar. The Kabars (Gr Kabaroi or Kavars were a Turkic tribal confederation who lived in the vicinity of Poltava in the 9th century. Kurszán (died in 904 the Magyar tribal chieftain son of Könd was a partner ruler besides Árpád till his death For current affairs see Bihor County and Hajdú-Bihar County Bihar is the name of a historic administrative county ( comitatus Upon entering the Carpathian Basin, the Magyars found a mainly Slavic population there.

Remnants of the Avars lived in the southwest and Romanians in the east and southeast, although the latter is a matter of controversy (see Origin of the Romanians). The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a people speaking Romanian, a Romance language After the battle of Augsburg (956), the Magyars gradually changed their pastoral way of life to an agricultural one and borrowed hundreds of agricultural Slavic words. See History of Hungary for a continuation, and Hungary before the Magyars for the background. See also the History of Europe, the History of present-day nations and states, Pannonian basin before Hungary, and Hungary.

Many of the Magyars, however, remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896, as archaeological findings suggest (e. g. Polish Przemysl). Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland They seem to have joined the other Magyars in 900. There is also a consistent Hungarian population in Transylvania that is historically unrelated to the Magyars led by Árpád: the Székelys, 40% of the Hungarian minority in Romania. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely They are fully acknowledged as Magyars. The Székely people's origin, and in particular the time of their settlement in Transylvania, is a matter of historical controversy (see Székely for details). For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely

History after 900

Medieval Hungary controlled more territory than medieval France, and the population of medieval Hungary was the third largest of any country in Europe. The Magyar leader Árpád is believed to have led the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin in 896. Árpád (c 845 &ndash c 907 the second Grand Prince of the Magyars (c The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. In 907, the Magyars destroyed a Bavarian army at Pressburg and laid Germany, France and Italy open to Magyar raids. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest These raids were fast and devastating. The Magyars defeated Louis the Child's Imperial Army near Augsburg in 910. Louis the Child (893 &ndash 20/ 24 September 911) sometimes called Louis IV or Louis III, was the last Carolingian ruler of Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. From 917-925, Magyars raided through Basle, Alsace, Burgundy, Saxony, and Provence. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France Magyar expansion was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. The Battle of Lechfeld ( 10 August 955) perhaps the defining event for holding off the incursions of the Magyars into Central Europe, was a decisive Although the battle at Lechfeld stopped the Magyar raids against Western Europe, the raids on the Balkan Peninsula continued until 970. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' ^[24] Hungarian settlement in the area was approved by the Pope when their leaders accepted Christianity, and Stephen I the Saint (Szent István) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály The century between the Magyars' arrival from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania (Denmark) to the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal). The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[25]

Eastern Hemisphere, 1100ad.

At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered between 25,000^[26] and 1,000,000 people^[27]. The Slavic population in present-day Hungary were culturally assimilated by the Magyar culture.

The name "Hungarian" has also a wider meaning, as it once referred to all inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary irrespective of their ethnicity. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 ^[28]

The first accurate measurements of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850-51. There is a debate among Magyar and non-Magyar (especially Slovak and Romanian) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure throughout history:

• Some historians, especially Hungarians, support the theory that the Magyars' percentage in the Carpathian Basin was at an almost constant 80% during the Middle Ages, and began to decrease only at the time of the Ottoman conquest, reaching as low as around 39% (or 29% according to historians from outside Hungary) in the end of the eighteenth century. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The decline of the Magyars was due to the constant wars, famines and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Magyars, so the death toll among them was much higher than among other nationalities. In the 18th century their percentage declined further because of the influx of new settlers from Germany, Serbia, and other countries. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country

• Others, particularly Slovak and Romanian historians, tend to emphasise the multi-ethnic nature of the Kingdom even in the Middle Ages and argue that the drastic change in the ethnic structure hypothesized by Hungarian historians in fact did not occur. Therefore, the Magyars are supposed to have accounted only for about 30-40% of the Kingdom's population since its establishment. In particular, there is a fierce debate among Magyar and Romanian historians about the ethnic composition of Transylvania through the times; see Origin of the Romanians. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a people speaking Romanian, a Romance language

In the nineteenth century, the percentage of Magyars in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900, mostly because of (economic) immigration, and partially because of some magyarization. Magyarization (also "Magyarisation" "Hungarisation" "Hungarization" "Hungarianization" "Hungarianisation" is a designator applied Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially among the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1. 5 million people (of whom about two-thirds were non-Hungarian) left the Kingdom of Hungary between 1890-1910 to escape from poverty. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and ^[29]

The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in the Magyars' history. By the Treaty of Trianon, the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor One third of the Magyars became minorities in the neighbouring countries^[30]. During the remainder of the twentieth century, the Magyar population of Hungary grew from 7. 1 million (1920) to around 10. 4 million (1980), in spite of losses during the Second World War and the wave of emigration after the attempted revolution in 1956. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries mostly remained the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see Slovakization and Romanianization) and emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from Transylvania and Vojvodina). Slovakization (or Slovakisation; Hungarian: szlovákosítás Rusyn: Словакізація is a term used to describe a cultural change in which Romanianization or Rumanization is the term used to describe a number of ethnic assimilation policies implemented by the Romanian authorities during the 20th century Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság

After the "baby boom" of the 1960s, a serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours. As is often the case after a major war the end of World War II brought a Baby boom to many countries notably those in Europe, Asia, North America The Magyar population reached its greatest in 1980, after which it began to decline. This is expected to continue at least until 2050, when the population would number around seven to eight million.

Today, the Magyars represent around 35% of the population of the Carpathian Basin. Their number is around twelve to thirteen million. While other ethnic groups increased their numbers two, three or even more times during the twentieth century, the Magyar population stagnated. Between 1950 and 2000, the increase in Hungary's population was the third slowest in the world, after Bulgaria and St. Kitts and Nevis: 8. The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island 6% (from 9,338,000 to 10,137,000).

There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to grant Hungarian citizenship to Magyars living outside Hungary's borders (i. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to the insufficient voter turnout. Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a Ballot in an Election.

Later influences

An embossed stone in the Ópusztaszer National Memorial Park showing a worldwide Hungarian population count. Ópusztaszer (till 1974 Sövényháza is a Village in Csongrád county in the Southern Great Plain Region of southern Hungary.

Besides the various peoples mentioned above, the Magyars assimilated or were influenced by subsequent peoples arriving in the Carpathian Basin. Among these are the Cumanians, Pechenegs, Jazones, Germans and other Western European settlers in the Middle Ages. Cumans (Кумани Byzantine: Kuman or Cuman, Kunok Turkic: Kumanlar) were a nomadic Turkic people who inhabited a The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Romanians and Slovaks have lived together and blended with Magyars since early medieval times. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is Turks, who occupied the central part of present-day Hungary from c. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family 1541 until c. 1699, inevitably exerted an influence, as did the various nations (Germans, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats and others) that resettled depopulated territories after their departure. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries The advanced economic and political conditions of the Slavs, who had preceded the Magyars' arrival but continued to migrate thereafter, and those of the Germans exerted a significant influence; several Hungarian words relating to agriculture, politics, religion and handicrafts were borrowed from Slavic languages. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Both Jewish and Roma (Gypsy) minorities have been living in Hungary since the Middle Ages. History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins

Maps and images

Magyars in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1911	Migrations of the Székely Hungarians	Hungarians in Romania	Hungarians in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureş counties of Romania (2002 data)
Hungarians in Vojvodina, Serbia	Csárdás folk dance in Skorenovac, Vojvodina, Serbia	A Székely village in Covasna County, Romania	Regions where Hungarian is spoken

See also

References

External links

• Origins of the Hungarians from the Enciklopédia Humana (with many maps and pictures)
• An overview of all the various theories
• On the origins of the Hungarians by Marcell Jankovics
• Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin
• Hungary and the Council of Europe
• Facts about Hungary
• Hungarians outside Hungary - Map

Genetic studies

• MtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in Hungary: inferences from the Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Uralic influences on the modern Hungarian gene pool
• Probable ancestors of Hungarian ethnic groups: an admixture analysis
• Human Chromosomal Polymorphism in a Hungarian Sample