Hungarian magyar
Pronunciation:	[ˈmɒɟɒr̪]
Spoken in:	Hungary and areas of Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Austria, and Slovenia
Total speakers:	14. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west 5 million
Ranking:	57
Language family:	Uralic  Finno-Ugric   Ugric    Hungarian
Writing system:	Latin alphabet (Hungarian variant)
Official status
Official language in:	Hungary, European Union, Slovenia (regional language), Serbia (regional language), Austria (regional language), Various localities in Romania, Some official rights in Ukraine, Croatia and Slovakia
Regulated by:	Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	hu
ISO 639-2:	hun
ISO 639-3:	hun
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and Ugric or Ugrian languages ˈjuːɡrɨk ˈjuːɡriən are a branch of the Finno-Ugric Language family. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Hungarian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language The Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Nyelvtudományi Intézete was created in 1949. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Hungarian language
Alphabet, including ő ű and cs dz dzs gy ly ny sz ty zs
Phonetics and phonology
Vowel harmony
Grammar    Noun phrases    Verbs
T-V distinction
Regulatory body
Hungarian name
Language history    Sound correspondences
Tongue-twisters
Hungarian pronunciation of English • Old Hungarian script • English words from Hungarian
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Hungarian (magyar nyelv listen (help·info)) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. The Hungarian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet. The double acute accent ( ˝) is a Diacritic mark of the Latin script used primarily in written Hungarian. Cs is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian. Hungarian Cs is used in the Hungarian alphabet to represent Dz is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Polish, Kashubian, Macedonian, Slovak, and Hungarian to represent Dzs is the eighth letter and only trigraph, of the Hungarian alphabet. Gy is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian. Linguistics & Pronunciation Gy is the thirteenth letter of the Ly is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian. Usage Ly is the twentieth letter of the Hungarian Ny is a digraph in a number of languages such as Catalan, Hungarian, Indonesian, and Luganda. Sz is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian, Polish, Kashubian, and formerly in German. Zs is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian. Linguistics & Pronunciation Zs is the last (forty-fourth letter of This article deals with the Phonology and the Phonetics of the Hungarian language. Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance ( see below) assimilatory phonological process involving Vowels in some languages Hungarian grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of the Hungarian language, a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and in adjacent This page is about Noun phrases in Hungarian grammar. Syntax The order of elements in the noun phrase is always Determiner This page is about Verbs in Hungarian grammar. Lemma or citation form There is basically only one pattern for verb endings with In Sociolinguistics, a T-V distinction describes the situation wherein a Language has second-person Pronouns that distinguish varying levels of The Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Nyelvtudományi Intézete was created in 1949. Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language with some 14 million speakers predominantly in Europe, and it is also present in North America as an immigrant There are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and the other Uralic languages. The speech of non-native English speakers may exhibit pronunciation characteristics that result from such speakers imperfectly learning the pronunciation of English either by transferring The Old Hungarian script, also known as rovásírás (rovásírás hu ''székely rovásírás'' ( or simply hu ''rovás'' is a type of Writing system used This is a partial list of Hungarian Loanwords in the English:; Biro: From László Bíró, the Hungarian inventor of the The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people Ugric or Ugrian languages ˈjuːɡrɨk ˈjuːɡriən are a branch of the Finno-Ugric Language family. It is spoken in Hungary and by the Hungarian minorities in seven neighbouring countries. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Hungarian name for the language is magyar (IPA: [ˈmɒɟɒr̪]).

Hungarian has long been of great interest to linguists as one of the small number of modern European languages that do not belong to the Indo-European language family. Comparative linguistics (originally comparative Philology) is a branch of Historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Due to the Uralic heritage, Hungarian often sounds completely foreign to speakers of Indo-European languages. It is commonly considered to be one of the most difficult languages for speakers of English (or other Indo-European languages) to learn well. The question which is the most difficult Natural language can be considered in two ways (L1 the hardest language to acquire by infants (L2 the hardest ^[1]

There are about 14. 5 million native speakers, of whom 9. 5-10 million live in modern-day Hungary. Some two million speakers live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Of these, the largest group lives in Romania, where there are approximately 1. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania 4 million Hungarians (see Hungarian minority in Romania). The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania consisting of 1434377 people and making up 6 Hungarian-speaking people are also to be found in Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Austria, and Slovenia, as well as about a million people scattered in other parts of the world (see Geographic distribution). Hungarians or Magyars are the largest ethnic minority of Slovakia, numbering 520528 people or 9 Hungarians are the second largest ethnic group in the Vojvodina province Serbia. The Hungarian minority of Ukraine consists of 156600 people according to the Ukrainian census of 2001. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west As with many European languages, there are a few hundred thousand speakers of Hungarian in the United States as well. Hungarian Americans are American citizens of Hungarian descent

Contents 1 History 1.1 Classification 1.2 Antiquity and the early Middle Ages 1.3 Since the foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary 2 Geographic distribution 2.1 Official status 2.2 Dialects 3 Phonology 4 Grammar and syntax 5 Politeness 6 Lexicon 6.1 Word formation 6.1.1 Compounds 6.2 Noteworthy lexical items 6.2.1 Points of the compass 6.2.2 Two words for "red" 6.2.3 Kinship terms 6.2.4 Extremely long words 7 Writing system 8 Order of words 8.1 Name order 8.2 Dates 8.3 Addresses 9 Vocabulary examples 10 Controversy over origins 11 See also 12 Bibliography 12.1 Courses 12.2 Grammars 13 References 14 External links 14.1 Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica 14.2 Dictionaries 14.3 Online translators 14.4 Online language courses

History

Main article: History of Hungarian

Classification

Hungarian is a Uralic language, more specifically an Ugric language. Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language with some 14 million speakers predominantly in Europe, and it is also present in North America as an immigrant The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people Ugric or Ugrian languages ˈjuːɡrɨk ˈjuːɡriən are a branch of the Finno-Ugric Language family. Connections between the Ugric and Finnic languages were noticed in the 1670s and established, along with the entire Uralic family, in 1717, although the classification of Hungarian continued to be a matter of political controversy into the 18th and even 19th centuries. Today the Uralic family is considered one of the best demonstrated large language families, along with Indo-European and Austronesian. The name of Hungary could be a corruption of Ugrian, and the fact that the Eastern Slavs referred to them as Ugrin (pl. Ugrove) seemed to confirm that ^[2]. However, current literature favors the hypothesis that the Turkic "On-ogur" ("Ten arrows" or "Ten tribes") is the origin for the word Hungarian ^{[3] [4] [5]}.

There are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and the other Ugric languages. For example, Hungarian /aː/ corresponds to Khanty /o/ in certain positions, and Hungarian /h/ corresponds to Khanty /x/, while Hungarian final /z/ corresponds to Khanty final /t/. Khanty or Xanty language, also known as the Ostyak language, is a Language of the Khant peoples. For example, Hungarian ház (IPA: [haːz]) "house" vs. Khanty xot (IPA: [xot]) "house", and Hungarian száz (IPA: [saːz]) "hundred" vs. Khanty sot (IPA: [sot]) "hundred".

The distance between the Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular.

See also: Regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and other Uralic languages

Antiquity and the early Middle Ages

As Uralic linguists claim, Hungarian separated from its closest relatives approximately 3000 years ago, so the history of the language begins around 1000 BC. There are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and the other Uralic languages. The Hungarians gradually changed their way of living from settled hunters to nomadic cattle-raising, probably as a result of early contacts with Iranian nomads. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Their most important animals included sheep and cattle. There are no written resources on the era, thus only a little is known about it. However, research has revealed some extremely early loanwords, such as szó ('word'; from the Turkic languages) and daru ('crane', from the related Permic languages. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Permic languages are a subgroup of the Finno-Ugric language family )

The Turkic languages later, especially between the 5th and the 9th centuries, had a great influence on the language. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Several words related to agriculture^[6], to state administration or even to family relations have such backgrounds. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Interestingly, Hungarian syntax and grammar was not influenced in a similarly dramatic way.

The Hungarians migrated to the Carpathian Basin around 896 and came into contact with Slavic peoples, borrowing many words from them (for example tégla – "brick", mák – "poppy", or karácsony – "Christmas"). The Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés is an old handwritten Hungarian text dating to 1192-1195 The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. In exchange, the neighbouring Slavic languages also contain some words of Hungarian origin (such as Croatian čizma (csizma) – "boot", or Serbian ašov (ásó) – "spade"). Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language,

The first written accounts of Hungarian, mostly personal and place names, are dated back to the 10th century. Hungarians also had their own writing system, the Old Hungarian script, but no significant texts remained from the time. The Old Hungarian script, also known as rovásírás (rovásírás hu ''székely rovásírás'' ( or simply hu ''rovás'' is a type of Writing system used

Since the foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was founded in 1000, by Stephen I of Hungary (Hungarian:I. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály István király). The country was a western-styled Christian state, and Latin held an important position, as it was usual in the Middle Ages. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Therefore, Hungarian was also heavily influenced by Latin. The first extant text of the language is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, written once in the 1190s. The Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés is an old handwritten Hungarian text dating to 1192-1195 The earliest example of Hungarian religious poetry is the Old Hungarian 'Lamentations of Mary', a poem about the afflictions of Mary when she saw the death of her son. The Old Hungarian 'Lamentations of Mary' (OHLM ( Ómagyar Mária-siralom) is the oldest extant Hungarian poem copied in about 1300 into a Latin codex similarly to the first More extensive literature in the Hungarian language arose after 1300. Hungarian literature is literature written in the Hungarian language, predominantly by Hungarians. The first Bible translation is the Hussite Bible from the 1430s. The Hussite Bible ( Hungarian: Huszita Biblia; sometimes also "The Bible of the Franciscans ") is the oldest known Hungarian but also

The language lost its diphthongs, and several postpositions transformed into suffixes, such as reá 'onto' – 1055: utu rea 'onto the way'; later: útra). In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with Vowel harmony was also developed. Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance ( see below) assimilatory phonological process involving Vowels in some languages At one time, Hungarian used six verb tenses; today, only two (the future not being counted as one, as it's a compound formed with an auxiliary verb). For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs.

The first printed Hungarian book was published in Cracow in 1533, by Benedek Komjáti. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland The work's title is Az Szent Pál levelei magyar nyelven^[7], i. e. The letters of Saint Paul in the Hungarian language. In the 17th century, the language was already very similar to its present-day form, although two of the past tenses were still used. German, Italian and French loans also appeared in the language by these years. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

In the 18th century, the language was incapable of clearly expressing scientific concepts, and several writers found the vocabulary a bit scant for literary purposes. Thus, a group of writers, most notably Ferenc Kazinczy, began to compensate for these imperfections. Ferenc Kazinczy ( October 27, 1759 &ndash August 22, 1831) was a Hungarian author the most indefatigable agent in the regeneration Some words were shortened (győzedelem > győzelem 'triumph'); a number of dialectical words spread nationally (e. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of g. cselleng 'dawdle'); extinct words were reintroduced (dísz 'décor'); a wide range of expressions were coined using the various derivative suffixes; and some other, less frequently used methods of expanding the language were utilized. This movement was called the 'language reform' (Hungarian: nyelvújítás), and produced more than ten thousand words, many of which are used actively today. Language reform is a type of Language planning by massive change to a Language. The reforms lead to the installment of Hungarian as the official language over Latin in the multiethnic country in 1844.

The 19th and 20th centuries saw further standardization of the language, and differences between the mutually already comprehensible dialects gradually lessened. In 1920, by signing the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary lost 71% of its territories, and along with these, 33% of the ethnic Hungarian population. The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Today, the language is official in Hungary, and regionally also in Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania consisting of 1434377 people and making up 6 Hungarians or Magyars are the largest ethnic minority of Slovakia, numbering 520528 people or 9 Hungarians are the second largest ethnic group in the Vojvodina province Serbia.

Geographic distribution

Hungarian is spoken in the following countries as a mother tongue:

Country	Speakers
Hungary	10 million (census 2001)
Romania (mainly Transylvania)	1,443,970 (census 2002)
Slovakia	520,528 (census 2001)
Serbia (mainly Vojvodina)	293,299 (census 2002)
Ukraine (mainly Zakarpattia)	149,400 (census 2001)
United States	117,973 (census 2000)
Canada	75,555 (census 2001)
Israel	70,000
Austria (mainly Burgenland)	22,000
Croatia	16,500
Slovenia	9,240
Total	12-13 million

Source: National censuses, Ethnologue

About a million more Hungarian speakers live in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Venezuela, and in other parts of the world. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Zakarpattia Oblast (Закарпатська область translit The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Burgenland ( Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko, Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the

Official status

Hungarian is the official language of Hungary, and thus an official language of the European Union. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Hungarian is also one of the official languages of Vojvodina and an official language of three municipalities in Slovenia: Hodoš, Dobrovnik and Lendava, along with Slovene. The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Hodoš ( Hungarian: Hodos or Őrihodos) is a town and a municipality in Slovenia. Distinguish from Dubrovnik on the Adriatic Sea coast of Croatia. Lendava (formerly Donja Lendava; Hungarian: Lendva, formerly Alsólendva; Lindau formerly Unter-Limbach) is a town and a municipality Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Hungarian is officially recognized as a minority or regional language in Austria, Croatia, Romania, Bukovina, Zakarpattia in Ukraine, and Slovakia. A minority language is a Language spoken by a Minority of the Population of a country A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Bukovina (Bucovina Буковина/ Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million In Romania and Slovakia, it is an official language at local level in all communes, towns and municipalities with an ethnic Hungarian population of over 20%. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million

Dialects

The dialects of Hungarian identified by Ethnologue are: Alföld, West Danube, Danube-Tisza, King's Pass Hungarian, Northeast Hungarian, Northwest Hungarian, Székely and West Hungarian. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian These dialects are, for the most part, mutually intelligible. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand The Hungarian Csángó dialect, which is not listed by Ethnologue, is spoken mostly in Bacău County, Romania. Bacău (ba'kəu is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia, with its capital city at Bacău. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Csángó minority group has been largely isolated from other Hungarians, and they therefore preserved a dialect closely resembling medieval Hungarian. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary.

Phonology

Main article: Hungarian phonology

Hungarian has 14 vowel phonemes and 25 consonant phonemes. This article deals with the Phonology and the Phonetics of the Hungarian language. The vowel phonemes can be grouped as pairs of long and short vowels, e. g. o and ó. Most of these pairs have a similar pronunciation, only varying in their duration; the pairs <a>/<á> and <e>/<é> differ both in closedness and length, however.

Consonant length is also distinctive in Hungarian. In Phonetics, gemination happens when a spoken Consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a short Consonant. Most of the consonant phonemes can occur as geminates. In Phonetics, gemination happens when a spoken Consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a short Consonant.

The sound voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/, written <gy>, sounds similar to 'd' in British English 'duty' (in fact, more similar to 'd' in French 'dieu'). The voiced palatal plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the It occurs in the name of the country, "Magyarország" (Hungary), pronounced /ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːg/.

Primary stress is always on the first syllable of a word, as with its cousin Finnish and neighboring languages, Slovak (Standard dialect) and Czech. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the There is sometimes secondary stress on other syllables, especially in compounds, e. g. viszontlátásra ("goodbye") pronounced /ˈvisontˌlaːtaːʃrɒ/.

Front-back vowel harmony is an important feature of Hungarian phonology. Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance ( see below) assimilatory phonological process involving Vowels in some languages See the Hungarian phonology article for more details. This article deals with the Phonology and the Phonetics of the Hungarian language.

Single /r/s are tapped, like the Spanish pero; double /r/s are trilled, like the Spanish perro. The alveolar tap or flap is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that

Grammar and syntax

Main article: Hungarian grammar

Hungarian is an agglutinative language – it uses a number of different affixes, including suffixes, prefixes and a circumfix to define the meaning or the grammatical function. Hungarian grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of the Hungarian language, a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and in adjacent An agglutinative language is a Language that uses Agglutination extensively most Words are formed by joining Morphemes together An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word In Grammar, a suffix (also postfix, ending) is an Affix which is placed at the end of a word A prefix is a type of Affix attached to a stem which modifies the meaning of that stem A circumfix is an Affix, a Morpheme that is placed around another morpheme Instead of prepositions, which are common in English, Hungarian uses only postpositions. In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase.

There are two types of article in Hungarian:

• definite: a before words beginning with consonants and az before vowels (in a phonological sense, behaving just like the indefinite article ’a(n)’ in English)
• indefinite: egy, literally ‘one’. ' A' and ' an' function as the indefinite forms of the grammatical article in the English language and can also represent the number one

Nouns have as many as eighteen cases. Of these, some are grammatical, e. g. the unmarked nominative (for example, az alma ‘the apple’), and the accusative marked with the suffix –t (az almát). The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive The latter is used when the noun in question is used as the object of a verb. Hungarian does not have a genitive case, and numerous English prepositions are equivalent not to an affix, but to a postposition, as in az alma mellett ‘next to the apple’. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. Plurals are formed using the suffix –k (az almák ‘the apples’). Adjectives precede nouns, e. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the g. a piros alma ‘the red apple’. They have three degrees, including base (piros ‘red’), comparative (pirosabb ‘redder’), and superlative (legpirosabb ‘reddest’). If the noun takes the plural or a case, the adjective, used attributively, does not agree with it: a piros almák ‘the red apples’. However, when the adjective is used in a predicative sense, it must agree with the noun: az almák pirosak ‘the apples are red’. Adjectives also take cases when they are used without nouns: Melyik almát kéred? - A pirosat. 'Which apple would you like? - The red one. '

Verbs developed a complex conjugation system during the centuries. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. Every Hungarian verb has two conjugations (definite and indefinite), two tenses (past and present-future), and three moods (indicative, conditional and imperative), two numbers (singular or plural), and three persons (first, second and third). Out of these features, the two different conjugations are the most characteristic: the "definite" conjugation is used for a transitive verb with a definite object. In Syntax, a transitive verb is a Verb that requires both a subject and one or more objects Some examples of sentences with transitive verbs The "indefinite" conjugation is used for an intransitive verb or for a transitive verb with an indefinite object. In Grammar, an intransitive Verb does not take an object. In more technical terms an intransitive verb has only one argument (its subject These rules, however, do not apply everywhere. The following examples demonstrate this system:

John lát. ‘John can see. ’ (indefinite: he has the ability of vision)

John lát egy almát. ‘John sees an apple. ’ (indefinite: the apple can be any of the world’s apples)

John látja az almát. ‘John sees the apple. ’ (definite: John sees a specific apple)

See also: Definite and indefinite conjugations. This page is about Verbs in Hungarian grammar. Lemma or citation form There is basically only one pattern for verb endings with

Present tense is unmarked, while past is formed using the suffix –t or sometimes –tt: lát 'sees'; látott 'saw', past. Present Tense is the first Sagittarius album released in 1968 by Columbia Records. Futurity is often expressed with the present tense, or using the auxiliary verb fog ‘will’. The first most commonly applies when the sentence also defines the time of the future event, for example John pénteken moziba megy – literally ‘John on Friday into cinema goes’, i. e. ‘On Friday, John will go to the cinema. ’ In the other case, the verb’s infinitive (formed using –ni) and the ‘fog’ auxiliary verb is used: John moziba fog menni – ‘John will go to the cinema. ’ This is sometimes counted as a tense, especially by non-specialist publications.

Indicative mood is used in all tenses; the conditional only in the present and the past, finally the imperative just in the present. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Indicative is always unmarked. Verbs also have verbal prefixes. Most of them define movement direction (lemegy – goes down, felmegy – goes up), but some of them give an aspect to the verb, such as the prefix meg-, which defines a finite action.

Hungarian word order is often mentioned as free, i. In Linguistics, word order typology refers to the study of the different ways in which languages arrange the constituents of their sentences relative to each other and the systematic e. because of marking the object using –t, it is not always necessary to place the subject before the verb, and the object after it, as in English. An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. This feature makes Hungarian able to focus on particular sections of the sentence – generally, the beginning of the sentence contains the most important information:

John lát egy almát. ‘John sees an apple. ’ (when it is important to stress that it's John, not someone else, who sees an apple; or when no special stress is required)

John egy almát lát. (or even Egy almát lát John) ‘John sees an apple. ’ (when it is important that it's an apple John sees, and not something else. The same emphasis could be translated as 'What John sees is an apple. ')

Politeness

Main article: T-V distinction#Hungarian

There exists a four-tiered system for expressing levels of politeness in the Hungarian language. In Sociolinguistics, a T-V distinction describes the situation wherein a Language has second-person Pronouns that distinguish varying levels of It is tangentially similar to the Japanese notion in purpose.

• Ön (önözés): Use of this form in speech shows respect towards the person addressed, but it is also the common way of speaking in official texts and business communications. Here "you", the second person, is grammatically addressed in the third person.

• Maga (magázás, magázódás): Use of this form serves to show that the speaker wishes to distance himself/herself from the person he/she addresses. A boss could also address a subordinate as "maga". Aside from the different pronoun it is grammatically the same as "önözés". In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or

• Néni/bácsi (tetszikezés): Children are supposed to address adults they're not close friends with using "tetszik" ("you like") as some kind of an auxiliary verb with all other verbs. "Hogy vagy?" ("How are you?") here becomes "Hogy tetszik lenni?" ("How do you like to be?"). The elderly are generally addressed this way, even by adults. Whoever uses this way of speaking will not use normal greetings, but can only say "(kezit)csókolom" ("I kiss (your hand)") or sometimes, only to men, "tiszteletem" ("my respect"). This way of speaking is perceived as somewhat awkward and often creates impossible grammatical structures, but is still widely in use.

• Te (tegezés, tegeződés or pertu, per tu from latin): Used generally, i. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. e. with persons with whom none of the above forms of politeness is required. Interestingly, the highest rank, the king was traditionally addressed "per tu" by all, be it a peasant or a nobleman, although Hungary not having any crowned king since 1918 this notion survives only in folk tales and children's stories. A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Use of "tegezés" in media and advertisements has become more frequent since the early 1990s. The growing significance of English language media, especially the internet also supports the expansion of using "tegezés".

The four-tiered system was already somewhat eroded between 1947 and 1989, when communist rule mandated that all people call each other "elvtárs" (comrade) and the current expansion of "tegeződés" may also threaten its long-term survival. Comrade means "friend" "colleague" or "ally" often with a Military or left-wing political Connotation.

Lexicon

Example with ad

Hungarian	English
Derived terms
ad	gives
adás	transmission
adó	tax
adóhivatal	tax/revenue office
adózik	pays tax
adózó	taxpayer
adós	debtor
adósság	debt
adalék	additive (ingredient)
adag	dose, portion
With verbal prefixes
megad	repays (debt)
eladó	for sale
hozzáad	augments, adds to
As part of compounds
rádióadó	radio station/radio transmitter
adomány / from the Latin dominum=dominyum word integration/	donation/
adoma	anecdota

Giving an exact estimate for the total word count is difficult, since it is hard to define what to call "a word" in agglutinating languages, due to the existence of compound words. In Linguistics, agglutination is the morphological process ofadding Affixes to the base of a Word. To have a meaningful definition of compound words, we have to exclude such compounds whose meaning is the mere sum of its elements. The largest dictionaries from Hungarian to another language contain 120,000 words and phrases^[8] (but this may include redundant phrases as well, because of translation issues). The new desk lexicon of Hungarian language contains 75,000 words^[8] and the Comprehensive Dictionary of Hungarian Language (to be published in 18 volumes in the next twenty years) will contain 110,000 words. ^[9] The default Hungarian lexicon is usually estimated to comprise 60,000 to 100,000 words. ^[10] (Independently of specific languages, speakers actively use at most 10,000 to 20,000 words^[11], with an average intellectual using 25-30 thousand words. ^[10]) However, all the Hungarian lexemes collected from technical texts, dialects etc. would all together add up to 1,000,000 words. ^[12]

Hungarian words are built around so-called word-bushes. (See an example on the right. ) Thus, words with similar meaning often arise from the same root.

The basic vocabulary shares a couple of hundred word roots with other Uralic languages like Finnish, Estonian, Mansi and Khanty. The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 The Mansi language (also Vogul, although this is obsolete is a Language of the Mansi people. Khanty or Xanty language, also known as the Ostyak language, is a Language of the Khant peoples. Examples of such include the numbers kettő 'two', három 'three', négy 'four' (cf. Finnish kaksi, kolme, neljä, Estonian kaks, kolm, neli, Mansi китыг kitig, хурум khurum, нила nila), as well as víz 'water', kéz 'hand, arm', vér 'blood', fej 'head' (cf. Finnish and Estonian vesi, käsi, veri, Finnish pää, Estonian pea or 'pää).

The proportion of the word roots in Hungarian lexicon is as follows: Finno-Ugric 21 %, Slavic 20 %, German 11 %, Turkic 9. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the 5 %, Latin and Greek 6 %, Romance 2. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all 5 %, other of known origin 1 %, other of uncertain origin 30%. ^[13] Except for a few Latin and Greek loan-words, these differences are unnoticed even by native speakers; the words have been entirely adopted into the Hungarian lexicon. There are an increasing number of English loan-words, especially in technical fields.

Word formation

Words can be compound (as in German) and derived (with suffixes). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word

Compounds

Compounds are present since the Proto-Uralic era in the language. Proto-Uralic is the hypothetical language ancestral to the Uralic Language family, which includes Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic. Numerous ancient compounds transformed to base words during the centuries. Today, compounds play an important role in vocabulary.

One good example for these is the word arc:

orr (nose) + száj (mouth) → orca (face) (colloquial until the end of the 19th century and still in use in some dialects) → arc (face)^[14]

Compounds are made up of two base words: the first is the prefix, the latter is the suffix. A compound can be subordinative: the prefix is in logical connection with the suffix. If the prefix is the subject of the suffix, the compound is generally classified as a subjective one. There are objective, determinative, and adjunctive compounds as well. An oblique case (casus generalis in Linguistics is a Noun case of Synthetic languages that is used generally when a Noun is the object In Linguistics, an adjunct is any word phrase or clause joined to another word or phrase to qualify or modify it Some examples are given below:

Subjective:

menny (heaven) + dörög (thunder) → mennydörög (thundering)

nap (Sun) + sütötte (baked) → napsütötte (sunlit)

Objective:

fa (tree, wood) + vágó (cutter) → favágó (lumberjack, literally "woodcutter")

Determinative:

új (new) + já (modification of -vá, -vé a suffix meaning "making it to something") + építés (construction) → újjáépítés (reconstruction, literally "making something to be new by construction")

Adjunctive:

sárga (yellow) + réz (copper) → sárgaréz (brass)

According to current orthographic rules, a subordinative compound word has to be written as a single word, without spaces; however, if the length of a compound is over six syllables, a hyphen must be inserted at the appropriate boundary to avoid ambiguity. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds

Other compound words are coordinatives: there is no concrete relation between the prefix and the suffix. Subcategories include word duplications (to emphasise the meaning; olykor-olykor 'really occasionally'), twin words (where a base word and a distorted form of it makes up a compound: gizgaz, where the suffix 'gaz' means 'weed' and the prefix giz is the distorted form; the compound itself means 'inconsiderable weed'), and such compounds which have meanings, but neither their prefixes, nor their suffixes make sense (for example, hercehurca 'long-lasting, frusteredly done deed').

A compound also can be made up by multiple (i. e. , more than two) base words: in this case, at least one word element, or even both the prefix and the suffix is a compound. Some examples:

elme [mind; standalone base] + (gyógy [medical] + intézet [institute]) → elmegyógyintézet (asylum)

(hadi [militarian] + fogoly [prisoner]) + (munka [work] + tábor [camp]) → hadifogoly-munkatábor (work camp of prisoners of war)

Noteworthy lexical items

Points of the compass

Hungarian words for the points of the compass are directly derived from times of day. A psychiatric hospital (previously called insane asylum, mental hospital; or derogatorily looney bin, nut house or Funny Farm) is

• North = észak (from "éj(szaka)", 'night'), as the Sun never shines from the North
• South = dél ('noon'), as the Sun shines from the South at noon
• East = kelet ('rise'), as the Sun rises in the East
• West = nyugat ('set'), as the Sun sets in the West

(Hungary is in the Northern hemisphere, so its vocabulary corresponds to the Sun's appearances there. – The above can be observed with the Latin word meridies, which means 'noon' and 'south' alike. )

Two words for "red"

There are two basic words for "red" in Hungarian: "piros" and "vörös" (variant: "veres"; compare with Estonian 'verev' or Finnish 'verevä'). (They are basic in the sense that one is not a sub-type of the other, as the English "scarlet" is of "red". ) The word "vörös" is related to "vér", meaning "blood". When they refer to an actual difference in colour (as on a colour chart), "vörös" usually refers to the deeper hue of red. While many languages have multiple names for this colour, Hungarian is special in having two distinct "basic" colour words for red. A color name is a Noun or Noun phrase that refers to a specific Color. ^[15]

However, the two words are also used independently of the above in collocations. Within the area of Corpus linguistics, collocation is defined as a sequence of words or terms which co-occur more often than would be expected by chance "Piros" is taught to children first, as it is generally used to describe inanimate, artificial things, or things seen as cheerful or neutral, while "vörös" typically refers to animate or natural things (biological, geological, physical and astronomical objects), as well as serious or emotionally charged subjects.

When the rules outlined above are in contradiction, typical collocations usually prevail. In some cases where a typical collocation doesn't exist, the use of either of the two words may be equally adequate.

Examples:

• Expressions where "red" typically translates to "piros": a red road sign, the red line of Budapest Metro, a holiday shown in red in the calendar, ruddy complexion, the red nose of a clown, some red flowers (those of a neutral nature, e. The Budapest Metro (Hungarian Budapesti metró) is the metro system in the Hungarian capital Budapest. g. tulips), red peppers and paprika, red card suits (hearts and diamonds), red traffic lights, red light district, red stripes on a flag, etc.
• Expressions where "red" typically translates to "vörös": red army, red wine, red carpet (for receiving important guests), red hair or beard, red lion (the mythical animal), the Red Cross, The Red and the Black, the Red Sea, redshift, red giant, red blood cells, red oak, some red flowers (those with passionate connotations, e. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated Le Rouge et le Noir ( The Red and the Black) is a Novel by Stendhal, published in 1830 The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. In Physics and Astronomy, redshift occurs when Electromagnetic radiation – usually Visible light – emitted or reflected by A red giant is a luminous Giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0 Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species g. roses), red fox, names of ferric and other red minerals, red copper, rust, red phosphorus, the colour of blushing with anger or shame, etc.

Kinship terms

In Hungarian there exist separate words for brothers and sisters depending on relative age:

	younger	elder	unspecified relative age
brother	öcs	báty	fivér or fiútestvér
sister	húg	nővér	nővér or lánytestvér
unspecified gender	kistestvér	(nagytestvér)	testvér

(There existed a separate word for "elder sister", néne, but it has become obsolete [except to mean "aunt" in some dialects] and has been replaced by the generic word for "sister". )

Besides, separate prefixes exist for up to the 6th ancestors and descendants (although there are ambiguities and dialectical differences affecting the prefixes for the 4th (and above) ancestors):

parent	grandparent	great- grandparent	great-great- grandparent	great-great-great- grandparent
szülő	nagyszülő	dédszülő	ükszülő	szépszülő (OR ük-ükszülő)
child	grandchild	great- grandchild	great-great- grandchild	great-great-great- grandchild
gyer(m)ek	unoka	dédunoka	ükunoka	szépunoka (OR ük-ükunoka)

Ősszülő or ószülő, as well as óunoka might be used for the great-great-great- great-grandparent or child, respectively.

On the other hand, no lexical items exist for "son" and "daughter", but the words for "boy" and "girl"; are applied with possessive suffixes. Nevertheless, the terms are differentiated with different declension or lexemes:

	boy/girl	(his/her) son/daughter	(his/her) lover, partner
male	fiú	fia	barátja
female	lány	lánya	barátnője

Fia is only used in this, irregular possessive form; it has no nominative on its own. However, the word fiú can also take the regular suffix, in which case the resulting word (fiúja) will refer to a lover or partner (boyfriend), rather than a male offspring.

The word fiú (boy) is also often noted as an extreme example of the ability of the language to add suffixes to a word, by forming fiaiéi, adding vowel-form suffixes only, where the result is quite a frequently used word:

fiú	boy
fia	his/her son
fiai	his/her sons
fiaié	his/her sons' (singular object)
fiaiéi	his/her sons' (plural object)

Extremely long words

• Megszentségteleníthetetlenségeskedéseitekért

Partition to root and suffixes with explanations:

meg-	verb prefix; in this case, it means "completed"
szent	holy (the word root)
-ség	like English "-ness", as in "holiness"
-t(e)len	variant of "-tlen", noun suffix expressing the lack of something; like English "-less", as in "useless"
-ít	constitutes a transitive verb from an adjective
-het	expresses possibility; somewhat similar to the English auxiliaries "may" or "can"
-(e)tlen	another variant of "-tlen"
-ség	(see above)
‑es	constitutes an adjective from a noun; like English "-y" as in "witty"
-ked	attached to an adjective (e. g. "strong"), produces the verb "to pretend to be (strong)"
-és	constitutes a noun from a verb; there are various ways this is done in English, e. g. "-ance" in "acceptance"
-eitek	plural possessive suffix, second person plural (e. g. "apple" -> "your apples", where "your" refers to multiple people)
-ért	approximately translates to "because of", or in this case simply "for"

Translation: "for your [plural] repeated pretending to be undesecratable"

• Legeslegmegszentségteleníttethetetlenebbeiteknek

"to those of you whom it is the very least possible to have desecrated"

• Töredezettségmentesítőtleníttethetetlenségtelenítőtlenkedhetnétek tör - ed - ez - ett - ség - mentes - ít - ő - tlen - ít - tet - het - etlen - ség - telen - ítő - tlen - ked(ik) - het - né - tek

"you [plural] could constantly mention the lack [of a thing] that makes it impossible to make someone make something defragmenter-free"

These words are never used in practice (and hard to understand even for native speakers), but only invented to show, in a somewhat facetious way, the ability of the language to form long words. They are not compound words – they are formed by adding a series of one and two-syllable suffixes (and a few prefixes) to a simple root ("szent" in the first two and "tör" in the third).

See also: Hungarian tongue-twisters.

Writing system

Main article: Hungarian alphabet

Before the year 1000, Hungarians had a different writing system. The Hungarian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet. Tihany is a village on the northern shore of Lake Balaton on the Tihany Peninsula ( Hungary, Veszprém County The Hussite Bible ( Hungarian: Huszita Biblia; sometimes also "The Bible of the Franciscans ") is the oldest known Hungarian but also When Stephen I of Hungary established the Kingdom of Hungary, the old system was gradually discarded. Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 However, although not used at all in everyday life, it is still known and practiced by some enthusiasts. For more information about this writing system, see Old Hungarian script. The Old Hungarian script, also known as rovásírás (rovásírás hu ''székely rovásírás'' ( or simply hu ''rovás'' is a type of Writing system used

Hungarian is written using an expanded Latin alphabet, and has a phonemic orthography, i. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU e. pronunciation can generally be predicted from the written language. In addition to the standard letters of the Latin alphabet, Hungarian uses several modified Latin characters to represent the additional vowel sounds of the language. These include letters with acute accents (á,é,í,ó,ú) to represent long vowels, and umlauts (ö and ü) and their long counterparts ő and ű to represent front wovels. The double acute accent ( ˝) is a Diacritic mark of the Latin script used primarily in written Hungarian. Sometimes (usually as a result of a technical glitch on a computer) ô or õ is used for ő and û for ű. This is often due to the limitations of the Latin-1 / ISO-8859-1 code page. ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard Character encoding of the Latin alphabet. These letters are not part of the Hungarian language, and are considered misprints. Hungarian can be properly represented with the Latin-2 / ISO-8859-2 code page, but this code page is not always available. ISO 8859-2, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-2 or less formally as Latin-2, is part 2 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard Character encoding defined by Code page is the traditional IBM term used to map a specific set of characters to numerical Code point values. (Hungarian is the only language using both ő and ű. ) Of course, Unicode includes them, and so they can be used on the Internet. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

For a complete table of the pronunciation of the Hungarian alphabet, see the X-SAMPA description in the Hungarian Wikipedia (in Hungarian, but the table is obvious), which transliterates Hungarian letters into IPA and X-SAMPA characters. The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C

Additionally, the letter pairs <ny>, <ty>, and <gy> represent the palatal consonants /ɲ/, /c/, and /ɟ/ (a little like the "d+y" sounds in British "duke" or American "would you") - a bit like saying "d" with your tongue pointing to your upper palate. Ny is a digraph in a number of languages such as Catalan, Hungarian, Indonesian, and Luganda. Gy is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian. Linguistics & Pronunciation Gy is the thirteenth letter of the Hungarian uses <s> for /ʃ/ and <sz> for /s/, which is the reverse of Polish usage. Sz is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian, Polish, Kashubian, and formerly in German. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The letter <zs> is /ʒ/ and <cs> is /ʧ/. Zs is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian. Linguistics & Pronunciation Zs is the last (forty-fourth letter of Cs is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian. Hungarian Cs is used in the Hungarian alphabet to represent These digraphs are considered single letters in the alphabet. The letter <ly> is also a "single letter digraph", but is pronounced like /j/ (English <y>), and appears mostly in old words. Ly is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian. Usage Ly is the twentieth letter of the Hungarian The letters <dz> and <dzs> /ʤ/ are exotic remnants and are hard to find even in longer texts. Dz is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Polish, Kashubian, Macedonian, Slovak, and Hungarian to represent Dzs is the eighth letter and only trigraph, of the Hungarian alphabet. Some examples still in common use are madzag ("string"), edzeni ("to train (athletically)") and dzsungel ("jungle").

Hungarian distinguishes between long and short vowels, with long vowels written with acutes. It also distinguishes between long and short consonants, with long consonants being doubled. For example, lenni ("to be"), hozzászólás ("comment"). The digraphs, when doubled, become trigraphs: <sz>+<sz>=<ssz>, e. g. művésszel ("with an artist"). But when the digraph occurs at the end of a line, all of the letters are written out. For example ("with a bus"):

. . . busz-

szal. . .

When the first lexeme of a compound ends in a digraph and the second lexeme starts with the same digraph, both digraphs are written out: lány + nyak = lánynyak ("girl's neck").

Usually a trigraph is a double digraph, but there are a few exceptions: tizennyolc ("eighteen") is a concatenation of tizen + nyolc. There are doubling minimal pairs: tol ("push") vs. In Phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of Words or phrases in a particular Language, which differ in only one phonological element such as a Phone toll ("feather" or "pen").

While to English speakers they may seem unusual at first, once the new orthography and pronunciation are learned, written Hungarian is almost completely phonemic.

Order of words

Basic rule is that the order is from general to specific. This is a typical analytical approach and is used generally in Hungarian.

Name order

Main article: Hungarian name

The Hungarian language uses the so-called eastern name order, in which the family name (general, deriving from the family) comes first and the given name (specific, relates to the person) comes last. A personal name is the Proper name identifying an individual Person. A family name or last name is a type of Surname and part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs However, as a rule, names are represented in the western name order when used in foreign languages. Thus for example Edward Teller, the Hungarian-born physicist, is known in Hungary as Teller Ede. Edward Teller (original Hungarian name Teller Ede) (January 15 1908 &ndash September 9 2003 was a Hungarian -American theoretical Physicist Prior to the mid-20^th century, given names were usually translated along with the name order; this is no longer as common. For example, the pianist uses András Schiff when abroad, not Andrew Schiff. András Schiff (born December 21, 1953) is a Hungarian -born British classical Pianist.

In modern usage, foreign names retain their order when used in Hungarian. Therefore:

• Amikor Kiss János Los Angelesben volt, látta John Travoltát.

translates to

• When János Kiss was in Los Angeles, he saw John Travolta.

Pre-20^th-century foreign personalities have often had their names Hungarianized: Goethe János Farkas (rather than Johann Wolfgang Goethe). ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer This usage sounds odd nowadays when only a few well-known personalities are referred to using their Hungarianized names, such as Verne Gyula (Jules Verne), Marx Károly (Karl Marx), etc. Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction A number of native speakers disapprove of this usage; the names of certain religious personalities, however, are always Hungarianized by practically all speakers, such as Luther Márton (Martin Luther), Husz János (Jan Hus), Kálvin János (John Calvin), etc. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Jan Hus ( (ˈjan ˈɦus alternative spellings John Hus, Jan Huss, John Huss) (c John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and

Dates

The Hungarian convention on dates is: 2000. január 1.

The order is big endian: 1. , year (general) 2. , month (more specific) 3. , day (most specific)

Addresses

Although address formatting is increasingly being influenced by Indo-European conventions, traditional Hungarian style is:

1052 Budapest, Deák tér 1.

So the order is 1. postcode, 2. , city (most general) 3. , street (more specific) 4. , house number (most specific)

Vocabulary examples

Note: The stress is always placed on the first syllable of each word. The remaining syllables all receive an equal, lesser stress. All syllables are pronounced clearly and evenly, even at the end of a sentence, unlike in English.

• Hungarian (person, language): magyar [mɒɟɒr]
• Hello!:
  • Formal, when addressing a stranger: "Good day!": Jó napot (kívánok)! [joːnɒpot ki:vaːnok].
  • Informal, when addressing someone you know very well: Szia! [siɒ] (it sounds almost exactly like American colloquialism "See ya!")
• Good-bye!: Viszontlátásra! (formal) (see above), Viszlát! [vislaːt] (semi-informal), Szia (informal: same stylistic remark as for "Hello!" )
• Excuse me: Elnézést! [ɛlneːzeːʃt]
• Please:
  • Kérem (szépen) [keːrɛm seːpɛn] (This literally means "I'm asking (it/you) beautifully", as in German Danke schön, "I thank (you) beautifully". See next for a more common form of the polite request. )
  • Legyen szíves! [lɛɟɛn sivɛʃ] (literally: "Be (so) kind!")
• I would like ____, please: Szeretnék ____ [sɛrɛtneːk] (this example illustrates the use of the conditional tense, as a common form of a polite request)
• Sorry!: Bocsánat! [botʃaːnɒt]
• Thank you: Köszönöm [køsønøm]
• that/this: az [ɒz], ez [ɛz]
• How much?: Mennyi? [mɛɲɲi]
• How much does it cost?: Mennyibe kerül? [mɛɲɲibe kɛryl]
• Yes: Igen [iɡɛn]
• No: Nem [nɛm]
• I don't understand: Nem értem [nɛm eːrtɛm]
• I don't know: Nem tudom [nɛm tudom]
• Where's the toilet?:
  • Hol van a vécé? [hol vɒn ɒ veːtseː] (vécé/veːtseː is the Hungarian pronouncation of the English abbreviation of "Water Closet")
  • Hol van a mosdó? [hol vɒn ɒ moʒdoː] – more polite (and word-for-word) version
• generic toast: Egészségünkre! [ɛɡeːʃʃeːgynkrɛ] (literally: "To our health!")
• juice: gyümölcslé [ɟymøltʃleː]
• water: víz [viːz]
• wine: bor [bor]
• beer: sör [ʃør]
• tea: tea [tɛɒ]
• milk: tej [tɛj]
• Do you speak English?: Tud(sz) angolul? [tud(s) ɒngolul] Note that the fact of asking is only shown by the proper intonation: continually rising until the penultimate syllable, then falling for the last one. The conditional mood is the form of the verb used in Conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set
• I love you: Szeretlek [sɛrɛtlɛk]
• Help!: Segítség! [ʃɛgiːtʃeːg]
• It is needed: kell
• I need to go: Mennem kell

Controversy over origins

Mainstream linguistics holds that Hungarian is part of the Uralic family of languages, related ultimately to languages such as Finnish and Estonian. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1

• For many years (from 1869), it was a matter of dispute whether Hungarian was a Finno-Ugric/Uralic language, or was more closely related to the Turkic languages, a controversy known as the "Ugric-Turkish war". The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Hungarians did absorb some Turkic influences during several centuries of co-habitation. For example, it appears that the Hungarians learned animal breeding techniques from the Turkic Chuvash, as a high proportion of words specific to agriculture and livestock are of Chuvash origin. There was also a strong Chuvash influence in burial customs. Furthermore, all Ugric languages, not just Hungarian, have Turkic loanwords related to horse riding. Nonetheless, the science of linguistics shows that the basic wordstock and morphological patterns of the Hungarian language are solidly based on a Uralic heritage.
• A theory also well-known (still in dispute) is that the Hungarian language is a descendant of the Sumerian. Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC Some linguists and historians (like Ida Bobula, Ferenc Badiny Jós, dr Tibor Baráth and others) had been working hard for decades and had published many detailed works (e. g. [1], [2]), and, purportedly, also there are some significant archaeological findings in this matter (like the Tartaria tablets). The Tărtăria tablets are three tablets, discovered in Tărtăria, Romania. However mainstream linguists reject the Sumerian theory as pseudoscience.
• There have been historical attempts to link Hungarian with e. g. Etruscan and Turkic. The Etruscan Language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Such alternative theories, as is the case with Sumerian, are usually only advocated by non-specialists today. See Pseudoscientific language comparison. Pseudoscientific language comparison is a form of Pseudoscience that seeks to establish historical connections between languages by pointing out similarities between them
• Hungarian has often been claimed to be related to Hunnish, since Hungarian legends and histories show close ties between the two peoples; also, the name Hunor is preserved in legends and (along with a few Hunnic-origin names) is still used as a given name in Hungary. The Hunnic language is an extinct Language of the Huns. The records for this language are sparse Many people share the belief that the Székelys, a Hungarian ethnic group living in Romania, are descended from the Huns. For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy However, the link with Hunnish is uncertain, and even more so as most scientists consider the Hunnic language as being part of the Turkic language family. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the

There have been attempts, dismissed by mainstream linguists, to show that Hungarian is related to other languages including Hebrew, Egyptian, Basque, Persian, Pelasgian, Greek, Chinese, Sanskrit, English, Tibetan, Magar, Quechua, Armenian and at least 42 other Asian, European and even American languages. Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to the Berber, Semitic, Somali and Beja languages Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain The name Pelasgians (from Ancient Greek grc Πελασγοί Pelasgoí, singular Πελασγός Pelasgós) was used by some ancient Greek Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Tibetan refers to a group of languages spoken primarily by Tibetan peoples who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia as well as by overseas Not to be confused with the Magyar language more commonly known as Hungarian Magar ( ISO 639-3: mgp /ISO 639-3 mrd is a language spoken in parts of Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian ^[16]

See also

• Hungarian grammar
• Hungarian alphabet
• Old Hungarian script
• Hungarian phonology
• Hungarian literature
• List of English words of Hungarian origin
• Hungary
• History of the Hungarian language
• Hungarian people
• Old Hungarian 'Lamentations of Mary' - The first Hungarian written poem from the 14^th century

Bibliography

Courses

• Colloquial Hungarian - The complete course for beginners. Hungarian grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of the Hungarian language, a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and in adjacent The Hungarian alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet. The Old Hungarian script, also known as rovásírás (rovásírás hu ''székely rovásírás'' ( or simply hu ''rovás'' is a type of Writing system used This article deals with the Phonology and the Phonetics of the Hungarian language. Hungarian literature is literature written in the Hungarian language, predominantly by Hungarians. This is a partial list of Hungarian Loanwords in the English:; Biro: From László Bíró, the Hungarian inventor of the Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language with some 14 million speakers predominantly in Europe, and it is also present in North America as an immigrant Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The Old Hungarian 'Lamentations of Mary' (OHLM ( Ómagyar Mária-siralom) is the oldest extant Hungarian poem copied in about 1300 into a Latin codex similarly to the first Rounds, Carol H. ; Sólyom, Erika (2002). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-242584.

This book gives an introduction to the Hungarian language in 15 chapters. The dialogues are available on cassette or CDs.

• Teach Yourself Hungarian - A complete course for beginners. Pontifex, Zsuzsa (1993). London: Hodder & Stoughton. Chicago: NTC/Contemporary Publishing. ISBN 0-340-56286-2.

This is a complete course in spoken and written Hungarian. The course consists of 21 chapters with dialogues, culture notes, grammar and exercises. The dialogues are available on cassette.

• Hungarolingua 1 - Magyar nyelvkönyv. Hoffmann, István; et al. (1996). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-472-083-8
• Hungarolingua 2 - Magyar nyelvkönyv. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (2001). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-036-698-3
• Hungarolingua 3 - Magyar nyelvkönyv. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (1999). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-472-083-8

These course books were developed by the University of Debrecen Summer School program for teaching Hungarian to foreigners. The books are written completely in Hungarian. There is an accompanying 'dictionary' for each book with translations of the Hungarian vocabulary in English, German, and French.

• "NTC's Hungarian and English Dictionary" by Magay and Kiss. ISBN 0-8442-4968-8 (You may be able to find a newer edition also. This one is 1996. )

Grammars

• A practical Hungarian grammar (3rd, rev. ed. ). Keresztes, László (1999). Debrecen: Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-472-300-4.
• Practical Hungarian grammar: [a compact guide to the basics of Hungarian grammar]. Törkenczy, Miklós (2002). Budapest: Corvina. ISBN 963-13-5131-9.
• Hungarian verbs and essentials of grammar: a practical guide to the mastery of Hungarian (2nd ed. ). Törkenczy, Miklós (1999). Budapest: Corvina; Lincolnwood, [Ill. ]: Passport Books. ISBN 963-13-4778-8.
• Hungarian: an essential grammar. Rounds, Carol (2001). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22612-0.
• Hungarian: Descriptive grammar. Kenesei, István, Robert M. Vago, and Anna Fenyvesi (1998). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02139-1.
• Hungarian Language Learning References (including the short reviews of three of the above books)
• Noun Declension Tables - HUNGARIAN. Budapest: Pons. Klett. ISBN 9789639641044
• Verb Conjugation Tables - HUNGARIAN. Budapest: Pons. Klett. ISBN 9789639641037

References

External links

• Hungarian - A Strange Cake on the Menu - article by Nádasdy Ádám
• Ethnologue report for Hungarian
• Introduction to Hungarian
• Hungarian Profile
• "The Hungarian Language: A Short Descriptive Grammar" by Beáta Megyesi (PDF document)
• A very good list of formative suffixes in Hungarian
• The old site of the Indiana University Institute of Hungarian Studies (various resources)
• Hungarian Language Learning References on the Hungarian Language Page (short reviews of useful books)
• Hungarian Language Review at How-to-learn-any-language. Ádám Nádasdy is a Hungarian linguist and Poet. He is associate professor at the Department of English Linguistics of Eötvös com
• One of the oldest Hungarian texts - A Halotti Beszéd (The Funeral Oration)
• Live stream of Hungarian news radio station InfoRádió - example of Hungarian speech
• HungarianReference.com (grammatical guide)

Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica

• Introduction to the History of the Language; The Pre-Hungarian Period; The Early Hungarian Period; The Old Hungarian Period
• The Linguistic Records of the Early Old Hungarian Period; The Linguistic System of the Age
• The Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language of the Old Hungarian Period
• The Late Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language
• The First Half of the Middle Hungarian Period; Turkish Loan Words

Dictionaries

• Hungarian Dictionary: from Webster's Dictionary
• Hungarian ↔ English created by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Computer and Automation Research Institute MTA SZTAKI (also includes dictionaries for the following languages to and from Hungarian : German, French, Italian, Dutch, and Polish)
• English-Hungarian-Finnish - three language freely editable online dictionary
• Hungarian-English False friends (False friend)
• Hungarian slang
• Hungarian bilingual dictionaries
• Magyar szótár - A Dictionary of the Hungarian Language (a book review)

Online translators

• Free Hungarian-English translation service - does not translate texts longer than 500 characters

Online language courses

• A Hungarian Language Course by Aaron Rubin
• Online course hungarotips.com
• Study Hungarian! (AFS.com)
• Hungarian Phrase Guides
• Magyaróra: New paths to the Hungarian language
• Hungarian Language Lessons - Puzzles, Quizzes, Sound Files

False friends (or faux amis) are pairs of Words in two Languages or Dialects (or letters in two alphabets that look and/or sound similar but differ Magyar szótár (A Dictionary of the Hungarian Languageis the title of a book written by Hungarian translator Tibor Bartos (ISBN 963 13 5137 8 published in

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